Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgements -- Part I Introduction to the nature of monitoring problems and to rivers -- 1 Why we need well-designed monitoring programs -- 1.1 HUMAN PRESSURES ON FLOWING WATERS -- 1.2 THE NEED FOR THIS BOOK -- 1.3 THE SCOPE, APPROACH AND INTENDED AUDIENCES OF THIS BOOK -- 1.4 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK AND THE PURPOSE OF EACH OF THE CHAPTERS -- 1.5 IMPORTANT ISSUE -- 2 The ecological nature of flowing waters -- 2.1 RIVERS AND THEIR CATCHMENTS -- 2.2 THE BIOTA OF RIVERS AND STREAMS -- 2.3 CONCEPTS OF RIVER STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING -- 2.4 ISSUES OF SCALE AND PATCHINESS IN FLOWING WATERS -- 2.5 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 3 Assessment of perturbation -- 3.1 TYPES OF DISTURBANCE -- 3.2 THE PURPOSES OF MONITORING -- 3.2.1 To assess the ecological state of ecosystems -- 3.2.2 To assess whether regulated performance criteria have been exceeded -- 3.2.3 To detect and assess the impacts of human-generated disturbance(s) -- 3.2.4 To assess the responses to restoration efforts -- 3.3 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- Part II Principles of inference and design -- 4 Inferential issues for monitoring -- 4.1 SAMPLING -- 4.2 UNCERTAINTY AND PROBABILITY -- 4.3 VARIABLES -- 4.4 ESTIMATION -- 4.5 STATISTICAL MODELS -- 4.5.1 Regression models -- 4.5.2 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models -- 4.5.3 Fitting models -- 4.5.4 Comparing models -- 4.6 ANALYSES OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) -- 4.6.1 Type of factors -- 4.6.2 Partitioning the variance -- 4.7 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING: CLASSICAL APPROACH -- 4.8 HYPOTHESIS-TESTING: THE BAYESIAN APPROACH -- 4.9 ASSUMPTIONS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF MONITORING PROGRAMS -- 4.10 UNIVARIATE AND MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS -- 4.11 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 5 The logical bases of monitoring design -- 5.1 CLASSES OF MONITORING -- 5.2 MONITORING TO DETECT HUMAN IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT. , 5.2.1 Detecting change -- 5.2.2 Discriminating impacts from natural changes -- 5.3 BACI DESIGNS -- 5.3.1 Natural dynamics and the duration of monitoring -- 5.3.2 Spatial variation and multiple locations -- 5.3.3 Asymmetry in impact assessment monitoring -- 5.4 SCALES OF IMPACT AND MONITORING -- 5.4.1 Sampling within locations - impacts on status -- 5.4.2 Sampling within locations - impacts on variation -- 5.4.3 Sampling within periods - duration and fluctuations in impact -- 5.4.4 Collecting the samples -- 5.4.5 Other considerations -- 5.5 CAREFUL DESIGN IS THE MOST IMPORTANT STEP -- 5.6 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 6 Problems in applying designs -- 6.1 A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH -- 6.2 PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THE NATURE OF RIVERS -- 6.2.1 Interdependence between locations -- 6.2.2 Variation in time -- 6.2.3 Logistic and technical issues -- 6.3 PROBLEMS ARISING FROM THE TYPES OF VARIABLES USED -- 6.3.1 Variation and imprecision -- 6.3.2 Physicochemical variables as surrogates for biological variables -- 6.3.3 Univariate biological variables -- 6.3.4 Multivariate response variables -- 6.4 SOCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES -- 6.4.1 Difficulties caused by different backgrounds -- 6.4.2 Insufficient lead time for pre-impact monitoring -- 6.5 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 7 Alternative models for impact assessment -- 7.1 BACKGROUND OF APPROACHES -- 7.1.1 BACI -- BACIP -- Intervention Analysis -- 7.1.2 MBACI -- 7.1.3 Beyond-BACI -- 7.2 THESE APPROACHES ARE DIFFERENT! -- 7.2.1 Why it matters -- 7.3 FORMAL SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK -- 7.3.1 The sampling program -- BACIP -- MBACI -- Beyond-BACI -- 7.3.2 The analytical models and formal hypotheses -- BACIP -- MBACI -- A special case: MBACI with a single Before and single After sample -- Beyond-BACI -- 7.3.3 Tests for Impact -- BACI and BACIP -- MBACI -- Beyond-BACI -- 7.4 POWER CONSIDERATIONS -- 7.4.1 BACI and BACIP. , 7.4.2 MBACI -- 7.4.3 Beyond-BACI -- 7.5 DETECTING MORE SUBTLE EFFECTS -- 7.6 EXTENT OF IMPACTS -- 7.7 FLEXIBLE ANALYSIS/INFLEXIBLE HYPOTHESIS -- 7.8 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- Part III Applying principles of inference and design -- 8 Applying monitoring designs to flowing waters -- 8.1 SPATIAL VARIATION AND THE LOCATION OF CONTROLS -- 8.1.1 The nature of controls -- 8.1.2 Spatial extent and nature of impact -- 8.1.3 Finding control locations -- Criteria for controls -- The dilemma of the trade-off in similarity and number of controls -- Statistical independence and location of controls -- Ensuring control locations are free of the human impact -- Spatial confounding, environmental differences and location of controls -- The relative significance of problems with controls -- How many control locations are necessary? -- 8.1.4 Subsampling of locations -- 8.1.5 Examples of decision trees for finding and choosing controls -- 8.2 TEMPORAL VARIATION, AND BEFORE AND AFTER SAMPLING -- 8.2.1 Temporal extent and nature of impact -- 8.2.2 Frequency of sampling within Periods -- 8.2.3 Subsamples within Times -- 8.2.4 Statistical independence and sampling through time -- 8.3 DOING THE SAMPLING -- 8.4 A WORKED EXAMPLE - EFFECTS OF LIMING TO DECREASE ACIDITY -- 8.4.1 Background to the problem and preliminary data -- 8.4.2 Selection of control and impact locations -- 8.4.3 Predictions and data collection -- 8.4.4 Results and analysis -- 8.5 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 9 Inferential uncertainty and multiple lines of evidence -- 9.1 A BRIEF REVISIT OF INFERENTIAL UNCERTAINTY AND PROBABILITY -- 9.2 A LEVELS-OF-EVIDENCE APPROACH -- 9.3 A SUGGESTED STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO USING A LEVELS-OF-EVIDENCE APPROACH -- 9.3.1 Defining and quantifying causal criteria -- Strength of association -- Consistency of association -- Specificity of association -- Temporality. , Biological or ecological gradient -- Biological or ecological plausibility -- Experimental evidence -- Analogy -- 9.3.2 Building a 'levels-of-evidence' case for changes associated with the