Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Headwater Environment and Natural Resources -- Chapter 1: Headwater Catchments: Foundation Pillars for Ecosystem Services -- References -- Chapter 2: Technical and Ecological Methods to Control the Water Cycle in Mountain Watersheds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Ecosystem Services Supporting Water Supply Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Ecosystem Services in Headwaters of the Boreal Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Groundwater Recharge -- 3.1.1 Impacts of Clear-Cut and Waste Wood Harvest on Groundwater -- 3.1.2 Impact of Natural Forest Regeneration -- 3.2 Streamflow Processes -- 3.2.1 Water Yield -- 3.2.2 Runoff Timing -- 3.2.3 Water Quality -- 3.3 Runoff Genesis -- 4 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5: Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in a Snow-Dominated Watershed of Northern Japan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Field Study -- 2.1 Tedori River Basin -- 2.2 Meteorological and Hydrological Observations -- 3 Outline of the Model Simulation -- 3.1 Hydro-BEAM -- 3.2 MRI-AGCM3.2S -- 3.3 Future Climate Projected via the MRI-AGCM3.2S -- 4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Budget -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Ecohydrological-Based Forest Management in Semi-arid Climate -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ecohydrology and Forestry -- 3 Adressing an Ecohydrological-Based Forest Management -- 4 Best Management Practices in Semi-arid Forests of Eastern Spain -- 4.1 Water Budget -- 4.2 Soil Properties and Nutrient Cycles -- 4.3 Tree/Stand Growth and Vigour -- 4.4 Tree-Climate Sensitivity -- 4.5 Fire Risk -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 7: Ecosystem Services in African Headwaters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wetlands in Africa -- 3 The Hydrologic Role of a 'Dambo' -- 4 Results of the Conceptual Approach -- 5 Continued Challenge in the Investigation of Wetlands -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Enhancing Environmental Services in Headwaters -- Chapter 8: Protective Stands: Lessons from the Past and Today's Challenges -- 1 French Mountain Forests -- 2 Questions Concerning the Protective Function -- 3 Implemented Actions -- 4 Tools Made Available -- 5 The Operational Strategies Showing Positive Results -- References -- Chapter 9: Headwaters Management Constraints Within the Kinneret Ecosystem Services -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 The Kinneret Lake -- 2.2 The Drainage Basin Management -- 3 Regional Climate Change -- 4 Groundwaters in the Hula Valley -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Mitigation of Natural Hazards in Mountain Watersheds of Japan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Large Scale Landslides -- 3 Recent Research Results on Large-Scale Landslides -- 4 Comprehensive Watershed Management -- 4.1 Holistic System of Torrent Control Works in Tateyama -- 4.2 Comprehensive Watershed Management Against Jinnosukedani Landslide -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Environmental Management in the Headwater Catchments of Kiliki River, Nagaland, North East India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Impacts of Shifting Cultivation -- 3 Study Methods -- 3.1 The Study Area -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 4 Sample Development Recommendations -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Agro-Environmental Sustainability of the Yuanyang Rice Terraces in Yunnan Province, China -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The 'Magic Mountain Sculptors' -- 3 The Yuanyang Terraces and UNESCO World Heritage Status -- 4 Global Lessons for Sustainability -- References. , Chapter 13: Environmental Security and Headwater Control in Brazil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Motivation and Background -- 2.2 Analysis of Available Hydrological Data -- 2.3 Role of Forests in Flood Control -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Environmental Services in the Changing World -- Chapter 14: Maintaining Environmental Services in Mountain Watersheds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Role of Forests in Mountain Watershed -- 3 Evidence of Increased Climatic Variability in Mountain Watersheds -- 4 Climate Change and Its Impact on the Forest Cover -- 5 Land Conversion and Forest Management Impacts on Water -- 6 Climate Change Adaptation Strategies to Maintain and Enhance Environmental Services in Forested Mountain Watersheds -- 6.1 Advantages of Tree-Biodiversity -- 6.2 Enhancing Snow Accumulation at Appropriate Elevations -- 6.3 Maintaining Large Riparian Buffer Zones -- 6.4 Designation of Temporary Water Storage Areas -- 6.5 Water Use Restrictions During Dry Periods -- 6.6 Changing Land Use Management Practices -- 6.7 Develop Better Methods to Assess