Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Part I Basic Principles and Methods -- The New Frontier in Medicine at the Convergence of Nanotechnology and Immunotherapy -- 1 Nanoparticles and the Immune System -- 1.1 Stepping into the Nanoworld -- 1.2 The Immune System -- 1.3 Nanoparticle Size Effect -- 1.4 Nanoparticle Shape, Structure, and Surface Effect -- 2 Nanoparticles, Antitumor Immunity and Cancer Immunotherapy -- 2.1 Nanoparticle and Cancer Immunosurveillance and Tumor Microenvironment -- 2.2 Nanosystems with Tumor Antigens -- 2.3 Nanoparticles Having Adjuvant Activity -- 2.4 Virus-like Nanoparticles and Cancer Immunotherapy -- 3 Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia and the Immune System -- 3.1 Hyperthermia Effect on the Immune System -- 3.2 Nanoparticle-Mediated Hyperthermia -- 4 Synergistic Combination Nano Immunotherapies -- 4.1 Immunotherapy Using Checkpoint Inhibitors -- 4.2 Synergistic Dual-Modality Immunotherapies -- 5 Conclusion: The Next Frontier in Medicine -- References -- Cancer Immunotherapy Strategies: Basic Principles -- 1 Introduction and the Current State-of-the-Art Strategies for Immunotherapy -- 1.1 Cancer Vaccines -- 1.1.1 DC Vaccines -- 1.1.2 Peptide/Antigenic Vaccines -- 1.2 Adoptive Lymphocyte Transfer -- 1.2.1 CAR T Cell Therapy -- 1.3 Viral-Based Strategies for Immunotherapy -- 1.4 Immune Checkpoint Blockade -- 2 Challenges of Immunotherapy: Limitations of Access and Immune Suppression -- 2.1 Immune Access -- 2.2 Immune Suppression -- 3 Nanotechnologies to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy -- 3.1 Nanotechnologies to Improve ALT -- 3.2 Nanotechnologies to Improve Cancer Vaccines -- 3.3 Nanotechnologies to Improve Viral-Based Immunotherapy -- 3.4 Nanotechnologies to Improve Immune Checkpoint Blockade -- 4 Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Immunotherapy: From Discovery to Bedside. , 1 Immunotherapy: From Discovery to Bedside -- 1.1 Overview of Immunotherapy -- 1.1.1 Nonspecific Immunity -- 1.1.2 Specific Immunity -- 1.2 Drug Development -- 1.2.1 Overview -- 1.2.2 Preclinical Phase -- 1.2.3 Clinical Phase -- 1.2.4 Challenges of Immunotherapy Trials -- 1.3 Summary -- References -- Intravital Optical Imaging to Monitor Anti-Tumor Immunological Response in Preclinical Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Immuno-Oncology -- 2.1 Use of Nanoparticles in Immune Therapy -- 3 Imaging Techniques -- 3.1 Advantages of Intravital Techniques -- 3.2 Wide Field Microscopy and Imaging -- 3.3 Confocal Microscopy and Structured Illumination -- 3.4 Multiphoton Microscopy -- 3.5 Photoacoustic Microscopy -- 3.6 Other Microscopy Techniques -- 4 Models and Methods of Quantifying Immune Function -- 4.1 Window Chamber Models -- 4.2 Genetic Reporter Models of Immune Cells -- 4.3 Exogenous Sources of Contrast -- 4.4 Other Sources of Contrast Including Functional Imaging of the Tumor and Tumor Microenvironment -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Nanoparticle-Mediated Heating: A Theoretical Study for Photothermal Treatment and Photo Immunotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory -- 2.1 Heat Flow Equation -- 2.2 Optical Heat Sources -- 2.3 Heat Generation from a Point Source -- 2.4 Heat Generation from a Planewave Source -- 3 Temperature Elevation Using a Point Source of Optical Power -- 3.1 Time-Dependent Temperature -- 3.2 Steady-State Temperature -- 3.3 Cooling -- 4 Temperature Elevation from a Planewave Source of Optical Power -- 4.1 Thermal Boundary Conditions -- 4.2 Time-Dependent Temperature -- 4.3 Steady-State Temperature -- 5 Simulations -- 5.1 Point Source Illumination -- 5.2 Planewave illumination -- 6 Summary -- Appendix 1: Derivation of the Green's Functions -- Appendix 2: Temperature Elevation for Boundary Condition 3 -- References. , Part II Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications -- Nanoparticle Systems Applied for Immunotherapy in Various Treatment Modalities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Widening the Therapeutic Window -- 3 Enhancing Adoptive-Cell Therapy -- 4 Improving Payload Delivery -- 5 Combinational Cancer Immunotherapy with Nanoparticles -- 5.1 