human impact -- 1. Set down the characteristics of the human activity -- 2. Set down the characteristics of the impact location -- 3. Clarify the question(s) -- 4. Decide how an effect will be considered to have been 'detected' -- 5. Decide upon the qualities of studies to be included in the review -- 6. Carry out a broad-ranging review, extracting relevant data -- 9.3.3 Collating common sources of natural variance in the response variables -- 9.3.4 Cataloguing effects -- 9.3.5 Predictions and ways of ruling out alternative explanations -- After impact with data from the impact location only -- 9.3.6 Assessing the predictions -- 9.4 SOME FINAL COMMENTS ON THE PROCESS -- 9.5 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 10 Variables that are used for monitoring in flowing waters -- 10.1 CONSIDERATIONS FOR CHOOSING VARIABLES -- 10.1.1 Questions addressed by the monitoring program -- 10.1.2 Causality, mechanisms, inference -- 10.1.3 Ecological and socioeconomic significance of change -- 10.1.4 Efficiency -- 10.2 RELATIVE WEIGHTING OF ATTRIBUTES -- 10.3 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 11 Defining important changes -- 11.1 WHY DO WE NEED TO DEFINE CHANGES IN TERMS OF 'EFFECT SIZES'? -- 11.2 KINDS OF CHANGE, RISKS AND CONSEQUENCES -- 11.3 PRACTICAL STEPS, AND SOME DIFFICULTIES, IN SETTING AN EFFECT SIZE -- 11.3.1 A caricature of how this seems to work for drinking water -- 11.3.2 Quantifying the relationship between the response variable and the potential impact -- 11.3.3 Negotiating about values, risks and consequences -- 11.4 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 12 Decisions and trade-offs -- 12.1 MAKING STATISTICAL DECISIONS -- 12.2 BALANCING TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS -- 12.2.1 Fixed Alpha, adjust n. , 12.2.2 Fixed Beta, adjust n and Alpha -- 12.2.3 Scalable decision criteria -- 12.3 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND DESIGN -- 12.4 FURTHER VARIATIONS ON BALANCED DECISION-MAKING -- 12.5 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 13 Optimization -- 13.1 WHAT WE MEAN BY OPTIMIZATION -- 13.2 BY NOW YOU SHOULD HAVE… -- 13.3 YOU WILL NEED AN ESTIMATE OF VARIANCE -- 13.3.1 Sources of variance estimates -- 13.4 DEVELOPING AN IDEALIZED SAMPLING SCHEME… -- 13.4.1 Form of output -- 13.5 TRADING OFF -- 13.5.1 Spend more -- 13.5.2 Live with increased risk -- 13.5.3 Maintaining the risk, reducing the cost -- Eliminating variables -- Sampling more cheaply -- 13.5.4 Accepting larger effect sizes -- 13.6 UNCERTAINTY IN OPTIMIZATION -- 13.6.1 Origins of uncertainty -- 13.6.2 Incorporating capacity for readjusting the sampling program -- 13.7 POST-MONITORING 'OPTIMIZATION': IMPLICATIONS FOR DECISION CRITERIA -- 13.8 A WORKED EXAMPLE - LIMING TO DECREASE ACIDITY OF STREAMS -- 13.8.1 Nomination of an important effect size -- 13.8.2 Deciding the relative costs of Type I and II errors -- 13.8.3 Deciding the actual probability of errors -- 13.8.4 Use of pilot data and power analysis to examine the number of locations needed in the monitoring program -- 13.8.5 Trading off costs and risks -- Spend more money? -- Live with increased risks? -- Reduce the cost of sampling? -- 13.8.6 Implications from this example -- 13.9 IMPORTANT ISSUES -- 14 The special case of monitoring attempts at restoration -- 14.1 ISSUES CONCERNING THE STUDY OF ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION -- 14.2 CAN BACI DESIGNS BE APPLIED TO ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION? -- 14.2.1 The real way that restoration differs -- 14.3 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO RESTORATION MONITORING -- 14.3.1 The logic of specifying an effect size for recovery -- 14.4 HOW LONG SHOULD WE MONITOR ATTEMPTS AT RESTORATION?. , 14.5 THE NEED FOR CLARITY IN DECLARING THE GOALS OF RESTORATION.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Notes on Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 The Anatomy of Urban Sprawl in the Mediterranean Region -- 2 Urban Regeneration in Porto -- 3 Consumption of Advanced Internet Services in Urban Areas -- 4 Housing Market Dynamics in a Peripheral Region -- 5 Viability of Flagship Projects as Models of Urban Regeneration -- 6 Creativity Beyond Large Metropolitan Areas -- 7 Is Pennine England becoming More Polycentric or More Centripetal? -- 8 Riots by a Growing Social Periphery? Interpreting the 2011 Urban Riots in England -- 9 In the Shadow of a Giant -- 10 The Fehmarnbelt Tunnel -- 11 Vertical Extension Processes and Urban Restructuring in Sydney, Australia -- 12 Inner-City Social Gentrification in Tokyo -- 13 Power Nodes: Downtowns in the Periphery? A Case Study, Toronto, Canada -- 14 Just "Dumb and Boring" or "Over"? Lifecycle-Trajectories, the Credit Crunch and the Challenge of Suburban Regeneration in the US -- 15 Urban Transformation for Sustainability and Social Justice in Urban Peripheries -- 16 Recent Morphological Trends in Metropolitan South Africa -- 17 Metropolitan Transformation and Polycentric Structure in Mexico City -- 18 Delhi and its Peripheral Region -- Index.

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- I: Introduction -- Chapter 1 Background -- Chapter 2 Looking Into the Next 40 Years - 40 Years Ago -- Chapter 3 Stressors Influencing Our Future Visions -- II: Planning and Policy -- Chapter 4 Water Management in 2050 -- Chapter 5 Transboundary Water Sharing: Confronting the Challenge of Growing Water Scarcity -- Chapter 6 Sanitation and Hygiene for All by 2050 -- Chapter 7 Integrated Water Management in 2050: Institutional and Governance Challenges -- Chapter 8 River Basin Planning and Management in 2050 -- Chapter 9 The Law Applicable to Surface Waters in 2050 -- Chapter 10 A Vision of Unified River Basin Planning and Management -- Chapter 11 Water Resources Policy: Foundation, Evolution, and Future -- Chapter 12 Water Utilities Recognizing and Adapting to a 2050 Climate -- Chapter 13 Water 2050: Attributes of Sustainable Water Supply Development -- Chapter 14 Flood Risk Management in 2050 -- Chapter 15 Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Cities, 2050 -- Chapter 16 Agriculture Water Resource Issues in 2050 -- Chapter 17 A Vision for Urban Stormwater Management in 2050 -- Chapter 18 A Vision for Urban Water and Wastewater Management in 2050 -- Chapter 19 Water Resources and Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems: A Vision for 2050 -- III: Education -- Chapter 20 Facing the Challenges in Educational, Technological and Social Change Leading to 2050 -- Chapter 21 A Vision of Interdisciplinary Graduate Education in Water and Environmental Resources in 2050 -- Chapter 22 Two Big Issues for Water Resources Systems: Advances in Educational Technology and Changes in Valuation -- IV: Science and Technology -- Chapter 23 The Science, Information, and Engineering Needed to Manage Water Availability and Quality in 2050. , Chapter 24 Hydrologic Modeling in 2050: Knowledge Requirements in a Multi-Nonstationary Environment -- Chapter 25 Hydroelectric Power and the Future -- Chapter 26 Water Distribution Systems in 2050 -- Chapter 27 Sensing for Improved Water Infrastructure Management in 2050 -- Chapter 28 Visions of Green Technologies in 2050 for Municipal Resource Management -- Chapter 29 Irrigation in 2050 -- Chapter 30 Groundwater Hydrology in 2050 -- Chapter 31 GIS for Water Resources 2050 -- Chapter 32 Information Technology in 2050 -- Chapter 33 Creativity: An Important Problem-Solving Tool for Water Resources in 2050 -- Chapter 34 Reflections from a Water Resources Modeler and Planner in 2050 -- Chapter 35 Future Prospects for Water Management and Adaptation to Change -- Chapter 36 Water Resource Management Modeling in 2050 -- Chapter 37 Hydromorphologic Scientific and Engineering Challenges for 2050 -- Chapter 38 Dendrohydrology in 2050: Challenges and Opportunities -- V: Conclusions -- Chapter 39 Our Collective Vision -- Index -- A -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- M -- N -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contributors -- Part I General Concepts -- 1. Bidirectional Communication Between the Brain and the Immune System -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nervous System Communication to the Immune System -- 1.3 Neuroendocrine Hormone Influence on the Immune System -- 1.4 Actions of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones -- 1.5 Immune System Communication with the Nervous System Hormones -- 1.6 Cytokine Influences on the Nervous System -- 1.7 Neuroendocrine Hormone Release by Cells of the Immune System -- 1.8 Neurotransmitter Release by Cells of the Immune System -- 1.9 Bidirectional Communication and Sleep -- 1.10 Summary and Conclusions -- 2. Neuroimmunological Correlates of Circadian Rhythmicity in Oral Biology and Medicine -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Allostatic Response and Allostatic Intervention: Relevance to Oral Biology and Medicine -- 2.3 Mucositis: A Case of Allostatic Load -- 2.4 Directions for the Future -- 3. Circadian Organization of the Immune Response: Lessons from the Adjuvant Arthritis Model -- 3.1 The Circadian Clock is One of the most Indispensable Biological Functions -- 3.2 The Immune System Shows Circadian Organization -- 3.3 "Sickness Behavior" Includes Changes in Circadian Rhythms -- 3.4 The Rat Adjuvant Arthritis is an Experimental Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 3.5 Adjuvant Arthritis Disrupts Normal Chronobiological Organization -- 3.6 Melatonin as a Circadian Immunoregulatory Signal in Adjuvant Arthritis -- Part II Basic Research -- 4. The Biological Clock in Inflammation and Sleep Switch Alterations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Interactions Between the Biological Clock and the Sleep Switch -- 4.3 Effects of Inflammatory Molecules on the SCN and Sleep Switch Structures -- 4.4 Intracellular Inflammatory Regulators -- 4.5 Concluding Remarks. , 5. Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide and Prolactin Cytokines: Role in Sleep and Some Immune Aspects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) -- 5.3 VIP: Brain Distribution -- 5.4 VIP and Sleep Regulation -- 5.5 How VIP Induces REMS: a Hypothesis -- 5.6 VIP Clinical Implications -- 5.7 Prolactin (PRL) -- 5.8 PRL Molecular Aspects -- 5.9 PRL and Sleep Regulation -- 5.10 Relationship Between PRL and Stress -- 5.11 Stress and REMS: Role of PRL -- 5.12 PRL Expression and REMS -- 5.13 PRL Clinical Implications -- 6. Immune Signaling to Brain: Mechanisms and Potential Pathways Influencing Sleep -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mechanisms of Immune Signaling to the Brain -- 6.3 Neurocircuitry Mediating Sleep and Waking States -- 6.4 What are the Links Between Immune-Brain Interfaces and Sleep Neurocircuitry? -- 6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- 7. Aging, Sleep, and Immunity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Altered Sleep and Concomitant Alterations in Immune Function -- 7.3 Cytokines and Sleep -- 7.4 Relationship of Infection to Altered Sleep Behavior -- 7.5 Stress, Hormonal Change, Cytokines, and Sleep Behavior -- 7.6 Age-Related Changes in Sleep and Relation to Altered Immunity -- 7.7 Summary and Conclusions -- 8. Cytokines and Sleep: Neuro-immune Interactions and Regulations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Effect of Sleep on Immune System -- 8.3 Effect of Modulation of Immune System on Sleep -- 8.4 Conclusion -- 9. Selective REM Sleep Deprivation and Its Impact on the Immune Response -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Human Studies -- 9.3 Animal Studies -- Part III Clinical Research -- 10. Sleep and Immune Correlates: Translational Research in Clinical Populations -- 10.1 The Rationale for Studying Sleep and Immunity in Clinical Populations -- 10.2 Sleep and Immunity in Primary Insomnia -- 10.3 Sleep and Immunity in Depression and Substance Dependence. , 10.4 Sleep and Cytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 10.5 Future Directions -- 11. The Stress of Inadequate Sleep and Immune Consequences -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Inadequate Sleep and Disease -- 11.3 Immune Function in Sleep Disorders -- 11.4 Hospitalized Patients -- 11.5 Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Sleep -- 11.6 Concluding remarks -- 12. Neuroimmunology of Pregnancy-Related Sleep Disturbances -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Pregnancy and Alterations in Sleep -- 12.3 Understanding Sleep in Pregnancy via Animal Models -- 12.4 Factors That May Contribute to Disrupted Sleep During Pregnancy -- 12.5 Where Does Sleep Fit In? The Cytokine and Hormone Changes Associated with Sleep Deprivation/Sleep Disorders -- 12.6 Pregnancy Complications -- 12.7 Summary -- 13. Changes in Sleep and Behavior Following Experimental Immune Stimulation Using Bacterial Endotoxin in Humans -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Role of the Neuroendocrine-Immune-CNS Interplay in Clinical Medicine -- 13.3 Changes in Sleep-Wake Behavior Following Endotoxin -- 13.4 Changes in Memory, Mood, and Food Intake Following Endotoxin -- 14. Inflammation and Sleep -- 14.1 Inflammation -- 14.2 Cytokines and Sleep -- 14.3 Acute Inflammation and Sleep -- 14.4 Chronic Inflammation and Sleep -- 14.5 Genetic Variation in Sleep and Inflammation -- 14.