Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Transition Metal Oxides in Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Processes Utilizing Transition Metal Oxides -- 1.2.1 Photocatalysis -- 1.2.2 Photoelectrocatalysis -- 1.2.3 Thermochemical Water Splitting -- 1.3 Transition Metal Oxides in Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion Processes -- 1.3.1 Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis -- 1.3.1.1 TiO2 -- 1.3.1.2 α-Fe2O3 -- 1.3.1.3 CuO/Cu2O -- 1.3.2 Thermochemical Water Splitting -- 1.3.2.1 Fe3O4/FeO Redox Pair -- 1.3.2.2 CeO2/Ce2O3 and CeO/CeO2-ä Redox Pairs -- 1.3.2.3 ZnO/Zn Redox Pair -- 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 Catalytic Conversion Involving Hydrogen from Lignin -- List of Abbreviations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Background of Bio-Refinery and Lignin -- 2.1.2 Lignin as an Alternate Source of Energy -- 2.1.3 Lignin Isolation Process -- 2.2 Catalytic Conversion of Lignin -- 2.2.1 Lignin Reductive Depolymerization into Aromatic Monomers -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrodeoxydation (HDO) of Lignin -- 2.2.3 Hydrodeoxydation (HDO) of Lignin-Derived-Bio-Oil -- Summary and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 3 Solar-Hydrogen Coupling Hybrid Systems for Green Energy -- 3.1 Concept of Green Sources and Green Storage -- 3.2 Coupling of Green to Green -- 3.3 Solar Energy-Hydrogen System -- 3.3.1 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production -- 3.3.1.1 PEC Materials -- 3.3.1.2 Photoelectrochemical Systems -- 3.3.2 Electrochemical Hydrogen Production -- 3.3.2.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Electrolysis Cell (PEMEC) -- 3.3.2.2 Alkaline Electrolysis Cell (AEC) -- 3.3.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell (SOEC) -- 3.3.3 Fuel Cell -- 3.3.4 Photovoltaic -- 3.4 Thermochemical Systems -- 3.5 Photobiological Hydrogen Production -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 4 Green Sources to Green Storage on Solar-Hydrogen Coupling -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Hybrid System -- 4.2 Concentrated Solar Thermal H2 Production -- 4.3 Thermochemical Aqua Splitting Technology for Solar-H2 Generation -- 4.4 Solar to Hydrogen Through Decarbonization of Fossil Fuels -- 4.4.1 Solar Cracking -- 4.5 Solar Thermal-Based Hydrogen Generation Through Electrolysis -- 4.6 Photovoltaics-Based Hydrogen Production -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Parameters to Evaluate Efficient HER Catalysts -- 5.2.1 Overpotential (o.p) -- 5.2.2 Tafel Plot -- 5.2.3 Stability -- 5.2.4 Faradaic Efficiency and Turnover Frequency -- 5.2.5 Hydrogen Bonding Energy (HBE) -- 5.3 Categories of HER Catalysts -- 5.3.1 Noble Metal-Based Catalysts -- 5.3.2 Non-Noble Metal-Based Catalysts -- 5.3.3 Metal-Free 2D Nanomaterials -- 5.3.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides -- 5.3.5 Transition Metal Oxides and Hydroxides -- 5.3.6 Transition Metal Phosphides -- 5.3.7 MXenes (Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Recent Progress on Metal Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Type of Water Electrolysis Technologies -- 6.1.1.1 Alkaline Electrolysis (AE) -- 6.1.1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolysis (PEME) -- 6.1.1.3 Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOE) -- 6.2 Mechanism of Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) -- 6.2.1 Performance Evaluation of Catalyst -- 6.3 Various Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) -- 6.3.1 Noble Metal Catalysts for HER -- 6.3.1.1 Platinum-Based Catalysts -- 6.3.1.2 Palladium Based Catalysts -- 6.3.1.3 Ruthenium Based Catalysts -- 6.3.2 Non-Noble Metal Catalysts -- 6.3.2.1 Transition Metal Phosphides (TMP) -- 6.3.2.2 Transition Metal Chalcogenides. , 6.3.2.3 Transition Metal Carbides (TMC) -- 6.4 Conclusion and Future Aspects -- References -- Chapter 7 Dark Fermentation and Principal Routes to Produce Hydrogen -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biohydrogen Production from Organic Waste -- 7.2.1 Crude Glycerol -- 7.2.1.1 Dark Fermentation of Crude Glycerol to Biohydrogen and Bio Products -- 7.2.2 Dairy Waste -- 7.2.2.1 Dark Fermentation of Dairy Waste to Biohydrogen and Bioproducts -- 7.2.3 Fruit Waste -- 7.2.3.1 Dark Fermentation of Fruit Waste to Hydrogen and Bioproducts -- 7.3 Anaerobic Systems -- 7.3.1 Continuous Multiple Tube Reactor -- 7.