Note: Front Cover -- Studies in Natural Products Chemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Fungal Metabolites as Promising New Drug Leads for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease -- Introduction -- Strategies for Obtaining New AChE Inhibitors From Fungi -- OSMAC Approach -- Epigenetic Induction -- High-Throughput Screening -- Genetic Engineering -- AD Pathogenesis -- Amyloid Hypothesis -- Tau Hypothesis -- Cholinergic Hypothesis -- Pharmacological Therapy -- Tacrine -- Donepezil -- Rivastigmine -- Galantamine -- Huperzine A -- Memantine -- Other Therapeutic Approaches and Their Status -- Antibody-Based Immunotherapeutic Approach Against β-Amyloid Fragments -- γ-Secretase Complex Target -- Correlation Between AD and Cholesterol Metabolism -- Fungal Metabolites Active in AD -- Bioactive Natural Products From Endophyte Fungi -- AChE Inhibitors Isolated From Fungi of the Penicillium Genus -- AChE Inhibitors Isolated From Lichenic Fungi -- AChE Inhibitors Isolated From Marine-Associated Fungi -- AChE Inhibitors From Macrofungi -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Mushrooms, Seaweed, and Their Derivatives as Functional Feed Additives for Aquaculture: An Updated View -- Introduction -- Antibiotics and Their Effects in Aquaculture -- Functional Feed Additives in Aquaculture -- Mushrooms and Their Derivatives in Aquaculture -- Pleurotus spp. -- Schizophyllum commune -- Coriolus versicolor -- Ganoderma lucidum -- Hericium erinaceum -- Black Hoof Mushroom (Phellinus linteus) -- White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) -- Chaga Mushroom (Innotus obliquus) -- Lentinula edodes -- Mushroom Stalk Waste -- Seaweed and Their Derivatives -- Brown Seaweed -- Sodium/Sodium Alginate -- Fucoidan -- Laminarin -- Brown Seaweed Powder and Extract -- Red Seaweed -- Gracilaria tenuistipitata -- Carrageenan. , Sulfated Galactans -- Low-Molecular-Weight Agar -- Combined Application of Seaweeds -- Research Gaps and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery of Natural Compounds and Phytochemicals for the Treatment of Cancer and Oth ... -- Introduction -- Biological Properties of Natural Products -- Natural Product-Based Nanotechnology -- Nanotechnology-Based Natural Compounds With Antibacterial Activity -- Nanotechnology-Based Natural Products for Diseases Treatment -- Nanoencapsulation of Phytochemicals for Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease -- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nanoformulations of Natural Compounds -- Outlook of Nanotechnology as Applied to Pharmaceuticals -- Therapeutic Benefits of Natural Compounds -- Nanotechnology for Natural Products Against Cancer -- Nanotechnology-Based Therapeutic Applications of Natural Compounds for Cancer -- Biodistribution of Natural Compounds by Nanocarriers -- Issues Concerning Nanocarriers -- Targeting Drug Delivery of Natural Compounds -- Controlled and Selective Release of Natural Compounds -- Nanoparticles to Increase Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Natural Compounds -- Conclusions -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 4: Phytochemistry, Chemotaxonomy, Ethnopharmacology, and Nutraceutics of Lamiaceae -- Introduction -- Taxonomy and Etymology -- General Botany -- Distribution -- Phytochemistry -- Essential Oil -- Polar Fraction Metabolites -- Non-volatile Terpenoids -- Lignans -- Flavonoids -- Iridoids -- Phenyl-Ethanoid Glycosides -- Caffeoyl-Quinic Acids -- Phenolic Acids -- Chemotaxonomy -- Subfamily Level -- Genus Level -- Ajugoideae Subfamily -- Callicarpoideae Subfamily -- Cymarioideae Subfamily -- Lamioideae Subfamily -- Nepetoideae Subfamily -- Peronematoideae Subfamily -- Premnoideae Subfamily -- Prostantheroideae Subfamily. , Scutellarioideae Subfamily -- Symphorematoideae Subfamily -- Tectonoideae Subfamily -- Viticoideae (sensu) Subfamily -- Species Level -- Ethnopharmacology -- Ajugoideae -- Callicarpoideae -- Cymarioideae -- Lamioideae -- Nepetoideae -- Peronematoideae -- Premnoideae -- Prostantheroideae -- Scutellarioideae -- Symphorematoideae -- Tectonoideae -- Viticoideae (sensu) -- Actual Issues -- Nutraceutics -- Nepetoideae -- Other Subfamilies -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Moringa oleifera Lam.: A Rich Source of Phytoactives for the Health of Human Being -- Introduction -- Taxonomic Classification and Botanical Description -- Macronutrients and Micronutrients -- Polyphenols -- Glucosinolates and Isothiocynates -- Socioeconomic Relevance of M. oleifera in the Ecosystem -- Economic and Industrial Applications of M. oleifera Products -- M. oleifera as Animal Forage -- Nutritional Properties of the Various Parts of M. oleifera -- Nonnutritional Components -- Plant Growth and Agriculture: A Source of Phytohormones -- Phytohormones: Signaling Molecules in Plants -- Phytohormones in M. oleifera -- Chemical Analysis of Phytohormones -- Potential of M. oleifera Extracts as Biostimulants in Enhancing Plant Growth -- M. oleifera Extracts Support Stress Response in Plants -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6: Protease Inhibitors and Their Applications: An Overview -- Introduction -- Proteases, Their Occurrence, and Their Significance -- Protease Inhibitors -- Classification of PIs -- Serine Protease Inhibitors -- Cystatin Superfamily -- Aspartyl Protease Inhibitors -- Sources of PIs -- Plant PIs -- Animal PIs -- Microbial PIs -- Functional Studies of PIs -- Mechanism of Inhibition -- Purification and Characterization of PIs -- Applications of PIs -- PIs and Crop Protection -- PIs and Therapeutic Medicine. , PIs and Biotechnology Research -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: Plant Terpenoids as Lead Compounds Against Malaria and Leishmaniasis -- Introduction -- Malaria -- Background -- Current Antimalarial Drugs and Vaccines Research -- Most Common In Vitro Screening Assays Used for Antimalarial Drug Discovery -- Terpenic Compounds With Antimalarial Activity -- Sesquiterpenes -- Diterpenes -- Triterpenes -- Leishmaniasis -- Background -- Current Antileishmanial Drugs and Vaccines Research -- Most Common In Vitro Screening Assays Used for Antileishmanial Drug Discovery -- Terpenic Compounds With Antileishmanial Activity -- Monoterpenes, Iridoids, and Sesquiterpenes -- Diterpenes -- Triterpenes -- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Dalea Genus, Chemistry, and Bioactivity Studies -- Introduction -- Dalea Genus -- Chemical and Biological Studies on North and Central American Dalea Species -- Dalea emoryi A. Gray [Syn.: Psorothamnus emoryi (A. Gray) Rydb.] -- Dalea polyadenia F. Heller, and Dalea tinctoria Brandegee ... -- Dalea scandens var. paucifolia (J.M. Coult.) Barneby [Syn.: D. thyrsiflora A. Gray] -- Dalea purpurea Vent. [Syn.: Petalostemon purpureum (Vent.) Rydb] -- Dalea filiciformis B.L. Rob. & -- Greenm [Syn.: Parosela filiciformis (B.L. Rob. & -- Greenm) Rose] -- Dalea carthagenensis var. barbata (Oerst.) Barneby [Syn.: Psoralea carthagenensis Jacq] -- Dalea aurea Nutt. ex Fraser [Syn.: Parosela aurea (Nutt. ex Pursh) Britton] -- Dalea formosa