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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progress in the research of artemisinin-related antimalarials: An update (1994)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 16 (1994), S. 169-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Antimalarials ; Artemisia annua L ; Artemisinin ; Biosynthesis ; Chemistry ; Clinical trials ; Pharmacology ; Phytochemistry ; Sesquiterpenes ; Toxicology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide isolated fromArtemisia annua L., and a number of its semisynthetic derivatives have shown to possess antimalarial properties. They are all eflective againstPlasmodium parasites that are resistant to the newest and commonly used antimalarial drugs. This article gives a survey of the literature dealing with artemisinin-relaled antimalarial issues that have appeared from the end of 1989 up to the beginning of 1994. A broad range of medical and pharmaceutical disciplines is covered, including phytochemical aspects like the selection of high-producing plants, analytical procedures, and plant biotechnology. Furthermore, the organic synthesis of artemisinin derivatives is discussed, as well as their mechanism of action and antimalarial activity, metabolism and pharmacokinetics, clinical studies, sideeffects and toxicology, and biological activities other than antimalarial activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872865
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Traditional Chinese herbal medicine (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 17 (1995), S. 103-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Books ; Drug screening ; Drugs, Chinese herbal ; Education ; History of medicine ; Medicine, Chinese traditional ; Pharmacology ; Quality control ; Research
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Herbal medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion, and massage are the three major constituent parts of traditional Chinese medicine. Although acupuncture is well known in many Western countries, Chinese herbal medicine, the most important part of traditional Chinese medicine, is less well known in the West. This article gives a brief introduction to the written history, theory, and teaching of Chinese herbal medicine in China. It also describes modern scientific research into and the quality control of Chinese herbal medicines in China. Some examples of how new drugs derived from Chinese herbs have been developed on the basis of traditional therapeutic experience are presented. Finally, the situation of Chinese herbal medicine in the West is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01872386
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MD simulation of subtilisin BPN′ in a crystal environment (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 14 (1992), S. 451-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: protein force field ; protein crystal ; protein hydration ; Ca2+ binding site ; molecular dynamics ; subtilisin ; computer simulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In this paper we present a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of subtilisin BPN′ in a crystalline environment containing four protein molecules and solvent. Con-formational and dynamic properties of the molecules are compared with each other and with respect to the X-ray structure to test the validity of the force field. The agreement between simulated and experimental structure using the GROMOS force field is better than that obtained in the literature using other force fields for protein crystals. The overall shape of the molecule is well preserved, as is the conformation of α-helices and β-strands. Structural differences are mainly found in loop regions. Solvent networks found in the X-ray structure were reproduced by the simulation, which was unbiased with respect to the crystalline hydration structure. These networks seem to play an important role in the stability of the protein; evidence of this is found in the structure of the active site. The weak ion binding site in the X-ray structure of subtilisin BPN′ is occupied by a monovalent ion. When a calcium ion is placed in the initial structure, three peptide ligands are replaced by 5 water ligands, whereas a potassium ion retains (in part) its original ligands. Existing force fields yield a reliable method to probe local structure and short-time dynamics of proteins, providing an accuracy of about 0.1 nm. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340140406
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular dynamics simulation of the docking of substrates to proteins (1994)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 19 (1994), S. 174-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: molecular dynamics ; docking ; computer simulation ; substrate docking ; immunoglobulin ; rational drug design ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A simple method is described to perform docking of subtrates to proteins or probes to receptor molecules by a modification of molecular dynamics simulations. The method consists of a separation of the center-of-mass motion of the substrate from its internal and rotational motions, and a separate coupling to different thermal baths for both types of motion of the substrate and for the motion of the receptor. Thus the temperatures and the time constants of coupling to the baths can be arbitrarily varied for these three types of motion, allowing either a frozen or a flexible receptor and allowing control of search rate without disturbance of internal structure. In addition, an extra repulsive term between substrate and protein was applied to smooth the interaction. The method was applied to a model substrate docking onto a model surface, and to the docking of phosphocholine onto immunoglobulin McPC603, in both cases with a frozen receptor. Using transrational temperatures of the substrate in the range of 1300-1700 K and room temperature for the internal degrees of freedom of the substrate, an efficient nontrapping exploratory search (“helicopter view”) is obtained, which visits the correct binding sites. Low energy conformations can then be further investigated by separate search or by dynamic simulated annealing. In both cases the correct minima were identified. The possibility to work with flexible receptors is discussed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340190303
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Essential dynamics of proteins (1993)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 17 (1993), S. 412-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: normal modes ; constraint dynamics ; molecular dynamics ; lysozyme ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Analysis of extended molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of lysozyme in vacuo and in aqueous solution reveals that it is possible to separate the configurational space into two subspaces: (1) an “essential” subspace containing only a few degrees of freedom in which anharmonic motion occurs that comprises most of the positional fluctuations; and (2) the remaining space in which the motion has a narrow Gaussian distribution and which can be considered as “physically constrained.” If overall translation and rotation are eliminated, the two spaces can be constructed by a simple linear transformation in Cartesian coordinate space, which remains valid over several hundred picoseconds. The transformation follows from the covariance matrix of the positional deviations. The essential degrees of freedom seem to describe motions which are relevant for the function of the protein, while the physically constrained subspace merely describes irrelevant local fluctuations. The near-constraint behavior of the latter subspace allows the separation of equations of motion and promises the possibility of investigating independently the essential space and performing dynamic simulations only in this reduced space. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340170408
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Artemisia annua L.: a source of novel antimalarial drugs (1990)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 12 (1990), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Artemisia annua L. ; Artemisinin ; Biosynthesis ; Chemistry, analytical ; Clinical trials ; Pharmacology ; Sesquiterpene lactones ; Structure—activity relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Artemisia annua L. contains artemisinin, an endoperoxide sesquiterpene lactone, mainly in its leaves and inflorescences. This compound and a series of derivatives have attracted attention because of their potential value as antimalarial drugs. In this review a survey of the currently available literature data is given. It includes phytochemical aspects, such as constituents ofA. annua, the artemisinin content during the development of the plant and its biosynthesis, isolation, analysis and stability. Total chemical synthesis of artemisinin is referred to, as well as structure—activity relationships of derivatives and simplified analogues. Pharmacological studies are summarized, including the mechanism of action, interaction of the antimalarial activity with other drugs, possible occurrence of resistance to artemisinin, clinical results, toxicological aspects, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Finally, plant cell biotechnologyy is mentioned as a possible means to obtain plants and cell cultures with higher artemisinin contents, allowing an industrial production of pharmaceuticals containing this novel drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980041
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LINCS: A linear constraint solver for molecular simulations (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Computational Chemistry 18 (1997), S. 1463-1472 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-8651
    Keywords: constraints ; molecular dynamics ; Langevin dynamics ; SHAKE ; Chemistry ; Theoretical, Physical and Computational Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science
    Notes: In this article, we present a new LINear Constraint Solver (LINCS) for molecular simulations with bond constraints. The algorithm is inherently stable, as the constraints themselves are reset instead of derivatives of the constraints, thereby eliminating drift. Although the derivation of the algorithm is presented in terms of matrices, no matrix matrix multiplications are needed and only the nonzero matrix elements have to be stored, making the method useful for very large molecules. At the same accuracy, the LINCS algorithm is three to four times faster than the SHAKE algorithm. Parallelization of the algorithm is straightforward.   © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.   J Comput Chem 18: 1463-1472, 1997
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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