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Catalysts for Electrochemical Water Splitting for Hydrogen Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Water Splitting and Their Products -- 8.3 Different Methods Used for Water Splitting -- 8.3.1 Setup for Water Splitting Systems at a Basic Level -- 8.3.2 Photocatalysis -- 8.3.3 Electrolysis -- 8.4 Principles of PEC and Photocatalytic H2 Generation -- 8.5 Electrochemical Process for Water Splitting Application -- 8.5.1 Water Splitting Through Electrochemistry -- 8.6 Different Materials Used in Water Splitting -- 8.6.1 Water Oxidation (OER) Materials -- 8.6.2 Developing Materials for Hydrogen Synthesis -- 8.6.3 Material Stability for Water Splitting -- 8.7 Mechanism of Electrochemical Catalysis in Water Splitting and Hydrogen Production -- 8.7.1 Electrochemical Water Splitting with Cheap Metal-Based Catalysts -- 8.7.2 Catalysts with Only One Atom -- 8.7.3 Electrochemical Water Splitting Using Low-Cost Metal-Free Catalysts -- 8.8 Water Splitting and Hydrogen Production Materials Used in Electrochemical Catalysis -- 8.8.1 Metal and Alloys -- 8.8.2 Metal Oxides/Hydroxides and Chalogenides -- 8.8.3 Metal Carbides, Borides, Nitrides, and Phosphides. , 8.9 Uses of Hydrogen Produced from Water Splitting -- 8.9.1 Water Splitting Generates Hydrogen Energy -- 8.9.2 Photoelectrochemical (PEC) Water Splitting -- 8.9.3 Thermochemical Water Splitting -- 8.9.4 Biological Water Splitting -- 8.9.5 Fermentation -- 8.9.6 Biomass and Waste Conversions -- 8.9.7 Solar Thermal Water Splitting -- 8.9.8 Renewable Electrolysis -- 8.9.9 Hydrogen Dispenser Hose Reliability -- 8.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Challenges and Mitigation Strategies Related to Biohydrogen Production -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Limitation and Mitigation Approaches of Biohydrogen Production -- 9.2.1 Physical Issues and Their Mitigation Approaches -- 9.2.1.1 Operating Temperature Issue and Its Control -- 9.2.1.2 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) and Optimization -- 9.2.1.3 High Hydrogen Partial Pressure - Implication and Overcoming the Issue -- 9.2.1.4 Membrane Fouling Issues and Solutions -- 9.2.2 Biological Issues and Their Mitigation Approaches -- 9.2.2.1 Start-Up Issue and Improvement Through Bioaugmentation -- 9.2.2.2 Biomass Washout Issue and Solution Through Cell Immobilization -- 9.2.3 Chemical Issues and Their Mitigation Approaches -- 9.2.3.1 pH Variation and Its Regulation -- 9.2.3.2 Limiting Nutrient Loading and Optimization -- 9.2.3.3 Inhibitor Secretion and Its Control -- 9.2.3.4 Byproduct Formation and Its Exploitation -- 9.2.4 Economic Issues and Ways to Optimize Cost -- 9.3 Conclusion and Future Direction -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Continuous Production of Clean Hydrogen from Wastewater by Microbial Usage -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Wastewater for Biohydrogen Production -- 10.3 Photofermentation -- 10.3.1 Continuous Photofermentation -- 10.3.2 Factors Affecting Photofermentation Hydrogen Production -- 10.3.2.1 Inoculum Condition and Substrate Concentration -- 10.3.2.2 Carbon and Nitrogen Source. , 10.3.2.3 Temperature -- 10.3.2.4 pH -- 10.3.2.5 Light Intensity -- 10.3.2.6 Immobilization -- 10.4 Dark Fermentation -- 10.4.1 Continuous Dark Fermentation -- 10.4.2 Factors Affecting Hydrogen Production in Continuous Dark Fermentation -- 10.4.2.1 Start-Up Time -- 10.4.2.2 Organic Loading Rate -- 10.4.2.3 Hydraulic Retention Time -- 10.4.2.4 Temperature -- 10.4.2.5 pH -- 10.4.2.6 Immobilization -- 10.5 Microbial Electrolysis Cell -- 10.5.1 Mechanism of Microbial Electrolysis Cell -- 10.5.2 Wastewater Treatment and Hydrogen Production -- 10.5.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Electrolysis Cell Performance -- 10.5.3.1 Inoculum -- 10.5.3.2 pH -- 10.5.3.3 Temperature -- 10.5.3.4 Hydraulic Retention Time -- 10.5.3.5 Applied Voltage -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Conversion Techniques for Hydrogen Production and Recovery Using Membrane Separation -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conversion Technique for Hydrogen Production -- 11.2.1 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation via Particulate System -- 11.2.2 Photoelectrochemical Cell (PEC) -- 11.2.3 Photovoltaic-Photoelectrochemical Cell (PV-PEC) -- 11.2.4 Electrolysis -- 11.3 Hydrogen Recovery Using Membrane Separation (H2/O2 Membrane Separation) -- 11.3.1 Polymeric Membranes -- 11.3.2 Porous Membranes -- 11.3.3 Dense Metal Membranes -- 11.3.4 Ion-Conductive Membranes -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12 Geothermal Energy-Driven Hydrogen Production Systems -- Abbreviations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Hydrogen - A Green Fuel and an Energy Carrier -- 12.3 Production of Hydrogen -- 12.3.1 Fossil Fuel-Based -- 12.3.2 Non-Fossil Fuel-Based -- 12.4 Geothermal Energy -- 12.4.1 Introductory View -- 12.4.2 Types and Occurrences -- 12.5 Hydrogen Production From Geothermal Energy -- 12.5.1 Hydrogen Production Systems -- 12.5.2 Working Fluids. , 12.5.3 Assimilation of Solar and Geothermal Energy.