Torr. [Syn.: Parosela formosa (Torr.) Vail] -- Dalea spinosa A. Gray [Syn.: Psorothamnus spinosus (A. Gray) Barneby] -- Dalea searlsiae (A. Gray) Barneby [Syn.: Petalostemon searlsiae A. Gray] -- Dalea frutescens A. Gray [Syn.: Parosela frutescens (A. Gray) Vail Ex Rose] -- Dalea ornata (Hook.) Eaton &. , J. Wright [Syn.: Petalostemon lagopus Rydb] -- Dalea versicolor Zucc. var. sessilis (A. Gray) Barneby [Syn.: Dalea sessilis (A. Gray) Tidestr] -- Dalea greggii A. Gray [Syn.: Dalea fulvosericea (Rydb.) Gentry], Dalea lumholtzii Robins and Fern. [Syn.: Dalea arizonica ( ... -- Dalea foliolosa (Aiton) Barrneby [Syn.: Dalea citriodora (Cav.) Willd] -- Chemical and Biological Studies on South American Dalea Species -- Dalea caerullea L. f. [Accepted Name: Dalea coerulea (L. f.) Schinz & -- Thell] -- Dalea strobilacea Barneby -- Dalea boliviana Britton [Syn.: Dalea calliantha Ulbr] -- Dalea elegans Gillies Ex Hook. & -- Arn. [Syn.: Parosela eosina J.F. Macbr] -- Dalea pazensis Rusby [Syn.: Parosela pazensis (Rusby) J.F. Macbr] -- Discussion -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Natural Bioactive Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Introduction -- Naturally Occurring Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics as Antitumor Agents -- Cyclodepsipeptides as Antitumor Agents -- N-Methyl Amino Acid Containing Cyclic Peptides With Antitumor Activity -- Antitumor Natural Cyclic Peptides With Natural and Unnatural Amino Acid Residues -- Natural Antitumor Cyclic Peptides With Disulfide Linkages -- Antimicrobial Natural Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Cyclic Peptides -- Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Cyclic Lipopeptides and Depsipeptides -- Antibacterial and Antifungal Natural Cyclic Peptides With N-Methyl Linkages -- Antibacterial Natural Cyclic Peptides With Thiazole and Thiazoline Heterocycles -- Antiviral Natural Cyclic Lipopeptides and Cyclodepsipeptides -- Antimalarial Natural Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Antiinflammatory Natural Cyclic Peptides and Peptidomimetics -- Miscellaneous Biological Activities -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments. , References.

Note: Front Cover -- Studies in Natural Products Chemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Metabolic Syndrome: Preventive Effects of Dietary Flavonoids -- Introduction -- Classification and Properties of Flavonoids -- Metabolic Syndrome Criteria and Pathologic Characteristics -- Effect of Flavonoids on Metabolic Syndrome: Epidemiological Research -- Obesity -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus -- Hypertension -- Dyslipidemia -- Arteriosclerosis -- Preventive Effects of Flavonoids on Vascular Endothelial Cell Dysfunction In Vitro -- Flavones (Apigenin and Naringenin) -- Isoflavones (Genistein, Puerarin, S-Equol) -- Flavonols (Quercetin) -- Flavan-3-ols (Epigallocatechin Gallate) -- Anthocyanins (Anthocyanin and Anthocyanidin) -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2: An Overview of Synthetic and Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives and Analogues: Perspectives in Drug Discovery -- Introduction -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiviral Activity -- Anti-HIV Agents -- Anti-Coxsackievirus B3 -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiparasitic Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Anti-Alzheimer Activity -- Multitarget-Directed Agents -- Selective Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors -- Beta Secretase 1 Inhibitors -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antidepressant Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiinflammatory Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antidiabetic Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Antiobesity Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Cardioprotective Activity. , Catecholamine Release Inhibitors and β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockers -- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors -- XO Inhibitors -- Other Mechanisms -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Hepatoprotective Activity -- Synthetic/Semisynthetic Flavonoid Derivatives With Anticancer Activity -- Protein Kinase Inhibitors -- Tubulin Inhibitors -- Other Enzyme Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3: Therapeutic Potentials of the Most Studied Flavonoids: Highlighting Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Functionalities -- Introduction -- Classification and Chemical Structure of Flavonoids and Other Polyphenols -- Biosynthesis of Flavonoids -- Storage Sites of Flavonoids -- Most Studied Flavonoids -- Solubility of Flavonoids -- Extraction Methods -- Antioxidant Activity -- Prooxidant Activity -- Bioavailability of Flavonoids -- Risks and Safety -- Molecular Targets -- Effect on Diabetes -- Flavonoids as Antibacterial Agents -- Flavonoids as Vitamins? -- Therapeutic Perspective for Generating New Drugs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4: Synthesis of N-Linked Carbaoligosaccharides: Total Synthesis of Antibiotic Validamycins and Related Compound -- Introduction -- Carbasugars and Pseudo-sugars -- Nomenclature -- NMR Studies -- N-Linked Carbaoligosaccharides and Aminocarbasugars -- Carbahexopyranoses From Diels-Alder endo-Adduct of Furan and Acrylic Acid -- Synthesis of Aminocarbasugars -- Synthesis of Validamine and Its Isomers -- Synthesis of Hydroxyvalidamine -- Synthesis of Valienamine and Its Isomers -- Synthesis of Valiolamine -- Synthesis of N-Linked Carbadisaccharides -- Synthesis of 1-epi-Validoxylamine A (Method 1) -- Synthesis of 2-epi-Validoxylamine A (Method 2) -- Synthesis of 2-Deoxyvalidoxylamine B (Method 3) -- Synthesis of Validoxylamine B (Method 3). , Synthesis of Validoxylamine A -- Route 1 (Method 3) -- Route 2 (Method 4) -- Synthesis of (+)-Validoxylamine G (Method 3) -- Synthesis of (+)-Salbostatin (Method 3) -- Synthesis of N-Linked Dicarba-α,α-trehaloses -- Bis{(+)-validamine} (Methods 3 and 4) -- Bis{(+)-valienamine} (Method 3) -- Bis{(+)-Valiolamine} (Method 3) -- Synthesis of Validamycins -- Formal Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin A -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin B -- Route 1 -- Route 2 -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycins A, E, and H -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin C -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin F -- Route 1 -- Route 2 -- Total Synthesis of (+)-Validamycin D -- Prospect -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5: Siderophores: Amazing Metabolites of Microorganisms -- Introduction -- Siderophore Types -- Hydroxamate Siderophores -- Catecholate Siderophores -- Carboxylate Siderophores -- Uses of Siderophores -- Siderophore Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- Screening of New Siderophores -- Fresh and See Water -- Soil Environment -- Genomic Approach -- Inhibition of Siderophore Biosynthesis Pathways -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Sources, Chemistry, and Biological Potential