Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Uncertainties in greenhouse gases inventories - expanding our perspective -- References -- Uncertainty in an emissions-constrained world -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Global emission constraints -- 2.2 From global to national: per capita emissions equity in 2050 -- 2.3 Uncertainty in cumulative emissions and risk of exceeding 2 °C in 2050 -- 2.4 Uncertainty in cumulative emissions and risk of exceeding 3 and 4 °C in 2050 -- 2.5 Uncertainty in inventoried emissions -- 2.6 Land use and land-use change until 2050 -- 2.7 Accounting for known CO2 emission transfers -- 3 Results -- 3.1 USA, a data-rich country with high total and p/c emissions -- 3.2 China, a developing country with high total but lower p/c emissions -- 4 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Changes in European greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions 1960-2010: decomposition of determining factors -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The environmental Kuznets curve -- 2.1 Theoretical work -- 2.2 Empirical studies -- 2.3 Motivation for this study -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Two identities to explain observed emissions -- 3.2 Data sources -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Emissions in Europe 1960-2010 -- 4.2 Key factors driving pollutant emissions -- 4.2.1 Population and income -- 4.2.2 Energy intensity -- 4.2.3 Fuel mix -- 4.2.4 Emission intensity -- 4.3 Summary of factors leading to emission changes over time -- 4.3.1 Sulfur dioxide -- 4.3.2 Nitrogen oxides -- 4.3.3 Carbon dioxide -- 4.4 Country results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Analysis of change in relative uncertainty in GHG emissions from stationary sources for the EU 15 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodological background. , 2.1 Historical change in uncertainty of CO2 emissions -- 2.2 Future changes in uncertainty -- 3 Results and discussion -- 3.1 Historical change in uncertainty of CO2 emissions -- 3.2 Future change in uncertainty of total GHG emissions -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Open Access -- References -- Compliance for uncertain inventories via probabilistic/fuzzy comparison of alternatives -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Probabilistic approaches -- 2.1 Introductory remarks -- 2.2 Statistical moments -- 2.3 Critical values -- 2.4 Stochastic dominance -- 2.5 Two-sided comparison of inventories -- 3 Fuzzy set approaches -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 On the underlying assumptions -- 3.3 An analogue to moments -- 3.4 Analogues to critical values -- 3.5 Fuzzy dominance -- 3.5.1 Possibility and necessity measures -- 3.5.2 Possibility of dominance indices -- 3.5.3 Necessity of dominance indices -- 3.5.4 Checking fulfilment of a limit -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Open Access -- References -- The improvement of greenhouse gas inventory as a tool for reduction emission uncertainties for operations with oil in the Russia Federation -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The improvement of the greenhouse gas calculations for the operations with oil -- 3 Uncertainty analysis of the greenhouse gas emission estimates for the operations with oil -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Amazon forest biomass density maps: tackling the uncertainty in carbon emission estimates -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Biomass data sources -- 2.2 Data preparation -- 2.3 Data analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Methods underlying the maps -- 4.2 Changes in biomass due to growth/decline/degradation -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Regional spatial inventories (cadastres) of GHG emissions in the Energy sector: Accounting for uncertainty -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 GHG spatial inventory -- 2.1 Point, line and area emission sources -- 2.2 Main objects of geo-referenced inventory -- 2.3 Spatial inventory of GHG emissions from stationary sources -- 2.4 Spatial inventory of GHG emission from mobile sources -- 3 Uncertainty evaluation and sensitivity analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Improving resolution of a spatial air pollution inventory with a statistical inference approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Disaggregation framework -- 2.1 Model -- 2.2 Estimation and prediction -- 3 Case study -- 3.1 Data -- 3.2 Results of disaggregation from the 10 km grid -- 3.3 Results of disaggregation from the 15 km grid -- 4 Discussion and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Open Access -- References -- Solving the map overlay problem with a fuzzy approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The map overlay problem -- 2.1 Problem description -- 2.2 Current solution methods -- 2.2.1 Areal weighting -- 2.2.2 Spatial smoothing -- 2.2.3 Regression methods -- 2.3 Using additional knowledge -- 2.3.1 Data fusion -- 2.3.2 Intuitive approach to grid remapping -- 3 Using intelligent techniques -- 3.1 Introduction to fuzzy sets and fuzzy inference -- 3.1.1 Fuzzy sets -- 3.1.2 Fuzzy inference system -- 3.2 Defining the inference system -- 4 Experiments -- 4.1 Description of the results -- 4.2 Observations of the methodology -- 4.3 Future developments -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Open Access -- References -- Determination of the uncertainties of the German emission inventories for particulate matter and aerosol precursors using Monte-Carlo analysis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The emission model -- 3 Operationalising uncertainties. , 4 Data sources and choice of distributions types for input parameters -- 5 Results for germany -- 6 Comparison with other countries -- 7 Conclusions and look ahead -- References -- Pricing of uncertain certified emission reductions in a Chinese coal mine methane project with an extended Rubinstein-Ståhl model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 The Rubinstein-Ståhl bargaining model -- 2.2 Modelling uncertainty of the methane content distribution -- 2.3 Modelling beliefs on parameters of bargaining model -- 3 Case study -- 3.1 Introductory information on the Huainan project -- 3.2 Negotiating CER price: no uncertainty case -- 3.3 Estimating uncertainty of methane content assessment -- 4 Simulating negotiation outcome under uncertainty -- 5 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Open Access -- References -- Uncertainty, cost-effectiveness and environmental safety of robust carbon trading: integrated approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Emission trading under uncertainties -- 3 Stochastic model for robust emission trading -- 3.1 Party's model -- 3.2 Social planner model -- 3.3 Bilateral negotiations -- 3.4 Redistribution schemes -- 3.5 Price-based scheme -- 4 Computerise multi-agent trading system: numerical experiments -- 5 Concluding remarks -- References -- Simulation of an uncertain emission market for greenhouse gases using agent-based methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Market with known emissions -- 3 A market with uncertain emissions -- 3.1 Basic notions -- 3.2 Effective emissions -- 3.3 Basic relations in trading -- 3.4 Organization of the market -- 4 Simulation system -- 4.1 Trading mechanisms -- 4.2 Multi-agent system -- 4.3 Non-learning agents -- 4.4 Learning agents -- 5 Simulation results -- 5.1 Case considered -- 5.2 Learning agents -- 5.3 Non-learning agents. , 5.4 Comparison and discussion of results -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Open Access -- References -- Economic, institutional and technological uncertainties of emissions trading-a system dynamics modeling approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent developments -- 3 Economy, energy consumption and emissions trading -- 3.1 System dynamics model for dependency between economy, energy consumption and emissions -- 3.2 Uncertainty of economic and technological development -- 3.3 Uncertainty caused by international emissions trading -- 4 Implementation of resource-saving technology under the conditions of increasing resource price and uncertainty -- 4.1 Timing competition in adopting resource-saving technology -- 4.2 Uncertainty and follower advantage -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Accounting for uncertainties and time preference in economic analysis of tackling climate change through forestry and selected policy implications for Scotland and Ukraine -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical overview -- 3 Effects of using different discount settings on the decision-making processes of tackling climate change through afforestation in Scotland -- 4 Influence of different discount settings on the results of economic analysis of carbon sequestration: policy implications for Ukraine -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.