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  • Articles  (6)
  • OceanRep
  • Rat  (3)
  • Lithium  (2)
  • Manic psychoses  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioning of behavioural signs produced by nomifensine and by B-HT 920 in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 93 (1987), S. 182-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nomifensine ; B-HT 920 ; Dopamine receptors ; Conditioning ; Dopamine-mediated behaviours ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Conditioning of behavioural effects produced by two drugs acting differently upon dopaminergic neurotransmission was studied. Nomifensine and the putative dopamine autoreceptor agonist B-HT 920 produce contrasting effects on motility, namely increases in locomotor activity and stereotypies as compared to hypokinesia and ptosis. The administration of each of these drugs (US) was repeatedly associated with well-defined environmental stimuli (CS): a wire cage associated with an auditory and on olfactory stimulus. The rats were conditioned for 7 days with 20 mg/kg nomifensine IP each day. After conditioning, the rats were treated with the solvent alone in presence of the CS. Not only did sniffing and licking occur, but also gnawing, even though the latter response was not evident after acute administration of the drug or during the conditioning period. Nomifensine (20 mg/kg IP) also acutely decreased the ratio of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid/dopamine concentrations (DOPAC/DOPAMINE); this ratio was not altered in the conditioned rats, 60 min after solvent administration in presence of the CS. Rats were conditioned with 0.02 mg/kg IP B-HT 920 daily for 8 days. During the conditioning phase, akinesia and ptosis showed a slight enhancement and a faster onset. After conditioning, when the rats were treated with the solvent alone, the majority of them showed akinesia and/or ptosis during the observation period, in contrast to pseudoconditioned controls. When these rats were conditioned or pseudoconditioned, respectively, with B-HT 920 for further 5 days using 0.02 mg/kg again, treatment with the same dose in presence of the CS produced a significant enhancement and acceleration of these signs in conditioned as compared with pseudoconditioned control rats. The results show that stereotypies producd by nomifensine and akinesia and ptosis produced by B-HT 920 can be conditioned and that, in addition, a sign of stereotypies which was not manifest during the conditioning period appeared as conditioned response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00179931
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditioning of pre- and post-synaptic behavioural responses to the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine in rats (1987)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 91 (1987), S. 50-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Conditioned dopaminergic activity ; Stereotyped behaviour ; Dopamine autoreceptors ; Dopamine metabolism ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated whether pharmacological effects of the dopamine agonist apomorphine can be conditioned by establishing an association of apomorphine administration with exteroceptive cues. Apomorphine was repeatedly administered and subsequently, the rat was put into a test cage and exposed to an acoustic and an olfactory stimulus (“conditioned rats”). Control animals (“pseudoconditioned” rats) were treated with the same pharmacological schedule of apomorphine not temporally associated with the stimuli. On the test day, both groups were injected with saline and exposed to the stimuli described. The stereotyped behaviour produced by large doses of apomorphine (0.5 or 2.0 mg/kg SC), namely sniffing, licking and gnawing, could be conditioned in a pronounced way. During the conditioning period, a change in the stereotypies was observed with regard to the time-course (earlier occurrence) and to the character of the stereotypies (from sniffing to licking and gnawing), when 0.5 mg/kg apomorphine was used, but not with the dose of 2.0 mg/kg. The conditioned responses showed a relatively uniform distribution during the observation period with some increase towards the end of the observation period. Some signs produced by a low dose of apomorphine (0.07 mg/kg SC), namely hypomotility and ptosis, but not yawning, could also be conditioned, although in a less pronounced way. An intermediate dose of apomorphine (0.18 mg/kg SC) produced both signs observed after large doses and those observed after a small dose, occurring alternatingly. Both types of signs could be conditioned using this dosage. Conditioning did not alter striatal or mesolimbic dopamine turnover. These results suggest that only behavioural signs due to an activation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors, but also some symptoms produced by an activation of dopamine autoreceptors can be conditioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00690926
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Individual and morphological differences in the behavioural response to apomorphine in rats (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 40-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Apomorphine ; Stereotypy ; Environmental influence ; Automatic recording ; Dopamine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The topography of stereotyped behaviour produced by apomorphine in rats was studied by using either a scoring system, based on observation in a wire cage, or by quantification of horizontal and vertical activities, and of the total distances run in an open field, using an automatic recording system. The latter design was combined with a classification of the type of stereotyped behaviour observed during recording. In addition, the reproducibility of the nature of the stereotyped behaviour and its dose-dependence in individual animals was evaluated. In rats observed in a wire cage, apomorphine at lower doses (0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg SC) produced stereotyped sniffing. Increasing the doses led to stereotyped licking and the largest dose (5.00 mg/kg SC) produced predominantly stereotyped gnawing, as was demonstrated graphically. The type of behaviour produced by 2 mg/kg apomorphine in the open field was reproduced well in individuals after a second administration 4 days later. The shift from sniffing to gnawing was observed in most, but not all of the individually classified animals after administration of the largest dose (5 mg/kg). The locomotor part of motility was highest in “sniffing animals” and lower when gnawing occurred. The non-locomotor part of motility was low in “sniffing rats” and increased when licking and gnawing occurred. In some of the animals a characteristic “climbing” behaviour was observed in addition after the larger doses, which did not interfere with sniffing, licking or gnawing. A combination of classification by observation and automatic recording seems the most appropriate way to study the topography of stereotyped behaviour produced by apomorphine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00172869
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action of d-propranolol in manic psychoses (1979)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 227 (1979), S. 301-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Manic psychoses ; Beta blockers ; Manische Psychosen ; Beta-Blocker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer doppelblind durchgeführten, placebokontrollierten Studie wurden sechs manische Patienten mit hohen Dosen doder d- und dl-Propranolol behandelt. Dabei wurden folgende Variablen gemessen: Propranolol-Dosis, Propranolol-Serumkonzentration, Pulsfrequenz, Blutdruck und Psychopathologie. In allen Fällen konnte eine klinische Besserung festgestellt werden, aber hohe Dosen waren erforderlich, um einen befriedigenden therapeutischen Effekt zu erreichen. Die antimanische Wirksamkeit von d-Propranolol erschien, verglichen mit der von dl-Propranolol, um etwa 50% geringer. Aus diesem Ergebnis kann geschlossen werden, daß wenigstens ein Teil der antimanischen Wirksamkeit von Beta-Blockern unabhängig ist von den beta-blockierenden Eigenschaften dieser Substanzen.
