Note: Book Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Members of the Watt Committee on Energy Working Group on Domestic Energy and Affordable Warmth -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1 Overview and policy recommendations -- 1.1 Background and context of report -- 1.2 Nature and magnitude of the problem -- 1.3 Costs and benefits -- 1.4 Current policies and initiatives -- 1.5 Some definitions -- 1.6 Possible solutions -- 1.6.1 WHY? -- (a) Should the policy on CO2 emissions reduction be balanced against other objectives? -- 1.6.2 WHAT? -- (a) What standards of 'warmth' should be adopted: full compliance or some staged compliance? -- (b) Should policies be related to climatic zones? -- 1.6.3 WHEN AND WHO? -- (a) What should be the time-scale for action? -- (b) Is action proposed for the 'poor' (those on a means-tested benefit) or the 'nearly poor'? -- (c) Should intervention be incremental or total? -- (d) Should the work be triggered by the quality of the house or the income of the household? -- (e) Should building legislation apply to new houses or be made retrospective? -- (f) To what extent can advice without investment achieve the objectives? -- 1.6.4 HOW? -- (a) What is the role of local authorities? -- (b) What is the role of energy rating? -- (c) Should ratings be used as a way of identifying stock to be acted on or as a way of guiding action? -- (d) Should ratings be carried out on the whole stock or only part of it? -- 1.6.5 HOW MUCH? -- (a) What total resources are required? -- (b) Should available resources be used on capital investment or in income support for fuel? -- (c) What economic criteria should guide investment decisions? -- (d) Should there be investment in projects that cannot be shown to be 'economic' by any criteria?. , (e) Should the resources or energy improvements be regarded as part of the total housing programme or a separate policy requiring its own resources?or a separate policy requiring its own resources? ... -- (f) Should policies be focused on the landlord or the tenant? -- 1.7 Policy recommendations -- 2 Defining the problem -- 2.1 Domestic energy consumption -- 2.2 Energy use and carbon dioxide -- 2.3 Fuel poverty -- 2.3.1 NUMBERS AFFECTED -- 2.4 Affordable warmth -- 2.4.1 WARMTH -- 2.4.2 AFFORDABLE -- 2.5 Health and social effects of cold, damp housing -- 2.5.1 PATHOGENS -- 2.5.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES -- 2.5.3 EMOTIONAL DISTRESS -- 2.5.4 CHILDREN: LONG-TERM EFFECTS -- 2.5.5 VULNERABLE GROUPS -- 2.6 Financial costs -- 2.6.1 COSTS TO THE OCCUPANTS -- 2.6.2 COSTS TO SOCIAL AND NATIONAL AGENCIES -- 2.7 Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- 3 Existing and likely initiatives -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Current programmes -- 3.2.1 HOUSING INVESTMENT PROGRAMME -- 3.2.2 CAPITAL RECEIPTS -- 3.2.3 ESTATE ACTION -- 3.2.4 THE GREEN HOUSE PROGRAMME -- 3.2.5 PRIVATE SECTOR SUPPORT -- (a) Housing Renovation Grants -- (b) Minor Works Assistance -- 3.2.6 HOUSING ASSOCIATIONS -- 3.2.7 HOME ENERGY EFFICIENCY SCHEME (HEES) -- 3.3 Assessment of current programmes -- 3.3.1 HIP -- 3.3.2 THE GREEN HOUSE PROGRAMME -- 3.3.3 HEES -- 3.3.4 HOUSE CONDITION SURVEYS -- 3.4 Action by the fuel utilities and Energy Saving Trust (EST) -- 3.4.1 FUEL UTILITIES -- 3.4.2 THE ENERGY SAVING TRUST -- 3.4.3 EVALUATION -- 3.5 Energy pricing and its effects -- 3.6 European Union directives -- 3.6.1 ENERGY AUDITS -- 3.6.2 ENERGY TAX -- 3.6.3 EU FUNDING SOURCES -- 3.7 Energy audits -- 3.8 Building Regulations and other standards -- 3.8.1 BUILDING REGULATIONS -- 3.8.2 THE FITNESS FOR HUMAN HABITATION STANDARD (ENGLISH AND WALES) AND THE TOLERABLE STANDARD (SCOTLAND) -- 3.9 Summary -- References. , 4 Appliances and affordable warmth -- 4.1 Summary -- 4.2 The appliance-purchase/energy-use interface -- 4.3 Ownership and utilization -- 4.4 Energy consumptions and savings -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 4.7 Policy ecommendations -- 4.7.1 ENERGY LABELLING SCHEME -- 4.7.2 EFFICIENCY THRESHOLDS -- 4.7.3 TEST LABORATORIES -- 4.7.4 APPLIANCE USE -- 4.7.5 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- References -- 5 Identifying policy objectives -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Policy context -- 5.2.1 THE CURRENT POLICY POSITION IN THE UK -- 5.2.2 CURRENT LEVERS FOR CHANGE -- 5.3 Policy options considered by the Group -- 5.4 Policy option selected by the Group -- References -- 6 Strategies for action -- 6.1 Providing affordable warmth -- 6.2 Time-scale -- 6.2.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.2.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.3 Complete coverage -- 6.3.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.3.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.4 Energy audits -- 6.4.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.4.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.5 Additional Social Security benefits -- 6.5.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.5.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.6 Regulations -- 6.6.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.6.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.7 Energy efficiency bias -- 6.7.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.7.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.8 Cost effectiveness, cost benefit or affordable warmth? -- 6.8.1 STRATEGY CHOICE: -- 6.8.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.9 Administrative costs and economies of scale -- 6.10 Fuel poverty vs the environment (or warmth vs energy saving) -- 6.10.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.10.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- 6.11 Occupant vs owner -- 6.11.1 STRATEGY CHOICE -- 6.11.2 RECOMMENDED APPROACH -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Administrative issues and mechanisms -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Energy auditing -- 7.3 The need to make energy auditing mandatory -- 7.4 Programme of work -- 7.5 Job creation/training -- 7.6 Monitoring by central government -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References. , 8 Cost implications of a policy for affordable warmth -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The cost of warmth versus energy consumption -- 8.3 Cost of warmth -- 8.4 Cost of adequate warmth -- 8.5 Energy rating -- 8.6 A standard for affordable warmth -- 8.7 Cost of achieving a Standard -- 8.8 Heating additions -- 8.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Source material -- Appendix -- Objectives, historical background and current programme -- Member institutions of the Watt Committee on Energy -- Publications of the Watt Committee on Energy -- WATT COMMITTEE REPORTS -- OTHER PUBLICATIONS -- Index.