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 15. Neuroimmune Activation in Sleep Apnea -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Adrenergic Agonists and Receptors -- 15.3 Norepinephrine Release and Clearance -- 15.4 Cytokines in OSA -- 15.5 Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure -- 15.6 Summary -- 16. Role and Circadian Rhythms of Proinflammatory Cytokines, Cortisol, and Melatonin in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome -- 16.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: Clinical Features -- 16.2 Pathophysiology of OSAS -- 16.3 OSAS Neuroimmunology. , 16.4 Melatonin Role and Circadian Rhythms in Children with OSAS -- 16.5 Cortisol Role and Circadian Rhythms in OSAS -- 16.6 Proinflammatory Cytokines Role and Circadian Rhythms in OSAS -- 17. Neuroendocrine-Immune Correlates of Sleep and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 TBI and the Neuroendocrine System -- 17.3 TBI and Immune Surveillance -- 17.4 TBI and Sleep -- 17.5 Conclusions -- 18. Neuroimmune Correlates of Sleep in Depression: Role of Cytokines -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Cytokines and the CNS -- 18.3 Administering Different Types and Dosages of Cytokines and Their Effects on Sleep -- 18.4 Effect of Deprivation of Cytokines on the Duration and Pattern of Sleep -- 18.5 Studying the Effects of Sleep Deprivation/Disruption on Cytokine Production -- 18.6 Regulation of Cytokine Balance by Monoamines in Healthy and in Depressed States -- 18.7 Sleep Disturbances in Diseased States Associated with Altered Cytokine Profile -- 18.8 Cytokine Balance and Antidepressants -- 18.9 Conclusions -- 19. Sleep and Neuroimmune Function in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Neurological and Neuropsychological Dysfunction in CFS -- 19.3 Sleep Studies in CFS -- 19.4 The Neural Immune System in CFS -- 20. Narcolepsy with Cataplexy. Hypocretin and Immunological Aspects -- 20.1 Epidemiology and Clinical Features -- 20.2 Pathophysiology -- 20.3 Treatment -- 20.4 Conclusion -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- SECTION : I-Experimental Endocrinology -- 1. Melatonin: New Aspects of its Protective Actions and Novel Metabolites -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- TISSUE MELATONIN -- INDIRECT ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF MELATONIN, AN EXTENDED FIELD -- MITOCHONDRIAL EFFECTS -- NEW METABOLITES FROM INTERACTIONS OF AMK AND REACTIVE NITROGEN SPECIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 2. Gastointestinal Melatonin-30 Years of Research -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Localization of GIT Melatonin -- Is GIT Melatonin Synthesized in the Digestive Tract or is it of Pineal Origin? -- Comparison between Gastrointestinal and Pineal Gland Melatonin -- Melatonin Binding and its Physiological Functions -- Melatonin, Food Intake and Digestion -- Melatonin in Digestive Glands and the Hepatobiliary System -- Clinical Relevance of Melatonin in the Tubular GIT -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3. Studies on the Sympathetic Nervous Regulation of Innate Immunity -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AS REGULATOR OF DC FUNCTIONS -- Effect of NE on Migration and Antigen Presenting Ability of DCs -- Discrete Adrenergic Influence on TLR-dependent DCs Activation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 4. Regulation and Synthesis of Maturation Inducing Hormone in Fishes -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- REGULATION OF GONADAL MATURATION -- MATURATION INDUCING STEROIDS (MIS) -- STEROID LEVELS IN THE BLOOD -- Vitellogenic Phase -- Post-vitellogenic Phase -- IN VITRO STUDIES -- STEROID SYNTHESIS -- MIS RECEPTORS -- MATURATION INDUCTION IN MALES -- MOLECULAR ASPECTS OF MATURATION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 5. Melatonin Inhibition of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone-induced Calcium Signaling and Hormone Secretion in Neonatal Pituitary Gonadotrophs -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- GnRH SIGNALING. , GnRH-induced Calcium Oscillations -- GnRH-induced Current and Voltage Oscillations -- Critical Features of Intracellular GnRH Signaling in Neonatal Gonadotrophs -- MELATONIN RECEPTORS -- Localization of Melatonin Receptors in Reproductive Neuroendocrine Axis -- Melatonin Receptor Subtypes -- Signaling Pathways -- Ligand Binding to Melatonin Receptors -- Melatonin Interaction with GnRH in Neonatal Pituitary Gonadotrophs -- DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN ANTERIOR PITUITARY -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- SECTION : II-Reproductive Biology and Clinical Endocrinology -- 1. Roles of Melatonin in Photoperiodic Gonadal Response of Birds -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Photoperiodic Responses -- Control of Melatonin Secretion -- Roles of Melatonin in Photoperiodic Responses -- Melatonin and Photoperiodic Gonadal Response in Birds -- Target Site of Melatonin in Photoperiodic Gonadal Response -- Deep Brain Photoreceptor Cell and Cerebrospinal Fluid -- Storage of Photoperiodic Information in Circadian System -- Photoperiodic Time Measurement and Mediobasal Hypothalamus -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2. The Role of Prenatal Androgen Excess on the Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Pathophysiology of PCOS -- Developmental Origin Hypothesis of PCOS -- Experimental Studies -- Clinical Observations -- Genetic Studies -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3. Effecs of Antidiabetic Drugs on Reproductive System, Life Span and Tumor Development -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS AND LONGEVITY -- ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM -- EFFECTS OF ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS ON CARCINOGENESIS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4. Obesity and Male Infertility -- Abstract -- INCIDENCE OF OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND MALE INFERTILITY -- OBESITY AND HYPOGONADISM. , a) Hyperestrogenic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism -- b) Insulin Resistance and Hypogonadism -- c) Sleep Apnea and Hypogonadism -- OBESITY AND ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION -- GENETIC DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY AND INFERTILITY -- a. Prader Willi Syndrome -- b. Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedel Syndromes -- c. Klinfelter Syndrome -- EVALUATION OF THE OBESE INFERTILE PATIENT -- Therapeutic Interventions -- a. Weight Loss and Exercise -- b. Aromatase Inhibitors -- c. Testosterone Therapy -- d. Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor -- e. Artificial Reproductive Techniques -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 5. Melatonin and Induction and/or Growth of Experimental Tumors -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- INFLUENCE OF MELATONIN ON EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED ANIMAL TUMORS IN VIVO AND ON ANIMAL AND HUMAN TUMOR CELLS IN VITRO -- Tumors of the Reproductive System -- Mammary Cancer -- Uterine and Vagina Cancer -- Ovarian Cancer -- Choriocarcinoma -- Prostatic Cancer -- Tumors of the Digestive System -- Hepatoma -- Intestinal Cancer -- Tumors of the Endocrine System -- Melanoma -- Other Tumors -- POSSIBLE REASONS FOR SOME CONTRADICTIONS IN THE RESULTS -- THE POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ONCOSTATIC ACTION OF MELATONIN -- REFERENCES -- SECTION : III-Developmental Endocrinology -- 1. Melatonin and its Role in Avian Embryogensis -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Organization of the Vertebrate Circadian System -- THE PINEAL GLAND AS THE NEUROENDOCRINE TRANSDUCER -- MEL Biosynthesis and Degradation -- Phylogenesis of the Pineal Gland -- Extrapineal Sites of MEL Biosynthesis -- MEL Binding Sites -- Physiological Functions of MEL -- MEL as a Free Radical Scavenger -- AVIAN PINEAL GLAND STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- Morphology of Avian Pinealocytes -- Adrenergic Regulation of MEL Synthesis in Pinealocytes -- SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF AVIAN EMBRYOGENESIS -- MEL in the Developing Avian Embryo. , MEL Receptor Gene Expression in the Developing Avian Embryo -- AA-NAT Gene Expression in the Developing Avian Embryo -- The Role of the MEL during Avian Embryonic Development -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2. Early Avian Development: Molecular Aspects -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF OOCYTE -- MATERNAL RNA -- BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF THE AVIAN OOCYTES -- FERTILIZATION IN BIRDS -- THREE MAIN DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES OF THE AVIAN EMBRYO -- a. Uterine Development -- b. Period of Rest -- c. Incubation Development -- IN VITRO CULTURE OF AVIAN EMBRYOS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3. Melatonin in Anuran Development and Metamorphosis -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Origin of Circulating Melatonin -- Melatonin in the Embryo and in Larval Tissues -- Developmental and Diel Changes in Melatonin -- Influence of Melatonin on the Thyroid Gland and Metamorphosis -- Effect of Metamorphosis-inducing Hormones on Melatonin -- MELATONIN AND METAMORPHOSIS: NEW DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4. Development and Regeneration of the Vertebrate Retina: Role of Tissue Interaction and Signaling Molecules on the Retinal Fate Determination and RPE Transdifferentiation -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Overview of Eye Development -- Dorsal-Ventral Polarity of the Eye Primordium and Its Developmental Significance -- Role of Neighboring Tissues in Optic Cup Development -- 1. Tissue Interaction between the Epidermal Ectoderm and the Optic Vesicle -- 2. Tissue Interaction between the Mesenchyme and the Optic Vesicle -- Transdifferentiation of RPE into the Retinal Fate in Developing Chick Embryos: An Avian Model of Retinal Regeneration -- An Avian Mutant Model for RPE Transdifferentiation -- Amphibian Retinal Regeneration -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SECTION : IV-Endocrine Physiology. , 1. Comparative Aspects of the Mammalian Pineal Gland Ultrastructure -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE PINEAL GLAND -- ULTRASTRUCTURE -- Pinealocytes -- Glial Cells -- Nerve Cells -- Nerve Fibres -- Blood Supply -- Calcareous Deposits -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2. The Ultimobranchial Gland in Poikilotherms: Morphological and Functional Aspects -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Protochordates -- Agnatha -- Elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes) -- Osteichthyes -- Amphibia -- Reptiles -- REFERENCES -- 3. Melatonin and Immunomodulation: Involvement of the Neuro-endocrine Network -- Abstract -- INTRODUCTION -- Seasonal Challenges to Immune System -- Photoperiodic Modulation of Immune Function -- The Pineal Gland-Immune Network -- MECHANISM OF IMMUNOMODULATION BY MELATONIN -- 1. The Pineal Gland- Immune System - Opioid Network -- 2. Lymphokines as Mediators of Melatonin Action on the Immune System -- 3. Direct Melatonin Action -- a. Melatonin Receptors within Immune System -- b. Melatonin as an Antioxidant -- 4. Melatonin Action through Neuro-endocrine Network -- (a) Hormones of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis -- (b) Hormones of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Thyroid (HPT) Axis -- (c) Gonadal Steroids and Immunomodulation -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- Dedication -- Part I High-Temperature/Deep Earth Processes -- Chapter 1 High-Temperature Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Silicate Materials -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Diffusion in Multi-Component Condensed Systems: Theory and Definitions -- 1.2.1. Fick's Laws and the Diffusion Matrix -- 1.2.2. Effective Binary Diffusion Coefficients -- 1.2.3. Self-Diffusion Coefficients -- 1.2.4. Thermal (Soret) Diffusion Coefficients -- 1.3. Kinetic Isotope Fractionation During Diffusion Between Natural Melts -- 1.3.1. Laboratory Experiments Documenting Ca Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion Between Molten Rhyolite and Basalt -- 1.3.2. Isotope Fractionation between Melts from a Natural Setting -- 1.4. Isotope Fractionation by Soret Diffusion -- 1.4.1. The Soret Coefficient -- 1.4.2. Soret Isotope Fractionation in Silicate Liquids -- 1.5. Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Silicate Minerals -- 1.5.1. Experiments documenting Lithium Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Pyroxene -- 1.5.2. Natural Examples of Lithium Zoning and Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Pyroxenes -- 1.5.3. Lithium Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Olivine -- 1.5.4. Fe-Mg zoning and Fe and Mg Isotopic Fractionation in Olivine -- 1.6. Isotope Fractionation by Evaporation from Silicate Melts -- 1.6.1. The Hertz-Knudsen Evaporation Equation -- 1.6.2. Rayleigh Fractionation -- 1.6.3. High-Temperature Vacuum Evaporation Experiments -- 1.6.4. Evidence of Evaporation in Natural CAIs from Chondritic Meteorites -- 1.7. Summary -- 1.8. Thoughts on Further Research -- References -- Chapter 2 Ca and K Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Molten Silicates: Large Concentration Gradients Are Not Required to Induce Large Diffusive Isotope Effects -- 2.1. Introduction. , 2.2. Methods -- 2.2.1. Experiments -- 2.2.2. Electron Microprobe Analyses -- 2.2.3. Ca Isotopic Measurements -- 2.2.4. K Isotopic Measurements -- 2.3. Results -- 2.3.1. Major Element Diffusion Profiles -- 2.3.2. Ca and K Isotopes -- 2.4. Discussion -- 2.5. Modeling -- 2.5.1. General Multicomponent Diffusion -- 2.5.2. The Zhang (1993) Modified Effective Binary Diffusion Model -- 2.5.3. Comparison to Previous Studies -- 2.6. Conclusions and Possible Future Applications -- Appendix Linear versus exponential dependence of activity on SiO2 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Calcium Isotope Constraints on Recycled Carbonates in Subduction-Related Magmas -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Analytical Methods and Samples -- 3.2.1. Double-spike Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Calcium Isotope Measurements -- 3.2.2. Igneous Samples Characterized for Calcium Isotope Composition -- 3.3. Results -- 3.4. Discussion -- 3.4.1. Calcium Isotopic Record of Marine Carbonates -- 3.4.2. Calcium Isotopic Record of Mantle-Derived Rocks -- 3.4.3. Calcium Isotopes Exhibit no Evidence for Carbonate Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones -- 3.4.4. Mantle Source(s) of Calcium in Carbonatite Magmas -- 3.4.5. Origin of the Light Calcium Isotope Composition of Laacher See and other Intrusive Carbonatites -- 3.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Reassessing the Role of Continental Lithospheric Mantle in Cenozoic Magmatism, Southwestern North America -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Geologic Background & -- General Terminology -- 4.2.1. Cenozoic Geologic History of SWNA -- 4.2.2. Definition of Continental Lithospheric Mantle -- 4.3. Methods/Data -- 4.4. Results -- 4.5. Discussion -- 4.5.1. Do Nd Isotope Data Support a CLM Source for Mafic Volcanic Rocks in SWNA? -- 4.5.2. Isotopic Composition of CLM from Xenolith Studies. , 4.5.3. Cenozoic Metasomatism of CLM -- 4.5.4. Physical Evolution of Deep Lithosphere -- 4.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Rhyolite Ignimbrite Generation in the Northern Andes: The Chalupas Caldera, Ecuador -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Geological Setting and Age of the Chalupas Caldera -- 5.3. Geochemical Results -- 5.3.1. Analytical Techniques -- 5.3.2. Major Element Geochemistry -- 5.3.3. Trace Element Geochemistry -- 5.3.4. Isotope Geochemistry -- 5.3.5. Metamorphic Basement Rocks of the Eastern Cordillera -- 5.4. Evolution of the Chalupas Magmatic System -- 5.4.1. Role of Fractional Crystallization -- 5.4.2. The Role of Crustal Assimilation -- 5.4.3. Modeling Results -- 5.4.4. Model Discussion -- 5.4.5. Assimilation and Crustal Thickness -- 5.5. Crustal Structure, Magma Supply, and Transport -- 5.5.1. Crustal and Magma Density -- 5.5.2. Temperature Considerations -- 5.5.3. Subduction Zone Magma Supply and Magmatic Timescales -- 5.5.4. Timescales of Transport and Assimilation -- 5.6. Chalupas Eruption Volume and Magma Supply -- 5.7. Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix 5A Ar-Ar Geochronology -- Pre-Caldera Lavas -- Chalupas Ignimbrite -- Post-Caldera Lavas -- Summary of Age Data -- Appendix 5B Mineral Chemistry and Petrographic Descriptions -- 5B.1. Pre-Caldera Lavas -- 5B.2. Post-Caldera Lavas -- 5B.3.Chalupas Ignimbrite -- 5B.4. Lithics from the Chalupas Ignimbrite -- Appendix 5C Models for Crystal Fractionation, Assimilation-Fractional Crystallization, and Magma Fluxes -- 5C.1. Quantitative Estimation of Crystal Fractionation Effects -- 5C.2. Assimilation-Fractional Crystallization (AFC) Model Details -- 5C.3. Relationship between f and Crustal Fraction (fc) in the AFC Model -- 5C.4. Magma Supply Considerations -- 5C.5. Magma Supply Requirements -- 5C.6. Diapir Formation and Transport through the Lower and Mid-Crust. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Xenolith Constraints on "Self-Assimilation" and the Origin of Low 18O Values in Mauna Kea Basalts -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Samples and Analytical Methods -- 6.2.1. EPMA Analysis of Mineral Major Element Composition -- 6.2.2. Clinopyroxene Trace Element Analysis by LA-ICP-MS -- 6.2.3. Oxygen Isotope Analysis by Laser Fluorination Gas Source Mass Spectrometry -- 6.2.4. Strontium-Nd-Pb Isotope Analysis by TIMS and MC-ICP-MS -- 6.3. Results -- 6.4. Discussion -- 6.4.1. Constraints on Parental Melts of Mauna Kea Xenoliths -- 6.4.2. Constraints on The P-T Conditions Of Xenolith Formation and Later Re-Equilibration -- 6.4.3. Role of Pacific Crust Assimilation and Edifice Self-Assimilation -- 6.4.4. Oxygen Isotope Compositional Variability in the Hawaiian Plume? -- 6.4.5. Significance of Self-Assimilation for Interpretation of Geochemical Signatures in Hawaiian Basalts -- 6.