the Value of Environmental Services -- 7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 15: Prioritizing Adaptation Needs for Ecosystem Services: A Regional Case Study in the Eastern Alps -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ES-Based Adaptation Needs Assessment in Practice -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Expert Interviews -- 2.2.2 Data Analysis -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Ecosystem Services' Sensitivity -- 2.3.2 ES Storylines and Climate Change Impact Trends -- 2.3.3 Identifying "Hotspot ES" -- 2.4 Discussion -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: Environmental Services in Mountain Catchments Affected by the Acid Atmospheric Deposition -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Impacts of Acidification on Ecosystem Services -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 The Study Area. , 3.2 Long-Term Environmental Monitoring -- 3.3 Multi-criteria Decision Analysis -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Role of Forests in Watersheds of Drinking Water Reservoirs -- 4.1.1 Riparian Buffer Zone -- 4.1.2 Zone of Soil Protection -- 4.1.3 Zone of Evapotranspiration Control -- 4.1.4 Zone of Significant Fog Drip -- 4.1.5 Wetlands -- 4.2 Structured Forestry in Water Supply Catchments -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Impacts of Reclaimed Opencast Coal-Land on Headwater Ecosystem Services -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Land Reclamation After Surface Coal Mining-A Typology -- 3 Ecosystem Services: A Problematic Concept -- 4 Ecosystem Services in Headwater Catchments -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18: The Effect of Land Degradation on Ecosystem Services -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Land Degradation -- 3 Ecosystem Services -- 4 Case Study -- 4.1 Sensitivity to Soil Erosion -- 4.2 Soil Erosion and Ecosystem Services -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: Extreme Climate Events and Erosion Control in Headwater Catchments of Serbia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Erosion and Torrential Floods -- 3.2 Torrent Control -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: New Challenges for Environmental Education and Active Citizenship -- Chapter 20: Ecosystem Services, European Union Policies, and Stakeholders' Participation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ecosystems and Ecosystem Services: Reconnecting Natural and Cultural Capital -- 3 From International Initiatives to National Policies: The Case of Europe -- 4 Ecosystem Services and Water: Lessons Learned -- 5 Ecosystem Services: Changes and Challenges -- 6 Educational Approaches and Stakeholders Participation -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 21: Water Conservation Business Arising from Company's Environmental Responsibility. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Turnaround Programme -- 3 Rise of a Corporate Start-Up Clean Waters -- 4 Water Emissions in Finland -- 5 New Sustainable Businesses in the Pipeline -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 22: Natural Protective Services in Mountain Catchments: Provision, Transaction and Consumption -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective of Investigation -- 2 Tracing Natural Protective Effects for Human Population: Theoretical Approach and Practical Assessment -- 2.1 Basic Model of Natural Protective Services -- 2.2 Occurrence and Alteration of Protective Effects in Ecosystems -- 2.3 Assessment of Protective Effects in Mountain Ecosystems -- 3 Legal Nature of Natural Protective Services -- 3.1 Common Pool Resource or Property Ownership Right? -- 3.2 Hypotheses: Advantages of Group-Owned Property (Cooperative) or State Governed Regimes -- 4 Economic Evaluation and Compensation of Natural Protective Services: Possibilities and Limits -- 4.1 Gainful Transaction or Positive Externality? -- 4.2 Obstacles for Establishment of Economic Transaction of Natural Protective Services -- 4.3 Assessment and Realization of Financial Compensation for Public Protective Services -- 5 State-Governed Management of Natural Protective Services: The Austrian Example -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 23: Citizens Participation in Ecosystem Services -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Environmental Education and Citizenship -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24: Watershed Ecosystem Services and Academic Programmes on Environmental Education -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources -- 3 Higher Education in Hungary: A Detailed Examination of Educational Programmes -- 4 Biodiversity in Education Programmes -- 4.1 Focusing the Tasks: Integrating New Data and Research Result in Academic Programmes. , 4.2 In the Teachers' Training and Postgraduate Programmes on Environmental Education of Hungarian Universities.