    Notes: Summary Six manic patients were treated with high doses of d-propranolol or d- and dl-propranolol in a double-blind, placebo controlled study. The following variables were measured: propranolol dosage, propranolol serum concentration, pulse frequency, blood pressure, and psychotic behavior. In all cases an improvement was noticed. High dosages were necessary to obtain sufficient effect. The antimanic property of d-propranolol was approximately 50% smaller than the antimanic property of dl-propranolol. We conclude that at least some part of the antimanic action of beta-blockers is independent from the beta-blocking property.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344815
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of sodium valproate on mania (1980)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 229 (1980), S. 1-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Manic psychoses ; Valproate ; GABA ; Lithium ; Manische Psychosen ; Valproat ; GABA ; Lithium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Unter Verwendung eines doppel-blinden ABA-Designs mit Placebo-Kontrolle wurde bei 5 Patienten mit akuter Manie eine mögliche antimanische Wirkung des GABA-ergen Anticonvulsivums Valproat untersucht. Bei 4 Patienten wurde eine deutliche Besserung beobachtet, während ein Patient auf Valproat nicht reagierte. Bei 7 weiteren Patienten mit häufig wiederkehrenden Phasen einer manischen oder maniformen schizoaffektiven Psychose, die auf die Lithium-Prophylaxe nicht ansprachen, wurde eine Dauerbehandlung mit Valproat in Kombination mit kleinen Lithium-Dosen durchgeführt. (In einem Fall wurde nur Valproat, ohne Lithium, gegeben.) Im Verlauf einer Beobachtungsphase von 1 1/2–3 Jahren wurde bei keinem dieser Patienten ein Rückfall beobachtet. Es wird die Hypothese vorgeschlagen, daß grundsätzlich GABA-erge Anticonvulsiva antimanische Eigenschaften aufweisen und daß auch der spezifische antimanische Effekt von Lithium auf einer GABA-ergen Wirkungskomponente beruht. Eine mögliche pathophysiologische Bedeutung zentraler GABA-Systeme bei affektiven und organischen Psychosen (z.B. Porphyrie, Delirium tremens) wird auf der Basis pharmakopsychiatrischer Überlegungen diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A possible antimanic property of the GABA-ergic anticonvulsant valproate was examined by use of a double-blind placebo-controlled ABA design in 5 acutely ill manic patients. In 4 cases a marked improvement was observed after valproate medication whereas one patient showed no response. Seven further patients with frequently recurrent episodes of a manic or maniform schizoaffective psychosis, irresponsive to lithium prophylaxis, were chronically treated with valproate in combination with low doses of lithium (one case only with valproate). Over an observation period of 1 1/2–3 years none of the patients exhibited a relapse. It is proposed that, in general, GABA-ergic anticonvulsants possess antimanic properties and that the specific antimanic effect of lithium is due to a GABA-ergic mode of action. The possible role of GABA-systems in affective disorders and in organic types of psychoses (e.g., porphyria-psychosis, delirium tremens) is discussed on the basis of pharmacopsychiatric considerations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343800
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The prophylactic efficacy of lithium – transient or persistent? (1999)
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 249 (1999), S. 144-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Depression ; Bipolar disorder ; Lithium ; Prophylaxis ; Efficacy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been reported recently that the prophylactic efficacy of lithium is a transient phenomenon in many patients. Other studies suggest sustained efficacy against affective recurrences for many years. As this issue is of major therapeutic relevance, published literature considering changes in lithium efficacy over time has been reviewed. The present review includes a critical evaluation of the data and the methodology which yielded these controversial results. Considering the published data discussed in this review, the balance of evidence does not indicate a general loss of lithium efficacy in the prophylaxis of major affective disorders. A supposed persistence of the prophylactic effects in general does not, however, exclude the reappearance of affective recurrences after years of successful treatment in individual cases. Possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004060050079
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