Note: Intro -- Handbook of Recycling: State-of-the-art for Practitioners, Analysts, and Scientists -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the editors -- Part 1: Recycling in context -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. The Challenges -- 1.2. The Role of Materials in Society -- 1.3. From Linear to Circular Economy -- 1.3.1. The Linear Economy -- 1.3.2. The Circular Economy -- 1.3.3. The R-Strategies -- 1.4. Recycling in the Circular Economy -- 1.4.1. Defining Recycling -- 1.4.2. Product and Material-Centric Perspectives -- 1.4.3. Environmental-Economic-Social Dimensions -- 1.5. The Book -- References -- Chapter 2: The fundamental limits of circularity quantified by digital twinning -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. A Product and Material Focus on Recycling Within the CE -- 2.2.1. The Metal Wheel -- 2.2.2. Material-Centric Recycling: Aluminum Alloys -- 2.2.3. Material-Centric Recycling: Nonferrous Metals -- 2.2.4. Material-Centric Recycling: Polymer and Plastic Recycling -- 2.2.5. Product-Centric Recycling -- 2.3. Digital Twinning of the CE System: Understanding the Opportunities and Limits -- 2.4. Opportunities and Challenges -- References -- Chapter 3: Maps of the physical economy to inform sustainability strategies -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Dimensions of MFA -- 3.2.1. Stages and Trade -- 3.2.2. Layers -- 3.2.3. Time -- 3.2.4. Dimensions in Other Tools -- 3.3. Components for Monitoring the Physical Economy -- 3.4. Application of the Framework: Maps of the Aluminum Cycle -- 3.4.1. Global Aluminum Cycle-Energy Use and GHG Emissions -- 3.4.2. Global Aluminum Alloy Cycle-Cascading Use and Concern for Scrap Surplus -- 3.4.3. Plant-Level Physical Maps-Illustration of the Multilayer Concept -- 3.5. Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 4: Material efficiency-Squaring the circular economy: Recycling within a hierarchy of material management strate -- 4.1. Is a Circular Economy Possible or Desirable? -- 4.2. Hierarchies of Material Conservation -- 4.2.1. Reduce -- 4.2.1.1. Simplicity, Austerity, Poverty: Reducing Demand for Material Services -- 4.2.1.2. Intensifying Use: Reducing Demand for Excess Capacity -- 4.2.1.3. Life Extension: Reducing Demand for Replacement -- 4.2.1.4. Lightweight Design: Reducing Excess Material Use -- 4.2.1.5. Improving Yield: Reducing Scrap Rates in Production -- 4.2.2. Reuse -- 4.2.2.1. Reusing Products: Upgrade and Second-Hand Sales -- 4.2.2.2. Reusing Components: Modularity -- 4.2.2.3. Reusing Material: Cutting Bits Out -- 4.2.2.4. Diverting Scrap -- 4.2.3. Recycle -- 4.2.4. Downcycle, Decompose, Dispose -- 4.3. When Is Recycling Not the Answer? -- 4.3.1. Iron and Steel -- 4.3.2. Cement -- 4.3.3. Plastics -- 4.3.4. Paper -- 4.3.5. Aluminum -- 4.3.6. Clothing and Textiles -- 4.3.7. Glass -- 4.4. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5: Material and product-centric recycling: design for recycling rules and digital methods -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Recyclability Index and Ecolabeling of Products -- 5.3. DfR Rules and Guidelines -- 5.4. Product-Centric Recycling -- 5.4.1. Dynamics of the CE and the Urban Mine -- 5.4.2. Some First Principles of Recycling -- 5.4.3. Digital Twinning of Systems -- 5.5. Examples of Recycling System Simulation -- 5.5.1. SuperLightCar -- 5.5.2. Recycling of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment -- 5.5.3. Recycling of Photovoltaic (PV) Cells -- 5.5.4. Recycling of Rare Earth Magnets -- 5.6. Summary -- 5.7. Future Challenges -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Additional Reading -- Chapter 6: Developments in collection of municipal waste -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Definitions and Models -- 6.2.1. Definitions. , 6.2.2. Integrated Sustainable Waste Management -- 6.2.2.1. Institutions and Policies -- 6.2.2.2. Financial Sustainability -- 6.2.2.3. Inclusivity -- 6.3. A Global Picture of SWM -- 6.3.1. Volumes -- 6.3.2. Waste Composition -- 6.3.3. Waste Collection -- 6.3.4. Waste Disposal -- 6.3.5. Administration, Operations, Financing, and Cost Recovery -- 6.4. Collection and Recovery Systems -- 6.4.1. Collection Systems -- 6.4.2. Collection Methods -- 6.4.3. Treatment of MSW -- 6.5. Future Developments -- 6.5.1. Societal Development and Pressure -- 6.5.2. Sustainable Impact -- 6.5.3. Value Chain Integration -- 6.6. Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: The path to inclusive recycling: Developing countries and the informal sector -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Definition and Links With the Formal Sector -- 7.3. Informal Waste Tire Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities -- 7.4. Approaches Towards Inclusive Recycling -- 7.4.1. Cooperation With South African Informal E-Waste Sector Workers -- 7.4.2. Formal Coworking Space in India for Informal Workers -- 7.5. Policies and Standardization Developments for Inclusive Recycling -- 7.5.1. ISO Standards -- 7.5.1.1. ISO IWA 19:2017 -- 7.5.1.2. ISO 59014 -- 7.5.2. Ghana Technical Guidelines -- 7.6. Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Part 2: Recycling from a product perspective -- Chapter 8: Physical separation -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Properties and Property Spaces -- 8.3. Breakage -- 8.4. Particle Size Classification -- 8.4.1. Screens -- 8.4.2. Static Size Separators -- 8.4.3. Dynamic Size Separators -- 8.5. Gravity Separation -- 8.5.1. Jigs -- 8.5.2. Shaking Tables -- 8.5.3. Dense Media Separation -- 8.6. Flotation -- 8.7. Magnetic Separation -- 8.7.1. Low-Intensity Separation -- 8.7.2. High-Intensity Separation -- 8.8. Eddy Current Separation -- 8.9. Electrostatic Separation -- 8.10. Sorting. , 8.11. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Sensor-based sorting -- 9.1. Mechanical Treatment of Waste -- 9.2. Principle of Sensor-Based Sorting -- 9.2.1. Construction Types -- 9.2.2. Working Modules of SBS -- 9.3. Requirements for Optimal Sorting Results -- 9.4. Available Sensors -- 9.4.1. Color Detection -- 9.4.1.1. RGB Sensors -- 9.4.1.2. Hyperspectral Imaging -- 9.4.2. Near-infrared Sensor -- 9.4.3. 3D-Laser Triangulation -- 9.4.4. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 9.4.5. X-Ray Sensors -- 9.4.5.1. X-Ray Fluorescence -- 9.4.5.2. X-Ray Transmission -- 9.4.6. Induction Sensors -- 9.4.7. Other Sensors -- 9.5. Application of Different Sensors in Recycling -- 9.6. Recent Developments -- 9.7. Outlook -- References -- Chapter 10: Mixed bulky waste -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. The Circular Process for Mixed Bulky Waste -- 10.3. Conditions for Economically Viable Sorting -- 10.4. Sorting of Mixed Bulky Waste -- 10.5. Sorting Process -- 10.5.1. Large Fraction Separation -- 10.5.2. Light Fraction Processing -- 10.5.3. Heavy Fraction Processing -- 10.6. Recycling Efficiency -- 10.7. Conclusion and Outlook -- Reference -- Chapter 11: Packaging -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Packaging Waste -- 11.3. Composition -- 11.4. Recovery and Recycling -- 11.5. Collection and Recovery Schemes -- 11.5.1. Reduce and Refuse -- 11.5.2. Reuse -- 11.5.3. Separate Collection -- 11.5.4. Mixed Collection -- 11.6. Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 12: End-of-life vehicles -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Vehicle Composition -- 12.3. Recycling Chain -- 12.3.1. Deregistration and Dismantling -- 12.3.2. Shredding -- 12.3.3. Postshredder Treatment -- 12.4. Recycling of Automotive parts -- 12.4.1. Traction Battery -- 12.4.1.1. Pretreatment of LIBs -- 12.4.1.2. Second Use of LIBs -- 12.4.2. Tires -- 12.5. Recycling of Automotive Fluids -- 12.5.1. Oils. , 12.5.2. Brake Fluid -- 12.5.3. Engine Coolant -- 12.5.4. Windscreen Wash Fluid -- 12.5.5. Fuel Mixture -- 12.5.6. Air Conditioning Refrigerant -- 12.6. Automotive Shredder Residue -- 12.6.1. Composition -- 12.6.2. Recycling Technologies -- 12.6.3. Final Products -- 12.7. Future Developments and Outlook -- 12.8. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13: Electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.1.1. Policy Development -- 13.1.2. Objectives of E-Waste Management -- 13.2. Waste Characterization -- 13.3. Recycling Chain and Technologies -- 13.3.1. Collection and Transport -- 13.3.2. Manual Preprocessing -- 13.3.3. Mechanical Preprocessing -- 13.3.4. End-Processing and Disposal -- 13.4. Future Developments -- 13.4.1. The Miniaturization Paradox -- 13.4.2. Critical Raw Materials -- 13.4.3. Basel Convention vs Circular Economy -- 13.4.4. Towards a Global Harmonization of Extended Producer Responsibility -- 13.4.5. Responsible Sourcing of Secondary Raw Materials -- 13.5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Photovoltaic and wind energy equipment -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Wind Turbines -- 14.2.1. Nacelle -- 14.2.2. Rotor Blades -- 14.3. Photovoltaic Modules -- 14.3.1. Si-Based PV -- 14.3.2. CdTe-Based PV -- 14.4. Wind Turbine Recycling -- 14.4.1. Fiberglass and Polymers Composites -- 14.4.2. Electric and Electronic Components of the Nacelle -- 14.4.3. Rare Earth Magnets From the Nacelle -- 14.5. PV Recycling -- 14.5.1. Collection -- 14.5.2. c-Si Module Recycling -- 14.5.3. CdTe Module Recycling -- 14.6. Future Developments -- 14.6.1. Wind Energy -- 14.6.2. PV -- 14.7. Key Issues and Challenges -- 14.7.1. Wind Turbines and Their Recycling -- 14.7.2. PV Modules and Their Recycling -- 14.8. Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 15: Buildings -- 15.1. The Why: Buildings and Circularity. , 15.2. The How and Who: A Framework.