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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glutathione transferase gene family from the housefly Musca domestica (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Glutathione transferase ; Musca domestica ; Insecticide resistance ; Multigene family ; Evolutionary rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new glutathione transferase (GST) genes from the housefly Musca domestica are described. These genes, identified as MdGST-2, -3, and -4, were from cDNA clones obtained from a cDNA bank in phage λ. The bank was prepared using poly(A)+ RNA from a housefly that is highly resistant to organophosphate insecticides because of enhanced expression of multiple members of the glutathione transferase gene family. The DNA sequence of each is reported and has a complete open reading frame that specified an amino acid sequence similar to other dipteran glutathione transferases. Based on phylogenetic analysis, we can conclude that the insect glutathione transferase gene family falls into two groups, each of which evolves at a different rate, presumably due to differences in functional constraints. We show that MdGST-1 (and their homologues from Drosophila and Lucilia) evolve at a significantly slower rate than the other members of the gene family. Each housefly GST cDNA was inserted into a bacterial plasmid expression system and a glutathione transferase activity was expressed in Escherichia coli. The transcription pattern of each of these glutathione transferases was examined in a variety of different housefly strains that are known to differ in their resistance to organophosphate insecticides due to different patterns of glutathione transferase expression. We found that the level of transcription for two of our clones was positively correlated with the level of organophosphate resistance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279747
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of a glutathione S-transferase overproduced in an insecticide-resistant strain of the housefly (Musca domestica) (1991)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 227 (1991), S. 260-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Glutathione S-transferase ; Musca domestica ; cDNA sequence ; Organophosphate triesters ; Insecticide resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We report the cloning and sequencing of a glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene from the housefly Musca domestica. A cDNA λgt11 library was prepared from the organophosphate insecticide-resistant housefly strain Cornell-R — a variant that has elevated GST activity. The λ phage GST clone was identified on the basis of its ability to cross-hybridize to a GST DNA probe from Drosophila melanogaster. Based on amino acid homology to other GSTs and expression of GST activity in Escherichia coli, the Musca GST gene (MdGST-1) belongs to the GST gene family. Although organophosphate resistance in Cornell-R is largely due to one of the GSTs, MdGST-1 is probably not the enzyme responsible for resistance. The mutation that controls resistance to organophosphate insecticides in Cornell-R is highly unstable and we isolated spontaneous variants to both insecticide sensitivity and to even higher levels of resistance. This provided us with an isogenic set of three strains. We found that MdGST-1 transcript levels as measured by Northern assays are higher in all three Cornell-R strains relative to the sensitive wild type, but that the sensitive Cornell-R strain has more MdGST-1 transcript than does the highly resistant Cornell-R strain. These data as well as Southern analysis of genomic DNA allow us to conclude: (1) there are multiple GST genes in M. domestica; (2) the natural variant Cornell-R excess transcript from two and probably more of these genes; and (3) the unstable mutation in Cornell-R influences the levels of multiple GSTs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00259679
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computer simulation of driven diffusive systems with exchanges (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 56 (1989), S. 783-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Driven Kawasaki models ; stochastic lattice gas ; non-equilibrium phase transitions ; computer simulations ; finite-size scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The field-driven Kawasaki model with a fractionp admixture of Glauber dynamics is studied by computer simulation:p=0 corresponds to the order-parameter-onserving driven diffusive system, whilep=1 is the equilibrium Ising model. Forp=0.1 our best estimates of critical exponents based on a system of size 4096×128 areβ≈0.22, ηRS≈0.45, andv ‖≈v ⊥≈1. These exponents differ from both the values predicted by a field-theoretic method forp=0 and those of the equilibrium Ising model. Anisotropic finite-size scaling analyses are carried out, both for subsystems of the large system and for fully periodic systems. The results of the latter, however, are inconsistent, probably due to the complexity of the size effects. This leaves open the possibility that we are in a crossover regime fromp=0 top≠0 and that our critical exponents are “effective ones.” Forp=0 our results are consistent with the predictionsv ‖〉v ⊥.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016780
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anisotropic finite-size scaling analysis of a two-dimensional driven diffusive system (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 82 (1996), S. 1409-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Driven diffusive systems ; anisotropic finite-size scaling ; non-equilibrium phase transitions ; computer simulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The standard two-dimensional uniformly driven diffusive model is simulated extensively for much larger systems with a multi-spin coding technique. The nonequilibrium phase transition is analyzed with anisotropic finite-size scaling both at the critical point and off the critical point. The field-theoretic values of critical exponents fit the data well at and aboveT c . BelowT c the scaling is rather difficult and the results are not conclusive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183389
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