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Monitoring Volcanic Activity Through Combined Measurements of CO2 Efflux and (222Rn) and (220Rn) in Soil Gas: An Application to Mount Etna, Italy -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Background -- 7.2.1. Mt. Etna Volcanic Activity During 2006 to 2009 -- 7.2.2. Prior Work Utilizing Coupled 220Rn/222Rn and CO2 Efflux Measurements on Mt. Etna -- 7.3. Sampling Strategy and Analytical Methods -- 7.3.1. Sampling Strategy -- 7.3.2. Soil 222Rn and 220Rn Measurements -- 7.3.3. Soil CO2 Concentration and Efflux Measurements -- 7.3.4. Carbon Isotope Measurements -- 7.4. Synopsis of This Study's Results -- 7.4.1. Coupled CO2 Efflux and (220Rn/222Rn) -- 7.4.2. Carbon Isotopes -- 7.5. The Soil Gas Disequilibrium Index (SGDI) -- 7.6. Relationship Between Filtered SGDI Data and Volcanic Activity of Mt. Etna -- 7.6.1. Modelling -- 7.6.2. Comparison of SGDI to Other Monitoring Proxies -- 7.7. Summary. , Appendix Statistical Treatment of SGDI Data -- Cluster Analysis and Spatial Distributions -- Analysis of SGDI Time Series -- Definition of Anomalies in the SGDI Time Series -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Low-Temperature/Shallow Earth Processes -- Chapter 8 The Carbon Isotope Record and Earth Surface Oxygenation -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The Carbon Isotope Budget -- 8.3. forg and the Oxygen Budget -- 8.4. Oxygen Sinks in a Low-Oxygen World -- 8.4.1. Carbon as a Precambrian Oxygen Sink -- 8.4.2. Sulfur as a Precambrian Oxygen Sink -- 8.4.3. Iron as a Precambrian Oxygen Sink -- 8.4.4. Other Precambrian Oxygen Sinks -- 8.5. Resolving the pO2 - forg Paradox -- 8.6. Predictions of the Authigenic Feedback Hypothesis -- 8.7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Detrital Garnet Geochronology: A New Window into Ancient Tectonics and Sedimentary Provenance -- 9.1. Introduction and Motivation -- 9.2. Theoretical Feasibility of Detrital Garnet Geochronology -- 9.2.1. Age Precision vs. Single Garnet Grain Diameter -- 9.2.2. Age Accuracy: Blanks -- 9.2.3. Age Accuracy: Second Point on the Isochron -- 9.3. Detailed Methodology -- 9.3.1. Sample Processing Prior to Chemical Analysis -- 9.3.2. Partial Dissolution: Leaching out the Inclusions -- 9.3.3. Full Dissolution of Pure Garnet Residue -- 9.3.4. Column Chemistry -- 9.3.5. Thermal Ionization Mass Spectroscopy -- 9.3.6. Blank Correction -- 9.3.7. Age Determination -- 9.4. Case Studies -- 9.4.1. Preliminary Work: Multi-Grain Detrital Garnet Ages in Beach Sand from Hampton Beach, New Hampshire -- 9.4.2. Bulk vs. Detrital Garnet Methodology Test: Townshend Dam, Vermont -- 9.4.3. Single-Grain Detrital Garnet Ages in Stream Alluvium: Townshend Dam, Vermont -- 9.4.4. Single-Grain Detrital Garnet in Stream Alluvium: Southern Appalachians -- 9.4.5. Dating Detrital Garnet in Sedimentary Rocks: Scotland. , 9.5. Conclusion.

Note: Intro -- Remembering and Celebrating Bernie McConnell by Mike Fedak -- Preface -- Introduction to the Series -- Contents -- Part I Patterns of Phocid Ethology and Behavioral Ecology -- 1 The Origin of Phocid Seals and Evolution of Key Behavioral Character Traits -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origin and Affinities -- 1.3 Evolution and Biogeography -- 1.3.1 Stem Monachines -- 1.3.2 Monk Seals (Monachini) and Elephant Seals (Miroungini) -- 1.3.3 Antarctic Seals (Lobodontini) and Southern Hemisphere Monachines -- 1.3.4 Fossil Phocines -- 1.3.5 Crown Phocines -- 1.4 Functional Anatomy -- 1.4.1 Size and Sexual Dimorphism -- 1.4.2 Sensory Abilities -- 1.4.3 Feeding -- 1.4.4 Locomotion and Diving Abilities -- 1.5 Diversity Changes Through Time -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Phocid Sensory Systems and Cognition -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Visual System -- 2.2.1 Sensitivity-Adaptations to Dim Light Vision and Spectral Sensitivity -- 2.2.2 Resolution-Light-Focusing Apparatus and Retinal Adaptations -- 2.2.3 Visual Neuroanatomy -- 2.2.4 Motion Vision and Other Functions of Vision -- 2.3 Mechanoreception -- 2.3.1 General Aspects of the Vibrissae -- 2.3.2 Vibrissa Types -- 2.3.3 Follicle Sinus Complex -- 2.3.4 Functions of the Vibrissal System -- 2.4 Audition -- 2.4.1 Ear Anatomy -- 2.4.2 Sound Transmission -- 2.4.3 Sound Localization -- 2.4.4 Hearing Sensitivity -- 2.4.5 Function of Audition -- 2.5 Chemoreception -- 2.5.1 Olfaction -- 2.5.2 Gustation -- 2.6 Other Senses -- 2.6.1 Unconfirmed Magnetoreception -- 2.6.2 Perception of Time -- 2.7 Cognition -- 2.7.1 Reversal Learning -- 2.7.2 Concept Formation -- 2.7.3 Concluding Remarks on Phocid Cognition -- 2.8 Summary -- References -- 3 Social Communication in Phocids -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Vocal Communication -- 3.2.1 Females and Pups -- 3.2.2 Adult Males -- 3.3 Visual Communication. , 3.3.1 Visual Acuity -- 3.4 Olfactory Communication -- 3.4.1 Mother-Pup Interactions -- 3.4.2 Males -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Physiological Capacity and Constraint Impact Behavioral Phenotype in Phocid Seals -- 4.1 Physiological Capacities and Constraints -- 4.2 Diving Physiology -- 4.2.1 The Pressure Problem -- 4.2.2 The Oxygen Problem-Breath-Hold Diving -- 4.3 Fasting Physiology -- 4.4 Thermoregulation -- 4.5 Behavioral Endocrinology -- 4.5.1 Metabolism -- 4.5.2 Reproductive Endocrinology -- 4.5.3 Stress Hormones -- 4.6 Future Directions -- References -- 5 Habitat Utilization and Behavior of Phocid Seals in Relation to Oceanography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Worldwide Distribution of Phocid Seals -- 5.2.1 Low Latitude Seals -- 5.2.2 Subtropical and Mid-Latitude Seals -- 5.2.3 Subpolar Seals -- 5.2.4 Polar Seals -- 5.2.5 Non-marine Seals -- 5.3 Biologging -- 5.3.1 The Relationship Between Seals and Their Environment -- 5.3.2 Statistical Approaches for Modeling Relationships Between Movement and Environment -- 5.3.3 Seals as Oceanographic Samplers -- 5.4 Effects of Environmental Characteristics on Habitat Use -- 5.4.1 Wind and Surface Currents -- 5.4.2 Fronts -- 5.4.3 Mesoscale and Sub-mesoscale Features -- 5.4.4 Productivity -- 5.4.5 Temperature -- 5.4.6 Bathymetry and Ocean Floor Characteristics -- 5.4.7 Ice -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Foraging Ecology and Behavior -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Statistical Approaches for Inferring Foraging Behavior -- 6.2.1 Foraging Inferred from Horizontal Location Data -- 6.2.2 Foraging Inferred from Dive Data -- 6.2.3 Inference of Foraging Success -- 6.3 Foraging Behavior -- 6.