Nanoparticle-Based Photothermal Immunotherapy -- 5.2 Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Immunotherapy -- 5.3 Nanoparticle-Based Chemo-Immunotherapy -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Design of Nanostructure Materials to Modulate Immunosuppressive Tumour Microenvironments and Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 History and Conventional Methods of Cancer Therapy -- 1.2 Emergence of Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.3 Hurdle of Early Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.4 Expansion of Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.5 Immune Suppressive Cells in TME -- 1.6 Cytokines and Chemokines in TME -- 1.7 Organized Interaction Between TME -- 1.8 Immune Checkpoint and ICBT Combination -- 1.9 Hurdle of Recent Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1.10 Design of Nanostructures to Overcome the Hurdle of Recent Cancer Immunotherapy -- 2 Nanomaterials for the Modulation of Immunosuppressive Cells in TME -- 2.1 Regulatory T Cells (Treg Cells) -- 2.2 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) -- 2.3 Tumour-Associated Macrophages (TAM) -- 3 Nanomaterials for the Modulation of Immunosuppressive Factors in TME -- 3.1 Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) -- 3.2 Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) -- 3.3 TGF-β -- 3.4 Interleukin-10 -- 3.5 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) -- 3.6 Immune Check Point Blockade -- 3.6.1 αPD-L1 -- 3.6.2 αPD-1 -- 3.6.3 αCTLA-4 -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Plasmonic Gold Nanostars for Immuno Photothermal Nanotherapy to Treat Cancers and Induce Long-Term Immunity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Gold Nanostars: A Versatile and Effective Platform for Photothermal Therapy. , 3 Combination Photo Immuno Therapy: SYMPHONY -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Nanotechnologies for Photothermal and Immuno Cancer Therapy: Advanced Strategies Using Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles and Bacterium-Mimicking Liposomes for Enhanced Efficacy -- 1 Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles -- 1.1 Synthesis of CuSNPs -- 1.1.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Methods -- 1.1.2 Microwave Irradiation -- 1.1.3 Direct Dry-Grinding Synthesis -- 1.1.4 Hollow CuSNPs Synthesis -- 1.2 Biomedical Applications of CuSNPs -- 1.2.1 Photothermal Therapy -- 1.2.2 Drug Delivery -- 2 Bacterium-Mimicking Liposomes -- 2.1 Adjuvant of Ligands for Toll-Like Receptors and NOD-Like Receptors -- 2.2 Engineering of Bacterium-Mimicking Liposomes as Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccines -- 3 Combinatorial Immuno and Photothermal Therapy -- 3.1 Immunogenic Cell Death Induced by PTT -- 3.2 Immuno Adjuvant Therapy Synergizes PTT in Cancer Treatment -- 4 Summary -- References -- Nanoparticle-Based Phototherapy in Combination with Checkpoint Blockade for Cancer Immunotherapy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photothermal Therapy -- 3 Photodynamic Therapy -- 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Development of Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Platform -- 1 Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles and their Biodistribution -- 1.1 Effects of Size and Shape In Vitro -- 1.2 Design of Surface Ligand Molecules for Cytosolic Delivery -- 1.3 Effects of Size and Shape on Biodistributions In Vivo -- 2 Effects of Particle Shape and Size on Immune Response -- 2.1 Merits of Using Nanoparticles for Vaccines -- 2.2 Effects of Nanoparticle Size on Vaccine Activity -- 2.3 Effects of Nanoparticle Shape on Vaccine Activity -- 3 Summary -- References -- Multifunctional Gold Nanostars for Sensitive Detection, Photothermal Treatment and Immunotherapy of Brain Tumor -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Theoretical Consideration of Laser Excitation Energy into a Brain Tissue Phantom -- 3 Sensitive Brain Cancer Detection with Gold Nanostars -- 4 Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy of Brain Tumor with GNS -- 5 In Vivo Toxicity of GNS -- 6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Index.