Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editors -- Contributors -- Part I Basic principles of tissue optical clearing -- Chapter 1 Tissue optical clearing mechanisms -- Introduction -- Refractive index matching: Phantom study -- Optical clearing mechanisms as a result of water and agent fluxes -- Mechanism discrimination through the characterization of water and OCA fluxes -- Evaluation of the optical clearing mechanisms through the refractive index kinetics -- Dissociation of collagen -- Delipidation and decalcification -- Hyperhydration -- Decolorization -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Tissue optical clearing for Mueller matrix microscopy -- Introduction -- Mueller matrix imaging -- Tissue scattering matrix -- Mueller imaging device and principle -- Measurement of Mueller matrix -- Transmitted light Mueller matrix microscopes -- Backscattering Mueller matrix imaging and microscopes -- Matrix feature extraction -- Mueller matrix elements -- Characterization parameters derived from the Mueller matrix -- Polarization imaging and characterization applied in tissue OC -- Partial polarization measurements for OC -- Full polarization imaging at OC -- Variation characteristics of Mueller matrix with TOC -- Mueller matrix features for TOC by different agents -- Polarized light interactions with tissues -- Monte Carlo simulations of tissue scattering -- Introduction -- Anisotropic scatterers and optical effects -- Tissue models and phantoms -- Simulations of OC process -- Mechanisms and models -- Comparison between simulations and experiments -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Traditional and innovative optical clearing agents -- Introduction -- Classification of OCAs -- History of tissue optical clearing technique development. , One-component OCAs -- Multicomponent OCAs -- Innovative technologies for optical clearing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Chemical enhancers for improving tissue optical clearing efficacy -- Introduction -- PG/Azone/Thiazone for improving in vitro skin optical clearing efficacy -- Chemical agents -- Different OCAs for optical clearing of skin -- Quantitative evaluation of enhancement of skin optical clearing efficacy -- Chemical penetration enhancers for improving in vivo skin optical clearing -- Accessing rat cutaneous vessels based on treatment with PEG400 and Thiazone -- Comparison of PG and Thiazone for enhancing in vivo skin optical clearing -- Liquid paraffin as a penetration enhancer for glycerol -- Effect of different concentrations based on skin by OCT imaging -- Evaluation of optical clearing based on diseased skin by OCT imaging -- Evaluation based on luminal organs by ultra-high resolution OCT imaging -- Evaluation of optical clearing based on skin reflection by spectroscopy -- Summary and prospect -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Human skin autofluorescence and optical clearing -- Introduction -- Preamble -- Motivations: Issues and aims -- Skin intrinsic fluorophores, optical properties, and optical clearing -- Skin intrinsic fluorophores and in vivo tissue state optical biomarkers -- Optical clearing mechanisms and skin optical properties -- Skin optical clearing principle and agents -- Chemical and physical enhancers-based Skin OC approaches -- Skin AF and OC studies using spectro-imaging techniques and modelling tools -- Fluorescence confocal microscopy -- Multiphoton excitation autofluorescence microscopy -- Light sheet microscopy -- Light-induced AF spectroscopy -- OC-induced skin AF spectra modifications -- Numerical modelling: Skin AF spectra unmixing. , Experimental modeling: Three-layer fluorescent phantoms -- Conclusion and perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Molecular modeling of post-diffusion phase of optical clearing of biological tissues -- Introduction -- Stages of molecular modeling -- Immersion agents (alcohols) -- Immersion agents (sugars) -- Assessment of OCA Concentration on spatial configuration of the collagen microfibril fragment -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Refractive index measurements of tissue and blood components and OCAs in a wide spectral range -- Introduction -- Optical coherence tomography -- Total internal reflection method and dispersion calculation -- Tissue dispersion calculation from spectral measurements through the Kramers-Kronig relations -- Refractive properties of blood and its components -- Measurement of RIs of biological tissues prior OC -- RI kinetics during optical clearing treatments -- THz pulsed spectroscopy of