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Foraging -- 6.3.2 Intrinsic Factors -- 6.3.3 Extrinsic Factors -- 6.4 Life History Consequences -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Breeding Behavior -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Male Breeding Behavior -- 7.2.1 Mating Systems -- 7.2.2 Mating Strategies -- 7.2.3 Breeding Displays -- 7.2.4 Interactions on the Breeding Colony -- 7.3 Female Breeding Behavior -- 7.3.1 Synchronicity of Pupping and Estrus -- 7.3.2 Pupping Site Selection -- 7.3.3 Birth and the Dependent Period -- 7.3.4 Interactions on the Breeding Colony -- 7.3.5 Lactation Duration and Weaning -- 7.4 Pup Behavior -- 7.4.1 Behaviors During the Dependent Period -- 7.4.2 Weaning and Post-Weaning Fasts -- 7.5 Future Directions -- References -- 8 Reproductive Energetics of Phocids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Capital-Income Continuum -- 8.3 Habitat and Breeding Systems: Environmental Potential for Polygyny -- 8.3.1 Land-Breeding Seals -- 8.3.2 Ice-Breeding Seals -- 8.4 Energy Acquisition and Expenditure Relative to Reproductive Patterns -- 8.4.1 Energy Allocation to Growth and Reproduction -- 8.4.2 Milk Production and Lactation Duration -- 8.4.3 Body Size and Maternal Resources: The Role of Maternal Overhead -- 8.5 Constraints on Body Size -- 8.6 Foraging and Reproduction: An Economical Lifestyle -- 8.7 Male Reproductive Energetics -- 8.8 Origins and Evolutionary Implications -- 8.9 Future Directions for Research -- References -- Part II Examples of Phocid Ethology and Behavioral Ecology: Insights from Data-Rich Species -- 9 The Gray Seal: 80 Years of Insight into Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers of Phocid Behavior -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 History -- 9.3 Interactions on Land: The Breeding Season -- 9.3.1 Interactions Among Males -- 9.3.2 Interactions Between Males and Females -- 9.3.3 Interactions Between Females and Their Pups -- 9.3.4 Interactions Between Females -- 9.3.5 Interactions Between Pups -- 9.3.6 Interactions with the Physical Environment -- 9.4 Interactions at Sea -- 9.5 Personality -- 9.6 Ontogeny of Behavior. , 9.7 Novel Observations and Emergent Behaviors -- 9.8 Future Directions -- References -- 10 The Harbor Seal: The Most Ubiquitous Phocid in the Northern Hemisphere -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Haulout Behavior -- 10.3 Reproductive Behavior -- 10.3.1 Male Reproductive Behavior -- 10.3.2 Female Reproductive Behavior -- 10.4 Foraging Behavior -- 10.4.1 Diving Behavior and Physiology-Seasonal and Diurnal Changes -- 10.4.2 Diet and Habitat Preferences -- 10.4.3 Prey Detection and Capture -- 10.5 Movements -- 10.5.1 Large- and Small-Scale Adult Movement -- 10.5.2 Movement of Weaned Pups and Juveniles -- 10.5.3 Modeling Movement and Distribution of Seals -- 10.6 Anthropogenic Impacts -- 10.7 Final Thoughts -- References -- 11 The Elephant Seal: Linking Phenotypic Variation with Behavior and Fitness in a Sexually Dimorphic Phocid -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 History and Progress of Behavioral Ecology Research -- 11.1.2 Exploitation History and Current Population Trends -- 11.1.3 Overview of Chapter -- 11.2 Annual Cycle and Life History -- 11.3 Reproductive Behavior -- 11.4 Molting Behavior -- 11.5 At-Sea Behavior -- 11.5.1 Horizontal Movement -- 11.5.2 Diving Behavior and Diet -- 11.5.3 Environmental Drivers of Reproductive Success -- 11.6 Ontogeny of Behavior -- 11.7 Future Directions -- 11.8 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Dive Types Matter: They Reveal the Foraging Ecology of Elephant Seals -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 History of Dive Typing in Elephant Seals -- 12.2.1 Early Dive Records and First Descriptions of Dive Types -- 12.2.2 Swim Speed Adds a Dimension to Dive Typing -- 12.2.3 Microprocessor TDRs Expand Diving Studies -- 12.2.4 Dive Typing in Southern Elephant Seals -- 12.3 Sex Differences in Dive Types of Elephant Seals -- 12.3.1 Northern Elephant Seals -- 12.3.2 Southern Elephant Seals -- 12.3.3 Ontogeny of Diving Behavior. , 12.4 Validation of Dive Type Function -- 12.4.1 Drift Dives -- 12.4.2 Sex Differences -- 12.4.3 Importance of Measuring Swim Speed -- 12.5 Dive Types, Foraging Tactics, and Foraging Success -- 12.5.1 3-D Movements, Body Position, and Activity -- 12.5.2 Prey Density -- 12.5.3 Body Condition, Foraging Success, and Cost of Transport -- 12.5.4 Feeding and Consumption of Prey -- 12.5.5 Prey and Diet -- 12.6 Dive Types in Other Pinnipeds and Whales -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- 13 The Weddell Seal: Eco-Physiological Adaptations to a High-Latitude Seasonal Environment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Population Size and Distribution -- 13.3 Demography and Vital Rates -- 13.4 The Annual Cycle-Temporal Alignment with Environmental Constraints -- 13.4.1 Female Pupping and Lactation -- 13.4.2 Breeding Behavior -- 13.4.3 Vocal Behavior -- 13.4.4 Pup Dive and Post-Weaning Development -- 13.4.5 Late Summer Activities -- 13.4.6 The Annual Molt -- 13.4.7 The Austral Winter -- 13.5 Physiological Underpinnings of Dive Behavior -- 13.6 Diet -- 13.7 A Population at the Edge -- 13.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 The Harp Seal: Adapting Behavioral Ecology to a Pack-Ice Environment -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 History -- 14.3 Breeding -- 14.3.1 Lactation -- 14.3.2 Males -- 14.3.3 Pup Development -- 14.3.4 Pup Thermoregulation -- 14.3.5 Postweaning Transition -- 14.3.6 Behavioral Responses to Danger -- 14.3.7 Mating Behavior -- 14.4 Molt -- 14.5 Post-Molt -- 14.6 Fall -- 14.7 Diet -- 14.8 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 15 The Ringed Seal: Behavioral Adaptations to Seasonal Ice and Snow Cover -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 History -- 15.3 Behavioral Adaptation to Ice and Snow -- 15.4 Movements -- 15.4.1 Foraging Period -- 15.4.2 Subnivean Period -- 15.4.3 Basking Period -- 15.5 Navigation -- 15.5.1 Foraging Period -- 15.5.2 Subnivean Period. , 15.5.3 Basking Period.