of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid Derivatives -- Introduction -- Structure, Dietary Sources, and Consumption -- Digestion and Absorption -- Bioactivity -- Cancer -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Diabetes -- Neurological Disorders -- Inflammation -- Other Diseases -- Conclusion Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7: Antigenotoxic Potential of Some Dietary Non-phenolic Phytochemicals -- Introduction -- Main Genotoxic Agents and Their DNA-Damaging Effects -- Physical Genotoxicants -- Chemical Genotoxicants -- Other Chemical Genotoxic Agents -- Biological Genotoxicants -- Antigenotoxic Properties of Organosulfur Compounds. , Glucosinolates and Isothiocyanates -- Thioalkyl ITCs -- Thioalkenyl ITCs -- Alkenyl ITCs -- Aromatic ITCs -- Allium Organosulfur Compounds -- Antigenotoxic Properties of Terpenoids and Volatile Phenylpropanoids -- Monoterpenoids -- Carvacrol -- Limonene -- Eucalyptol -- Citral -- Borneol -- Volatile Phenylpropanoids -- Anethole -- Eugenol -- Triterpenoids -- Antigenotoxic Properties of Polysaccharides -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 8: In Vitro Biosynthesis of Polyphenols in the Presence of Elicitors and Upregulation of Genes of the Phenylpropa ... -- Introduction -- In Vitro Callus Culture as a Source of Secondary Metabolites -- Use of Plant Growth Regulators -- Use of Elicitors -- Precursor Feeding -- General Description of the Genus Plantago -- Origin and Natural Habitat of P. ovata -- Production and Role in Indian Economy -- Pharmacological Activity -- Laxative Effect -- Effect on Blood Lipids and Cholesterol Levels -- Antidiabetic Activity -- Effect on Hemorrhoids -- Effect on Ulcerative Colitis -- Antidiarrheal Activity -- Effect on Inhibition of Carcinogenesis -- Plantago as a Source of Secondary Metabolites Including Polyphenols -- Different Types of Polyphenols -- Phenolic Acids -- Lignans -- Stilbenes -- Flavonoids -- Flavones, Flavonols, Flavanones, and Flavanonols -- Overview of the Phenylpropanoid Pathway -- Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase -- Control of PAL Expression -- Chalcone Synthase -- Control of CHS Expression -- Dihydroflavonol-4-reductase -- Control of DFR Expression -- Polyphenol Oxidase -- Regulation of PPO Expression in the Presence of Plant Growth Regulators and Elicitors -- Relation Between Polyphenol Production and Induction of Major Genes (PAL, CHS, DFR) on the Phenylpropanoid Pathway During I ... -- Quantitation of Specific Polyphenols in Callus Culture of P. ovata by HPLC Analysis. , Structural Analysis of PAL and CHS -- Prediction of Putative Protein Structure and Homology Modeling -- Structure Prediction and Homology Modeling of Partial Sequence of DFR -- Structure Prediction and Homology Modeling of Partial Sequence of PPO -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Role Phytochemicals Play in the Activation of Antioxidant Response Elements (AREs) and Phase II Enzymes and Th ... -- Introduction -- Causes and Major Risk Factors for Increase in Global Cancer Incidence -- Cancer Chemoprevention -- Mechanisms of Action of Natural Products Involved in Cancer Chemoprevention -- Antioxidant Phytochemicals That Inhibit Cancer Initiation -- Role of Nrf2 in Cancer Chemoprevention by Phytochemicals -- Nrf2, Inflammation, and Cancer Chemoprevention -- The Role of Plants and Their Phytochemicals in Relation to Cancer Progression and Prevention -- Plant Extracts -- Chrysanthemum zawadskii and Glycyrrhiza uralensis -- Camellia sinensis -- Rubus fruticosus -- Acanthopanax senticosus -- Phyllanthus emblica -- Phytochemicals -- Flavonoids and Related Compounds -- Polyphenolic Compounds -- Terpenoids -- Sulfur-Containing Compounds -- Miscellaneous Compounds and Compounds From Microbial and Marine Sources -- Conclusions and Prospects -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 10: Chemical Diversification of Natural Product Extracts -- Introduction -- Chemically Engineered Extracts With Increased Nitrogen Content -- Chemically Engineered Extracts With Increased Halogen Content -- Chemically Engineered Extracts With Increased Sulfur Content -- Chemically Engineered Extracts Using Solvent Reactions -- Chemically Engineered Extracts Produced by Oxidation, Reduction, and Epoxidation Reactions -- Related Processes -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References. , Chapter 11: Endophytic Actinomycetes in the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Metabolites: Chemical Diversity and the Role of Med.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Plant-Based Antiamoebic Natural Products: Literature Review and Recent Developments -- Neelam Bharti1,*, Prabhu P. Mohapatra2 and Shailendra Singh3 -- INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND -- Search for Herbal Antiamoebic Compounds -- Standard Extraction Procedure -- Alkaloids -- Terpenes and Quassinoids -- Flavonoids and Iridoids -- Miscellaneous -- CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK -- DISCLOSURE -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- From Plant to Bench: Natural Products as Source for Analgesic Drug Development -- Rita Turnaturi1,*, Lorella Pasquinucci1 and Carmela Parenti2 -- INTRODUCTION -- SALVINORIN A -- Traditional Use and Botanical Description -- Analgesic Effect -- Other Effects -- Constituents of Salvia Divinorum -- Salvinorin A Derivatives -- 1. Structural Derivatization of the C-2 Position. -- MOPr ligands -- 2. Structural Modifications of the Tricyclic Trans-Decalin Core -- Modifications to the C-12 Furan Ring -- MITRAGYNINE -- Botanical Description and Traditional Use -- Analgesic Effect -- Anti-inflammatory Effects -- Putative Addictive Properties -- Constituents of Mitragyna Speciosa -- Structure−Activity Relationship -- Structural Derivatization of the C-9 Position -- Structural Derivatization of the C-7 Position -- Structural Derivatization of the Nb Lone Pair and β-Methoxyacrylate mojety -- Structural Derivatization of the C-19 Position -- Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl -- CONCLUSIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Essential Oils and Cognitive Performance -- Snezana Agatonovic-Kustrin1,2 and David W. Morton2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- A Brief History of Aromatherapy -- Aromatherapy with Essential Oils -- The Pharmacological Hypothesis of Aromatherapy -- The Psychological Hypothesis. , The Olfactory Function of Aromatherapy (Smell) -- Improving Mood and Cognitive Function using Essential Oils -- The Cholinergic Hypothesis, Essential Oils, and Alzheimer's Disease -- The Oxidative Stress Hypothesis, Essential Oils, and Alzheimer's Disease -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Inspired by Nature: Modern Medicines Derived from Cannabis -- Bruno M. Fonseca*, Georgina Correia-da-Silva and Natércia Teixeira -- 1. CANNABIS, CANNABINOIDS AND THEIR MEDICAL USE -- 1.1. A Brief History of Cannabis Use in Medicine -- 1.2. Cannabinoids -- 2. MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF CANNABINOIDS -- 2.1. Cannabinoid Receptors -- 2.2. Cannabinoid Signalling Pathways -- 2.3. The Endocannabinoid System -- 3. CANNABIS AS MEDICINE -- 3.1. Cannabinoid-Based Drugs Metabolism -- 3.2. Cannabinoid Therapeutic Applications -- 3.2.1. Antiemetic and Appetite Stimulant -- 3.2.2. Cannabinoids and Food Intake -- 3.2.3. Multiple Sclerosis -- 3.2.4. Chronic Pain -- 3.2.5. Epilepsy -- 3.3. Main Limitations of Cannabinoids Use -- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Lectins as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors for Clinical Applications in Cancer -- Maria Luísa Soares da Silva1,2,* -- 1. LECTINS -- 1.1. Definition, History, Occurrence and Isolation -- 1.2. Functions and Properties -- 1.3. Lectin Structures and Classification -- 2. LECTINS AS TOOLS FOR THE SEPARATION AND STUDY OF GLYCOPROTEINS IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS -- 2.1. Lectin-affinity Chromatography -- 2.2. Lectin Arrays -- 2.3. Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay -- 2.4. Lectin Biosensors -- 2.4.1. Glycan Biomarkers for Cancer Diagnosis -- 2.4.2. Lectins as Biorecognition Elements in Biosensors for Cancer Biomarkers -- 3. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION. , CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Brassinosteroids: Occurrence, Structure and Stress Protective Activities -- Indu Sharma1, Renu Bhardwaj2, Vandana Gautam2, Ravdeep Kaur2 and Ashutosh Sharma3,* -- INTRODUCTION -- OCCURRENCE OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- STRUCTURES OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS -- IMPLICATIONS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS IN PLANT STRESS MANAGEMENT -- MECHANISM OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS ACTION -- INTERACTIONS OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS WITH OTHER PGRS -- FUTURE OUTLOOK -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chemistry and Structures of Plant Derived Antimalarials and Their Semi-synthetic Analogues -- Samir Mehndiratta1, Mantosh Kumar Satapathy2, Suhani Mankotia3 and Kunal Nepali1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Life Cycle of Malaria [4] -- 1. Alkaloidal Antimalarials -- a. Bisbenzylisoquinolines [15 - 17] -- b. Azaanthracene Alkaloid [13, 17] -- c. Protoberberine and Aporphine-benzylisoquinoline [13, 18] -- d. Morphinan Alkaloid [12, 13, 19] -- e. Naphtylisoquinolines [12, 20] -- f. Indoloquinoline Alkaloid [12, 21, 22] -- g. Indole Alkaloids [26, 12, 27] -- h. Benzofenantridine [12] -- i. Furoquinoline & -- Acridone [12, 28] -- j. Tetrahydroquinoline [12] -- 2. Antiplasmodial Non-Alkaloidal Natural Products -- a. Quassinoids [8b, 13, 30] -- b. Sesquiterpenes [8b, 32] -- c. Triterpenoids [8b, 13, 35, 36] -- d. Flavonoids and Xanthones [8b, 13] -- e. Quinones [8b, 13] -- Patents on Antimalarial Agents -- a). Compounds Patented by Keilhauer et al [57]. -- b). Compounds (bisquinolines) Patented by Vennerstrom et al [58]. -- c). Compounds Patented by Raynes et al [59]. -- d). Compound (Spiro and dispiro 1,2,4 trioxolane) Patented by Vennerstrom et al [60]. -- e). Compounds Patented by Sparatore et al [61]. , f). Compounds Patented by Gilbert et al [62] -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTERESTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Plant Protein Hydrolyzates from Underutilized Agricultural and Agroindustrial Sources: Production, Characterization and Bioactive Properties -- María del Mar Contreras1,*, Minerva Cristina García Vargas1,2, Antonio Lama-Muñoz1, Francisco Espínola1,3, Manuel Moya1,3 and Eulogio Castro1,3 -- INTRODUCTION -- WAYS OF PRODUCING PLANT PROTEIN HYDROLYZATES FROM AGRICULTURAL AND AGROINDUSTRIAL SOURCES -- Sequential Extraction and Hydrolysis (SeEH) -- Extraction by Chemical Methods and Hydrolysis -- Extraction by Enzymatic Methods and Hydrolysis -- Extraction by Physical/Physical-chemical Methods and Hydrolysis -- Simultaneous Extraction and Hydrolysis (SiEH) -- CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEIN HYDROLYZATES -- Conventional Methods -- Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis -- Capillary Electrophoresis -- Liquid Chromatography -- Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI)-MS -- Others -- BIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN HYDROLYZATES AND ACTIVE PEPTIDES -- Antioxidant Activity -- Antihypertensive Activity -- Diabetes Targets -- Antimicrobial Activity -- Other Bioactivities -- SAFETY ISSUES -- CONCLUSION -- PATIENT CONSENT -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- New Developments in the Quinolone Class of Antibacterial Drugs -- Neslihan Demirbas* and Ahmet Demirbas -- INTRODUCTION -- CLASSIFICATION, SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL REQUIRE-MENTS OF QUINOLONE ANTIBACTERIALS -- First Generation -- Second Generation -- Third Generation -- Fourth Generation -- Synthesis of Some Quinolone Drugs -- Rosoxacin -- Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Fleroxacin -- THE PROGRESS OF HYBRIDIZATIONS IN QUINOLONES -- Hybridization with Azetidines -- Hybridization with Triazole -- Hybridization with Oxadiazole. , Hybridization with Oxazolidinones and Thiazolidinones -- Hybridization with Thiazole -- Hybridization with Benzimidazole -- Hybridization with Pyrazole -- Oxime Functionalized 4-Quinolones -- Chalcon Functionalized Quinolones -- Hybridization with Metronidazole -- Hybridization with Isatin -- Pyrazine and Isoxacine Hybrids -- Pyrimidine Hybrids -- Hybridization with Flavonoids -- Quinolone-Quinolone Conjugation -- Amidation and Substitution By Homoaromatic Ring at C-3 -- Hybridization with β-Lactams -- Hybridization with Macrocycles -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Structure of Fine Starch Prepared Via a Compressed Hot Water Process -- N. Shimizu1,2,* and T. Ushiyama3 -- INTRODUCTION -- Starch Conformation in Solid State and in Solution -- Starch Composition and Chemical Structure -- Preparation of Starch Nanoparticles -- SEC-MALS, DLS, and Intrinsic Viscosity Analyses -- -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Major Metabolites of Certain Marketed Plant Alkaloids -- Kuntal Manna*, Bikash Debnath and Waikhom Somraj Singh -- INTRODUCTION -- Major Metabolites of Certain Important Marketed Alkaloids -- 1. Metabolite Study of Pyridine Group of Alkaloids -- 2. Metabolite Study of Tropane Group of Alkaloids -- 3. Metabolite Study of Quinoline Group of Alkaloids -- 4. Metabolite study of Isoquinoline Group of Alkaloid -- 5. Metabolite study of Phenanthrene Group of Alkaloid -- 6. Metabolite Study of Phenylethylamine Group of Alkaloids -- 7. Metabolite Study of Indole Group of Alkaloids -- 8. Metabolite Study of Purine Group of Alkaloid -- 9. Metabolite Study of Imidazole Group of Alkaloid -- 10. Metabolite Study of Terpenoid Group of Alkaloids -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Natural Products in Cancer Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy -- Dev Bukhsh Singh1,*, Manish Kumar Gupta2 and Rajesh Kumar Pathak3 -- INTRODUCTION -- MECHANISM OF CANCER -- ROLE OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN CANCER -- Cancer Chemoprevention -- Cancer Chemotherapy -- THERAPEUTIC MECHANISM OF ACTION -- Modulation of Diverse Transcription Factors -- Targeting Arachidonic Acid Pathway -- Inhibition of Estrogen Receptor Signaling -- Targeting Telomerase -- Promoting the Apoptosis -- Targeting Receptors (GFRs) -- Interference with Microtubules -- Inhibition of Topoisomerase -- COMBINATION THERAPY OF NUTRACEUTICAL -- NATURAL PRODUCTS AS A LEAD FOR CANCER THERAPY -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- Microbial Involvement in the Production of Natural Products by Plants, Marine Invertebrates and Other Organisms -- Lesley-Ann Giddings1,* and David J. Newman2 -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MARINE-DERIVED BIOACTIVE AGENTS AND MICROBES -- 2.1. Pederin, Mycalamides, Onnamides And Similar Molecules -- 2.1.1. Actual Producers of Pederin-related Molecules -- 2.2. Trabectedin, A Naphthyridinomycin / Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivative -- 2.2.1. Actual Source of Trabectedin -- 2.3. Didemnins and Aplidine -- 2.4. Bryostatins -- 2.5. Kahalalides -- 2.6. Dolastatins -- 3. PLANT-DERIVED BIOACTIVE AGENTS AND MICROBES -- 3.1. Camptothecins -- 3.2. Taxol -- 3.2. Endophytes and Taxol -- 3.3. Maytansine and Endophytes -- 3.4. Vinca Alkaloids -- 3.5. Aloe-emodin, Emodin and Hypericin -- 3.6. Podophyllotoxin -- 3.7. Homoharringtonine -- 3.8. Artemisinin -- 3.9. Comments on Plant Endophytes -- 4. MICROBES AND TERRESTRIAL ARTHROPODS -- 4.1. Dentigerumycin and Other Agents -- 5. MICROBE-MICROBE INTERACTIONS -- 5.1. Fungi and Bacteria: Rhizoxin and Other Burkholderia-associated Compounds -- 5.2. Mimicking in situ Microbial Interactions -- CONCLUSIONS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Chemical Biology of Natural Product Biosynthesis: Chemical Tools for the Proteomic Analysis of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases -- Fumihiro Ishikawa1,* and Hideaki Kakeya2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Biosynthetic Enzymes -- Adenylation Domains -- Conventional Strategies to Detect and Assess the Enzymatic Activities of the Adenylation Domains in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases -- Small-molecule Inhibitors for Adenylation Domains -- Design of Activity-based Probes for Adenylation Domains -- Inhibition Studies of Adenylation Domains -- Labeling Studies of Adenylation Domains. , Profiling Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Activities -- Profiling of Adenylation Domain Functions in Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases by Competitive Activity-based Protein Profiling -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Oligosaccharides Research -- Henrique S. Arruda1,*, Gustavo A. Pereira1, Martha E. F. Almeida2, Iramaia A. Neri-Numa1, Renata A. S. Sancho1, Gustavo Molina1,3 and Glaucia M. Pastore1 -- INTRODUCTION -- OLIGOSACCHARIDES: DEFINITION, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES -- CLASSES OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES -- Fructooligosaccharides -- Maltooligosaccharides -- Isomaltooligosaccharides -- Gentiooligosaccharides -- Pectic Oligosaccharides -- Xylooligosaccharides -- Arabinooligosaccharides -- Chitooligosaccharides -- Galactooligosaccharides -- Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides -- Lactosucrose -- Lactulose -- Isomaltulose or Palatinose -- Glycosylsucrose -- Other Classes of Oligosaccharides -- NATURAL SOURCES AND STRATEGIES FOR OBTAINING OLIGOSACCHARIDES -- Oligosaccharides Obtained from Chemical Synthesis -- Depolymerisation of Polysaccharides by Chemical and Physical Processes for the Production of Oligosaccharides -- Biotechnological Production of Oligosaccharides -- Bioproduction of FOS -- Bioproduction of GOS -- General Perspectives for the Bioproduction of Oligosaccharides -- HEALTH BENEFITS OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES -- Effect in the Immune System -- Management of Constipation Symptoms -- The Role of Prebiotics in Gastrointestinal Disorders and Bowel Inflammation -- Effect of NDOs on Mineral Absorption -- Regulation of Glycaemia -- Regulation of Lipidic Metabolism -- Other Functionalities of NDOs -- GENERAL APPLICATIONS IN SCIENCE AND TECNOLOGY -- CONCLUSION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , The Treatment of Pain with Topical Sesquiterpenes -- James D. Adams*, Ian S. Haworth, Adriana Coricello, Filomena Perri, Christopher Nguyen, Francesca Aiello, Travis J. Williams and Eric J. Lien -- INTRODUCTION -- The Carpenter Approach to Pain -- Pain Cycle -- Receptor Targets in Pain Control -- Sesquiterpene Chemistry and Pharmacology -- Design of COX2 Inhibitors -- Design of Inhibitors of COX2 Expression -- CONCLUSIONS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- The Biological Activities and Synthesis of 2,6-Disubstituted Piperidinols -- Yasunao Hattori1 and Hidefumi Makabe2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF 2,6-DISUBSTITUTED PIPERIDINOLS -- 1. Inhibition of Superoxide Anion Production -- 2. Anticonvulsant Activity -- 3. DNA-Damaging Activity -- 4. Antinociceptive Profile -- 5. Neurotoxic Damage -- 6. Antibacterial Activity -- 7. Antiparasitic Activity -- 8. Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity -- 9. Inhibition of Fucosidase -- SYNTHESIS OF 2,6-DISUBSTITUTED PIPERIDINOLS -- 1. Spectaline and Related Compounds -- 2. (−)-Morusimic Acid D and Related Compounds -- 3. (+)-Julifloridine and Related Compounds -- 4. Juliprosine and Related Compounds -- 5. 1-Deoxyfuconijirimycin and Its Analogs -- CONCLUSION -- ABBEREVIATIONS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Plant Isoflavones, their Impact on Life Sciences, Medicine and Industry -- Grzegorz Grynkiewicz* -- INTRODUCTION -- ISOFLAVONES IN THE POOL OF POLYPHENOLIC SECONDARY METABOLITES - SIMILARITIES AND DISTINCTIONS -- Early Research on Plant Flavonoids -- Development of Modern Analytical Techniques for Phytochemical Studies, Food Analysis and Pharmaceutical Research Involving Isoflavones -- Biogenesis, Biotransformations and Metabolomics of Isoflavones -- Isoflavones as Constituents of Diet -- Bioavailability and Metabolism -- Microbial Biotransformations. , ISOFLAVONES AS PHYTOESTROGENS AND EMERGENCE OF ISOFLAVONE PHARMACOLOGY -- Daidzein -- Genistein -- Ipriflavone -- Phenoxodiol -- Puerarin -- Rotenone -- SOY ISOFLAVONES, THEIR SIGNIFICANCE FOR FOOD AND HEALTHCARE -- CHEMICAL SYNTHESES OF ISOFLAVONES AND THEIR DERIVATIVES -- Transformations of Chalcones -- Coupling of Aromatic and Heterocyclic Synthons -- Derivatization of Natural Isoflavones -- Isotopic Labeling -- Protein Conjugation for Immunoassays -- Synthesis of Metabolites -- Chemical Glycosylation -- CONCLUSIONS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Natural Benzophenones from Clusiaceae Family: Structural Diversity and Biological Activities -- Ângela Maria Almeida Lima and Róbson Ricardo Teixeira* -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. STRUCTURAL DIVERSITY OF BENZOPHENONES EXTRACTED FROM NATURAL SOURCES -- 2.1. Benzophenones isolated from Clusiaceae family species -- 2.3. Classification of the Benzophenones -- 2.2. Biosynthesis of the Benzophenones -- 3. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF NATURAL BENZOPHENONES -- 3.1. Leishmanicidal, Trypanocidal and Antiplasmodial Activities -- 3.2. Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, and Antifungal Activities -- 3.3. Anti-HIV and Anti-hepatitis Virus Activities -- 3.4. Anti-inflammatory Activity -- 3.5. Antioxidant Activity -- 3.6. Cytotoxic Activity -- 3.7. Antidepressant, Neuroprotective and Hepatoprotective Activities -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- List of Contributors -- The Implications of Horizontal Gene Transfer for Access to Secondary Metabolites -- INTRODUCTION -- I. DEFINITIONS -- I.a. Horizontal Gene Transfer -- I.b. Variation in HGT Histories -- I.c. Evolutionary Terminology -- I.d. The Statistics of Genomic Analysis -- II. MECHANISMS OF HGT -- II.a. Prokaryotes -- II.b. Eukaryotes -- II.c. Gene Fixation -- II.d. What Happens to a Gene Transferred by an HGT Event? -- III. METHODS OF HGT ANALYSIS -- III.a. Bioinformatic Approaches to HGT Analysis -- III.a.1. Bioinformatic Search Methods -- III.a.2. Codon Usage Bias Analysis -- III.a.3. Intron Analysis -- III.a.4. Phylogenomic Analysis -- III.a.5. Alignment-Free Methods -- III.b. Recommendations to the Researcher of Secondary Metabolites -- IV. BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF HGT -- V. PROKARYOTE HGT -- V.a. Archaea -- V.b. Bacteria -- V.b.1. Actinomycetes -- V.b.2. Cyanobacteria -- VI. PROTIST HGT -- VI.a. Dinoflagellates -- VI.b. Haptophytes -- VI.c. Diplomonads -- VI.d. Oomycetes -- VI.e. Stramenopiles -- VI.f. HGT in Red Algae -- VII. FUNGAL HGT -- VII.a. Zygomycota -- VII.b. Ascomycota -- VII.c. Basidiomycota -- VIII. PLANT HGT -- VIII.a. Plant-to-plant HGT -- VIII.b. Plant HGT from Non-Plant Sources -- IX. ANIMAL HGT -- IX.a. Marine Invertebrates -- IX.b. Other Invertebrates -- X. IMPLICATIONS FOR NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Polyphenols: From Wastes to High added Value Bio-products -- INTRODUCTION -- Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes -- Chemistry of Phenolic Compounds -- Agro-food Waste for the New Bio-economy -- Extraction Methods -- Bio-based Products from Fruit and Vegetable Wastes -- Biopolymers and Bio Additives -- Metallic Nanoparticles -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , The Role of Natural Products in Tropical Diseases -- 1. TROPICAL DISEASES -- 2. MALARIA -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Different Classes of Natural Products and their Anti-malarial Activity -- 2.2.1. Alkaloids -- 2.2.2. Flavonoids -- 2.2.3. Quinones -- 2.2.4. Xanthones -- 2.2.5. Terpenes -- 2.2.6. Steroids -- 2.2.7. Miscellaneous Compounds -- 3. LEISHMANIASIS -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Different Classes of Natural Products and their Anti-leishmaniasis Activity -- 3.2.1. Quinones -- 3.2.2. Alkaloids -- 3.2.3. Chalcones -- 3.2.4. Terpenes -- 3.2.5. Flavonoids -- 3.2.6. Miscellaneous -- 4. LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Natural Products and Their Anti-lymphatic Filariasis Activity -- 4.2.1. Miscellaneous Compounds -- 5. AMERICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS (CHAGAS DISEASE) -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Different Classes Natural Products and their Anti-American Trypanosomal Activity -- 5.2.1. Terpenes -- 5.2.2. Alkaloids -- 5.2.3. Flavonoids -- 5.2.4. Lignans -- 6. HUMAN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Different Classes of Natural Products and their Anti-human African Trypanosomiasis Activity -- 6.2.1. Alkaloids -- 6.2.2. Flavonoids -- 6.2.3. Terpenes -- 6.2.4. Miscellaneous Compounds -- CONCLUSION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Corrinoids in Food and Biological Samples -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF VARIOUS CORRINOIDS CARRYING DIFFERENT BASE MOIETIES -- OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS CORRINOIDS CARRYING DIFFERENT BASE MOIETIES IN FOOD AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES -- Substituted Benzimidazoles as a Base Moiety -- (1). 5-Hydroxybenzimidazolyl Cobamide (Fig. 2 [1]) -- (2). 5-Methoxybenzimidazolyl Cobamide (Fig. 2 [2]) -- Purines as a Base Moiety -- (1). Pseudovitamin B12 (Fig. 2 [4]) -- (2). 2-Methyladenyl Cobamide (Fig. 2 [5]). , (3). 2-Methylmercaptoadenyl Cobamide (Fig. 2 [6]), 2-Methylsufinyladenyl Cobamide (Fig. 2 [7]), and 2-Methylsufonyladenyl Cobamide (Fig. 2 [8]) -- Phenolic Compounds as a Base Moiety -- (1). P-cresolyl Cyanocobamide (Fig. 2 [9]) and Phenolyl Cyanocobamide (Fig. 2 [10]) -- OCCURRENCE OF UNNATURAL CORRINOIDS IN FOOD -- THE COBAMIDE MOST COMMONLY FOUND IN FOOD -- AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioactive Phenols in Small Fruits and Berries -- INTRODUCTION -- Methods of Extraction and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds -- Methods of Analysis of Antioxidant Capacity -- PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN SMALL FRUITS AND BERRIES -- Açaí -- Blackberry -- Blueberry -- Cherry -- Cranberry -- Crowberry -- Currants -- Date -- Elderberry -- Goji berry -- Gooseberry -- Grape -- Hardy Kiwifruit -- Physalis -- Raspberry -- Strawberry -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Sambucus nigra L.: A Potential Source of Health-promoting Components -- INTRODUCTION -- Sambucus nigra L. Taxonomic Classification and Geographic Distribution -- S. nigra L. Applications - From Food Products to Traditional Medicine -- CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF S. NIGRA BERRIES AND FLOWERS -- Terpenic Compounds -- Sterols -- Phenolic Compounds -- Factors that Affect S. nigra Berries and Flowers Chemical Composition -- Impact of Ripening, Cultivar and Geoclimatic Conditions -- Impact of Handling and Storage -- S. nigra Berries and Flowers: Potential Health Benefits -- Overview of the S. nigra Potential Health Benefits -- Effects on Type-2 Diabetes -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Flavonoid Variations in Pathogen-Infected Plants -- INTRODUCTION -- General Aspects of Flavonoids as Defense Molecules in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. , Factors that Determine the Defense Role of Flavonoids -- Research Trends in Flavonoid Defense Molecules -- Application of LC-MS/MS in Flavonoid Analysis -- Flavonoid Variation in Plants Upon Fungal Infection -- Citrus species -- Legumes -- Other Plant Species -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- End User License Agreement -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Plant-Derived Anticancer Compounds Used in Cancer Therapies -- Alexander Chota1, Blassan P. George1 and Heidi Abrahamse1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Current Cancer Treatment Options and Their Limitations -- Origin/History of Plant-derived Agents in Cancer Therapies -- Ayurvedic System of Medicine in Cancer Therapies -- Plant Derived Anticancer Compounds and their Clinical Uses -- The General Classification of Major Plant-derived Anticancer Compounds -- Alkaloids -- Flavonoids -- Brassinosteroids -- Terpenoids -- Structures of Major Anticancer Compounds of Plant Origin -- Common Anticancer Drugs of Plant Origin in Clinical Practice -- General Mechanism of Action of Plant-derived Anticancer Compounds -- Importance and Advantages of Anticancer Compounds of Plant Origin -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ACRONYMS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Pradimicin and Benanomicin Antibiotics: From Antifungal Polyketide Natural Products to Antiviral Agents with a Unique Carbohydrate-Binding Mode of Action -- Rocío Abín1, Visitación López-Miranda2,3, Ana San-Félix1 and Ernesto Quesada1,3,* -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCOVERY, STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISATION AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES -- Antifungal Activity -- Antiviral Activity -- Other Activities: Antibacterial, Antitumoral -- MECHANISM OF ACTION OF BPAS -- A Unique Mechanism of Action: Calcium-Dependent Mannose Binding -- Carbohydrate-binding Agents (CBAs): Glycans of HIV as Therapeutic Targets -- Apoptosis -- Biosynthesis of BPAs: Tailoring Polyketides -- Total Synthesis of BPAs -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , The Chemical Compositions of Bixa orellana and their Pharmacological Activities -- Carlos A. Méndez-Cuesta1, Fernando Rodríguez-Ramos1, Cuauhtémoc Pérez-González1, Julia Pérez-Ramos1 and Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- USE IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE -- PHYTOCHEMISTRY -- ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY -- ANTIPARASITIC ACTIVITY -- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS -- HYPOGLYCEMIC EFFECTS -- METABOLIC SYNDROME -- CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY -- ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY -- HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY -- BRONCHODILATOR EFFECTS -- DIURETIC EFFECTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Overview of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Nilakanthi (Ajuga bracteosa Wall. ex Benth.) -- Apurba Gohain1, Debanga Sourav Saikia1, Sangita Baruah2, Ashoke Kumar Das3 and Ajay Sharma4,* -- INTRODUCTION -- BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION -- MORPHOLOGY -- TRADITIONAL USES -- MODERN USES -- PROBABLE METHODS OF CULTIVATION -- STATUS AND METHOD OF CONSERVATION -- PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION -- PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- ANTICANCER -- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY -- ANTI-DIABETIC -- ANTIANALGESICS -- ANTIOXIDANT -- OTHER ACTIVITIES -- GREEN SYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Tetracyclic Benzocarbazoles and Derivatives: Synthesis and Applications -- Francisco Vilaça Gaspar1, Joseane Alves Mendes2, Paulo Roberto Ribeiro Costa1, Miguel Yus2, Francisco Foubelo1 and Camilla Djenne Buarque3,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Early Methodologies and Modern [3, 3]-sigmatropic Rearrangement -- Disconnections Using Aniline and Tetralones or Indenones Derivatives -- Disconnections Using o-iodo-N-(arylsulfonyl)anilines and Dihydronaphtalenes or Indenes Derivatives -- Disconnections Employing Indol Derivatives. , Asymmetric Synthesis Employing Chiral N-tert-butanesulfinyl Imines -- Disconnections Employing 2H-chromen-2-ones and Analogs -- Aza-Coumestans and Derivatives -- Cross-coupling Reactions -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chalcones as Anti-inflammatory, Anti-diabetic, and Anti-depressant Agents -- Begum Evranos Aksoz1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CHALCONES -- Anti-inflammatory Targets for Chalcones -- Heme Oxygenase-1 -- Nuclear Factor-κB and Histone Deacetylases -- Kinases and Activator Protein-1 -- Toll-like Receptor 4 and Myeloid Differentiation 2 Accessory Molecule -- Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase -- Nitric Oxide -- Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha, Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 -- Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 -- Interleukins -- Natural Anti-inflammatory Chalcones -- Synthesized Anti-inflammatory Chalcones -- ANTIDIABETIC CHALCONES -- Antidiabetic Targets for Chalcones -- Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 -- Glucose Transporter Type 4 -- Adenosine Monophosphate Activated Protein Kinase -- Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma -- α-Glucosidase -- Dipeptidyl Peptidase-IV -- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B -- Aldose Reductase -- Natural Antidiabetic Chalcones -- Synthesized Antidiabetic Chalcones -- ANTIDEPRESSANT CHALCONES -- Antidepressant Targets for Chalcones -- 5-Hydroxytryptamine -- Norepinephrine (NE) -- Monoamine Oxidase -- Natural Antidepressant Chalcones -- Synthesized Antidepressant Chalcones -- CRITICAL ASSESSMENT AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Bioactive Steroids from Marine Organisms -- Marina P. Savić1,*, Marija N. Sakač1 and Jovana. J. Ajduković1 -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOACTIVE STEROIDS FROM MARINE SPONGES. , A-Norsteroids -- Steroid Alkaloids -- Pregnane Steroids -- Oxygenated Steroids -- Dioles and Trioles -- Polyhydroxylated Steroids -- Epoxysterols -- Epidioxysterols -- Steroid Sulfates -- Steroid Monosulfates -- Steroid Polysulfates -- Sulfated Steroid Dimers -- Sulfated Amino-acid Conjugates -- Secosteroids -- Polyacetylated Sterols -- Keto Steroids -- Steroid Esters -- Steroid Glycosides -- Methylene steroids -- 4-Methylene Sterols with Rearranged 6/6/5/7 Ring System -- 4-Methylene Secosterols -- Sterols with a Cyclopropane Ring at C-25 and C-26 -- Others -- Phenanthrene Steroid Derivatives -- Steroid Derivatives with Bicyclo [4.3.1] A/B Ring -- BIOACTIVE STEROIDS FROM MARINE MACROALGAE -- BIOACTIVE STEROIDS FROM MARINE CUCUMBERS -- Triterpene Δ7 Glycosides -- Triterpene Δ9(11) Glycosides -- Triterpene Δ8 and Spyro Glycosides -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- License -- Content -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Propolis and its Key Chemical Constituents: A Promising Natural Product in Therapeutic Applications -- Harshad S. Kapare1, Sadhana S. Raut2 and L. Sathiyanarayanan3,* -- INTRODUCTION -- Natural Products -- Propolis -- Chemical Composition and Medicinal Properties of Propolis -- Pinocembrin -- Polyphenols and Flavonoids from Propolis and Therapeutic Potential -- Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Investigation of the Effects of Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Egg Quality in Functional Egg Production -- Sibel Bölek1,* and Feyza Tosya1 -- INTRODUCTION -- Health Effects Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids -- Egg as a Functional Food -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Quercetin, A Flavonoid with Remarkable Anticancer Activity -- Sarbjit Singh1,*, Pankaj Chauhan2 and Akshay Kumar3 -- INTRODUCTION -- ANTICANCER EFFECTS OF QCT -- Breast Cancer -- Liver Cancer -- Gastric Cancer -- Lung Cancer -- Glioma -- Glioblastoma -- Colon Cancer -- Ovarian Cancer -- Prostate Cancer -- Cervical Cancer -- Melanoma -- Oral Cancer -- Uterne Leiomyoma -- Retinoblastoma -- Chronic Myeloid Leukemia -- Conclusions -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Swertiamarin for the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome -- Javed Ahamad1,* -- INTRODUCTION -- SOURCES OF SWERTIAMARIN -- CHEMISTRY, BIOSYNTHESIS AND DERIVATIVES OF SWERTIAMARIN -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF METABOLIC SYNDROME -- PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SWERTIAMARIN IN METABOLIC DISORDER -- Cardioprotective Effects of Swertiamarin -- Hypolipidemic and Anti-atherogenic Effects of Swertiamarin -- Antioxidant Effects Swertiamarin. , Anti-inflammatory Effects of Swertiamarin -- Antihypertensive Effects of Swertiamarin -- Antidiabetic Effects of Swertiamarin -- Antiobesity Effects of Swertiamarin -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Overview of Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Peganum harmala L. -- Akshita Sharma1, Ajay Sharma1,*, Sharmila Wahengbam1, Raymond Cooper3, Hardev Singh1 and Garima Bhardwaj2,* -- INTRODUCTION -- BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION -- BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION -- Morphology -- DISTRIBUTION -- HISTORICAL AND MODERN CULTIVATION -- PHYTOCHEMISTRY -- DIETARY COMPOSITION -- MEDICINAL VALUES AND TRADITIONAL USES -- PHARMACOLOGY -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF QUINAZOLINE -- GREEN SYNTHESIS OF METAL NANOPARTICLES -- METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF KEY SECONDARY METABOLITES -- TOXICOLOGY -- DRUG INTERACTION -- FUTURE PROSPECTIVE -- CONCLUSION -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Investigation of Measurement Methods of Antioxidant Activity and Involved Mechanisms -- Mohammad Ali Sahari1,* and Samira Berenji Ardestani2 -- INTRODUCTION -- Bioactive Compounds -- A Brief About Oxidation Reactions -- SAMPLE PREPARATION AND ANTIOXIDANTS EXTRACTION -- Plant Foods -- Beverages -- Oils -- Increasing the Efficiency of Antioxidants Extraction -- MAIN CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ANTIOXIDANTS -- Single Electron Transfer (SET) and Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT) -- Methods Using HAT Mechanism -- Methods Using SET Mechanism -- Methods Using HAT and SET Mechanisms Reactions -- Principal Mechanisms Applied by Antioxidant Compounds -- FACTORS AFFECTING ANTIOXIDANT MECHANISMS AND CAPACITY -- Type of Bioactive Compounds -- Ascorbic Acid -- Phenolic Compounds -- Carotenoids -- Minerals -- Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) -- Other Compounds. , Processing Methods -- Milling -- Blanching -- Drying -- Cooking -- Effect of Cooking Methods on Radical Scavenging Activity (RSA) -- Effect of Cooking Methods on Total Phenolic Contents (TPC) -- Effect of Cooking Methods on Ascorbic Acid Content (AsA) -- Freezing -- Ascorbic Acid Content -- Anthocyanins Content -- Acidity and pH -- Some Other Methods -- SOLVENTS, SEPARATED FRACTIONS AND INTERFERENCES EFFECTS -- Meddling Compounds -- PRACTICAL METHODS FOR ASSESSING ANTIOXIDANTS IN LABORATARY -- Determination of Total Phenolic Contents -- Determination of Flavonoids Content -- Determination of Flavonols Content -- Determination of Ascorbic Acid Content -- Determination of Vitamin E Contents -- Determination of Carotenoids Content -- Determination of Peroxide Value (PV) -- Calibration of Fe (III): -- Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma Method (FRAP) -- Advantages/Disadvantages -- Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity Method (TEAC) -- DPPH Approach -- Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity Assay (ORAC Method) -- ORAC Advantages / Disadvantages -- Total Radical Trapping Antioxidant Parameter Method (TRAP) -- TRAP Method Advantages / Disadvantages -- Copper Reduction Method -- Copper Reduction Method Advantages/Disadvantages -- Total Oxidant Scavenging Capacity Method (TOSC) -- Advantages / Disadvantages of TOSC -- Conjugated Dienes TEST -- Lipoxygenase Activity Inhibition Assay -- Chemiluminescence (CL) Method -- β-carotene Bleaching Assay -- β-carotene Bleaching Inhibition -- Deoxyribose Method -- Fenton Reaction Mechanism -- Tocopheroxyl Radical Attenuating Ability Method (TRAA) -- Rancimat Method -- Metals Chelating Method -- Reducing Power Assay -- Ferric Thiocyanate Method (FTC) -- TBARS Method -- Short TBARS -- Long TBARS -- DMPD (N, N-Dimethyl-P-phenilindiamine) Method -- Scavenging Activity of Superoxide Anion -- Nitric Oxide Radicals Trapping Method. , HOCl Radicals Scavenging Method -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Recent Progress on Natural and Synthetic Flavanone and its Derivatives -- Hossein Eshghi1,*, Mahsa Khoshnevis1 and Fatemeh Pirani1 -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNTHETIC METHODS OF FLAVANONES -- Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Chromones -- C-C Bond Formation -- Intramolecular Conjugation Addition to Chromones -- β-Arylation of Chromanones -- C-O Bond Formation -- Cross Aldol Condensation Reaction (Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Reaction) of Aromatic Aldehyde with 2′-hydroxyacetophenone Followed by Cyclization Reaction -- Intermolecular Oxa-Michael addition of 2′-hydroxychalcones -- Other Synthetic Methods & -- Reactions -- Mannich Reaction -- Intramolecular Benzoin Reaction -- Domino Reactions -- Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Flavanones -- Biosynthesis of Flavanones -- Total Synthesis -- FLAVANONE DERIVATIVES -- Substituted Flavanones -- Flavanone-Metal Complexes -- Fused Flavanones -- Hybrid Flavanones -- Other Derivatives -- FLAVANONE DERIVATIVES BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- Antioxidant Activity -- Antimicrobial Activity -- Anticancer Activity -- Antibacterial Activity -- NATURAL FLAVANONES (FLAVANONES EXTRACTED FROM PLANTS) -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Role of Virgin Coconut Oil as Multiple Health Promoting Functional Oil -- Soo Peng Koh1,*, Yih Phing Khor1 and Kamariah Long1 -- INTRODUCTION -- The Processing and Nutritional Value of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) -- Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) − Medium Chain Triacylglycerols (MCT) with Potential Therapeutic Uses -- Health Benefits of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) -- Protective Effect of VCO Against Oxidative Stress and Relieve Symptom of Osteoporosis -- VCO exerts Anti-Inflammatory &. , Immunomodulatory Effect and Prevents Renal Damage -- Promising Antiobesity Response of VCO Diet -- VCO as Alternative Hepatoprotective Therapy -- Skin Enhancement and Wound Healing Properties of VCO -- Uses of VCO in Atherogenic Risk Management -- Potential of VCO in Alzheimer Therapy -- Partially Hydrolysed VCO - New Revolution of Virgin Coconut Oil Product -- Future Prospective Research on VCO -- CONCLUSION -- CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION -- CONFLICT OF INTEREST -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.