OCAs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Water migration at skin optical clearing -- Introduction -- Structure and optical properties of skin -- Methods of water content estimation -- Raman spectroscopy for skin water content assessment -- Measurement of collagen hydration affected by OC using Raman spectroscopy -- Assessment of OC influence on skin water content dependent on the bonding strength using Raman spectroscopy -- Other methods for assessment of OC influence on skin water content -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Optical and mechanical properties of cartilage during optical clearing -- Introduction -- Cartilage optics at optical clearing -- Basic concept -- Visible range -- NIR range -- Cartilage mechanics at optical clearing -- Osmotic stress -- Compression tests -- Phase-stabilized swept source OCE measurements. , Perspectives of noncontact strain mapping by phase-resolved OCE -- Basic principles of phase-resolved OCE -- Brief description of a typical experiment on OCA-induced strain mapping -- OCA-induced strain sign-changing and concentration dependence of strain -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 10 Compression optical clearing -- Introduction -- The effect of external mechanical compression on the optical properties of biological tissues -- The effect of external mechanical compression on the physiological properties of biological tissue -- Water transport in biological tissues under external mechanical compression -- The effect of external mechanical compression of the skin on the spectrum of its diffuse reflectance (model) -- Skin tissue model -- The skin reflectance spectrum calculation algorithm -- Calculation results -- Effect of external mechanical compression on optical and physiological properties of the skin (experiment) -- Experimental setup and the object of study -- Experimental results -- Temporal kinetics of in vivo diffuse reflectance spectra of the skin in the visible spectrum -- Temporal kinetics of in vivo diffuse reflectance spectra of the skin in the spectral range 500-600 nm -- Kinetics of changes in blood content and the degree of oxygenation of hemoglobin in the skin tissue during compression -- Temporal kinetics of in vivo diffuse reflectance spectra of the skin in the spectral range 600-800 nm -- Temporal kinetics of in vivo diffuse reflectance spectra of the skin in the NIR -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Tissue optical clearing method for biology (3D imaging) -- Chapter 11 Optical clearing for multiscale tissues and the quantitative evaluation of clearing methods in mouse organs -- Introduction -- A brief review of optical clearing methods for multiscale biological tissues. , Small sample/neonatal sample/embryo clearing -- Intact and adult organ clearing -- Whole-body clearing -- Combination of different methods -- Methods suitable for immunostaining and lipophilic dyes -- Quantitative assessment of optical clearing methods in various intact mouse organs -- Clearing time and transparency -- Morphological retention -- Fluorescence preservation -- Imaging depth -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Ultrafast aqueous clearing methods for 3D imaging -- Introduction -- Rapid and simple optical clearing methods for hundreds-micron-thick tissue sections -- Rapid optical clearing method for brain sections based on sugar/sugar-alcohol -- Sugar/sugar-alcohol solution renders brain sections transparent rapidly -- Fluorescence preservation and imaging depth improvement with sugar/sugar-alcohol solutions -- Size and morphology maintenance after clearing with sugar/sugar-alcohol solutions -- FOCM: Ultrafast optical clearing method for brain sections -- Ultrafast tissue clearing process of thin brain sections by FOCM -- FOCM enables negligible size change and morphology distortion -- FOCM improves fluorescence imaging quality -- Raid optical clearing methods for embryos and millimeter-thick adult tissue blocks -- A rapid clearing method based on formamide or formamide/polyethylene glycol -- ClearT/T2: Detergent- and solvent-free rapid tissue clearing methods -- RTF: A rapid and versatile clearing method based on ClearT2 -- Improved transparency of tissues by rapid RTF clearing -- RTF enables visualization of axons in intact embryos and neurons in embryonic brain -- ScaleSQ: Rapid clearing of thick brain blocks -- Rapid clearing process of ScaleSQ -- Preservation of fluorescence and ultrastructure -- Rapid clearing methods for 3D mapping of intact organs -- ACT: A rapid and scalable clearing method for large samples. , ACT clearing system.