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  • Somatosensory cortex  (3)
  • ICMS  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low threshold motor effects produced by stimulation of area preinsularis (2pr.i) of the secondary sensory cortex in the cat; Input-output relationships (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 51 (1983), S. 108-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Sensory cortex ; Motor effects ; ICMS ; Area 2 pr.i
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary (1) Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) delivered to area 2 preinsularis (area 2 pr. i) of the second somatosensory cortex, SII, elicited contralateral distal limb movements with threshold currents as low as 2 μA. (2) The effective sites for a particular movement were located in a small area within the depth of the cortex extending along the direction of the radial fibers. (3) Neurons in an area for a particular movement generally received peripheral input from the skin overlying the muscle to which the area projected. (4) ICMS in area 2 pr.i produced powerful monosynaptic as well as disynaptic activation of pyramidal tract neurons, suggesting that the effect was mediated by the pyramidal tract. (5) Ablation of the motor cortex did not eliminate or otherwise reduce the low threshold responses from area 2 pr.i suggesting that the described effect is independent of the motor cortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236808
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early development of SI cortical barrel subfield representation of forelimb in normal and deafferented neonatal rat as delineated by peroxidase conjugated lectin, peanut agglutinin (PNA) (1990)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 81 (1990), S. 234-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatosensory cortex ; Lectin receptors ; Glia ; Barrel ; Forelimb ; Pattern formation ; Development ; Peanut agglutinin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Development of the barrel field representation of the forelimb in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) was studied in normal and deafferented neonatal rat pups by means of the peroxidase conjugated lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA), which most likely binds to radial glial cells within barrel boundaries. 1. Alterations in lectin binding were seen in animals sacrificed on postnatal day 8 (PND-8) if deafferentation took place on PND-1 (day of birth) through PND-6. 2. Deafferentation on PND-5 or on PND-6 had the least effect on lectin binding. In these animals, lectin binding was reduced, although the prospective representation was intact. 3. Deafferentation on PND-2, 3, and 4 had the greatest effect on lectin binding. In these animals, lectin binding was reduced and the prospective cortical representation was disrupted. 4. Deafferentation on PND-1 resulted in reduced lectin binding, however the prospective cortical representation was only slightly impaired compared to that in animals deafferented on PND-2, 3, and 4. 5. These results suggest that SI barrel field boundaries are important to plasticity and that a sensitive period for predevelopment of the forelimb barrels consists of postnatal days 1 through 6. Furthermore, the formation of normal SI barrel field boundaries requires an ongoing interaction between incoming afferents and radial glial cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early development of the representation of the body surface in SI cortex barrel field in neonatal rats as demonstrated with peanut agglutinin binding: evidence for differential development within the rattunculus (1989)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 77 (1989), S. 425-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Somatosensory cortex ; Differential development ; Lectin binding ; Vibrissae ; Forepaw ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Physiological studies have demonstrated a highly organized somatotopic representation of the body surface in SI cortex of rat. This representation is correlated morphologically with the presence of barrel-shaped structures in layer IV. Conventional staining techniques reveal barrels in the latter part of the first postnatal week. Recently, the peroxidase conjugates of lectins, which recognize glycosylated molecules, have been used to study barrel field formation. Con A, for example, has been shown to bind primarily to prospective barrel sides and septa as early as postnatal day 3 (PND-3) in mouse. To date, investigations of SI cortex using the lectin (Arachis hypogaea) peanut agglutinin (PNA) have been confined to the study of the barrel field representation of the face and mystacial vibrissae in the mouse. In the present study we extend these findings to the development of the representation of the entire body surface called the rattunculus. Rats ranging from PND-1 (first 24 h after birth) to PND-12 were anesthetized with Nembutal and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and 2% glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer. Brains were removed, flattened tangentially, and sectioned on a vibratome at 30–120 microns. Sections were blocked in TRIS-buffered saline (TBS) plus 2% bovine serum albumin and incubated in peanut lectin at 4° C. Following incubation, sections were washed with TBS and processed using peroxidase histochemistry. Lectin binding in the prospective forelimb representation was apparent by PND-5 whereas lectin binding to the prospective face-mystacial vibrissae representation occurred before PND-4. These results suggest that body part representations show individual variations during early pattern formation. In rat, the representation of the limbs may lag behind the representation of the face-mystacial vibrissae during early postnatal development. This developmental gradient within the cortex may reflect a differential expression of lectin receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00275001
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement of facial muscles following intra-cortical microstimulation (ICMS) along the lateral branch of the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus, areas 5a and 5b, in the cat (1983)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 50 (1983), S. 459-463 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Parietal cortex ; Ansate sulcus ; Facial muscles ; ICMS ; Cats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral branch of the posterior bank of the ansate sulcus within the parietal cortex, areas 5a and 5b, was mapped using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). Motor effective sites for contraction of facial muscles were identified using ICMS currents of less than 30 μA. Of the 177 effective sites, 78% were activated with threshold currents of less than 20 μA, and of these, 33% responded to stimulus strengths of less than 10 μA. Since neurons in this portion of the ansate region send projections to the face region of motor cortex, area 4γ, the possibility existed that the motor effects might be mediated through area 4γ. To examine this possibility we ablated both the anterior sigmoid gyrus (ASG) and the second somatosensory cortex, SII, including area 2pri, a region shown to contain a low threshold motor component, and report that the motor effect recorded from the ansate region is independent of both the ASG and area 2pri.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00239213
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early development of the SI cortical barrel field representation in neonatal rats follows a lateral-to-medial gradient: an electrophysiological study (1993)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 92 (1993), S. 369-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Extracellular recording ; Barrel field ; Somatosensory cortex ; Differential development ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Development of the barrel field in layer IV of SI cortex of neonatal rats was studied in vivo using electrophysiological recording techniques. This study was designed to determine (a) the earliest time SI cortex is responsive to peripheral mechanical and/or electrical stimulation and (b) whether the development of the SI cortical barrel field map of the body surface follows a differential pattern of development similar to the pattern previously demonstrated using peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding (McCandlish et al. 1989). Carbon fiber microelectrodes were used to record evoked responses from within the depth of the cortex in neonatal rats between postnatal day 1 (PND-1), defined as the day of birth, and PND-14. Evoked responses were first recorded approximately 12 h after birth. These responses in the youngest animals were of low amplitude, monophasic waveshape, and long latency, with long interstimulus intervals necessary to drive the cortex. Increases in amplitude and complexity of waveshape and decreases in latency were observed over subsequent postnatal days. The earliest responses recorded on middle PND-1 were evoked by stimulation of the face and/or mystacial vibrissae. The next responses were evoked approximately 24 h after birth (late PND-1) by stimulation of the forelimb. The last responses were evoked approximately 36 h after birth (middle PND-2), by stimulation of the hindlimb. The physiological map of the representation of the body surface follows a developmental gradient similar to the gradient observed using PNA histochemistry; however, the lectin-generated morphological map lagged approximately 48 h behind the physiological map. The representation of the body surface appears to be topographically organized as early as PND-2. Our results suggest that thalamocortical afferents have reached the developing cortical plate and are functional before glial cells are first detected. These results do not sit well with a theory of barrel field development based entirely on the role of glia in pattern formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00229024
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