Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction: Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 International Efforts: Parallel Processes -- 1.3 Importance of Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation -- 1.4 Structure of This Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Sustainable Development, Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Disaster Management and Dynamic Systems -- 2.2 Climate Change and Projected Impacts -- 2.2.1 Climate Change and Episodic Disaster Events -- 2.2.1.1 Flooding -- 2.2.1.2 Storm Events -- 2.2.1.3 Fire -- 2.2.1.4 Landslide -- 2.2.1.5 Drought and Extreme Heat -- 2.2.2 Non-disaster Climate Change Impacts -- 2.2.2.1 Public Health and Social Equity -- 2.2.2.2 Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems -- 2.3 Addressing Climate Impacts on Disaster Events -- 2.3.1 Preliminary Activities -- 2.3.1.1 Set Recovery Goals -- 2.3.1.2 Political Leadership -- 2.3.1.3 Establish a Team -- 2.3.1.4 Engage the Public -- 2.3.2 Risk Assessment -- 2.3.2.1 Hazards -- 2.3.2.2 Exposure and Vulnerability -- 2.3.3 Strategy Development -- 2.3.3.1 Adaptation Strategies Characteristics -- 2.3.3.2 Implementation -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Risk and Vulnerability -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Revisiting and Framing Risk -- 3.2.1 Disaster Risk -- 3.2.2 Risk from Climate Change -- 3.2.3 Risk from Environmental Degradation -- 3.2.4 Risk from Psychological Perspective -- 3.3 Dimensions of Human Vulnerability -- 3.3.1 Physical Vulnerability -- 3.3.2 Social Vulnerability -- 3.3.3 Psychological Vulnerability -- 3.4 Risk and Vulnerability Interaction -- 3.5 Role of Sustainable Development Approach in Reducing Risk and Addressing Vulnerability -- References. , Chapter 4: Building Urban Climate Resilience: Experiences from Vulnerability Assessment in Hue City, Viet Nam -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Why Resilience Approach -- 4.3 Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies -- 4.3.1 Engage Stakeholders and Define the Context -- 4.3.2 Define Key Urban Infrastructure/Ecosystem and Vulnerability Assessment Objectives -- 4.3.3 Conduct Current and Future Urban Climate Vulnerability Assessment -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Lessons Learned -- References -- Chapter 5: Climate Change Risks - Methodological Framework and Case Study of Damages from Extreme Events in Cambodia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodological Framework -- 5.3 Climate Change Risks from Severe Storms in Cambodia -- 5.4 Damages from Storms and Cyclones -- 5.4.1 Assumptions Applied to Damage Assessments -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Food Security, Climate Change Adaptation, and Disaster Risk -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Facts About Hunger -- 6.3 Definition and Dimensions of Food Security -- 6.3.1 Defining Food Security -- 6.3.2 Dimensions of Food Security -- 6.3.2.1 Food Availability -- 6.3.2.2 Food Access -- 6.3.2.3 Food Utilization -- 6.3.2.4 Stability -- 6.4 Climate Change Affects Food Security -- 6.5 Climate Change, Food Security, and Disaster Risk Reduction Nexus -- 6.6 Role of Institutions for Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction to Ensure Food Security -- 6.7 Ensuring Food Security in a Changing Climate and Disaster Risk -- 6.7.1 Increasing Agricultural Productivity, Resilience, and Sustainability -- 6.7.2 Strengthening Disaster Risk Management -- 6.7.3 Enhancing Social Protection Schemes -- 6.7.4 Strengthening Resilient Community-Based Development -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Human Health as Precondition for Achieving Sustainable Development -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Revisiting Sustainable Development. , 7.3 Human Health in the Twenty-First Century -- 7.4 Sustainable Development and Human Health: Inter-­linkages and Gaps -- 7.4.1 Climate Change -- 7.4.2 Disaster Risk -- 7.4.3 Environmental Degradation -- 7.4.4 Societal Issues -- 7.4.5 Weak Policies -- 7.5 A Case of Good Practice on Health Issue Linked to Development -- 7.6 Conclusions and the Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 8: Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: Experiences, Challenges, and Opportunities in the Post-2015 Development Agenda -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Linking Ecosystem Management, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Sustainable Development -- 8.2 Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development, and Ecosystem Management in the Post-2015 Development Agenda -- 8.2.1 Post-2015 Framework for DRR -- 8.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 8.3 Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction -- 8.3.1 Ecosystems and Disaster Risk Reduction: A Review -- 8.3.2 Experiences of Eco-DRR -- 8.3.2.1 Tools and Approaches in Eco-DRR -- 8.3.2.2 Eco-DRR Strategies -- Forest Management -- Protected Area Management -- Watershed Management -- Coastal Zone Management -- Mangrove Restoration and Rehabilitation -- Coral Restoration -- 8.3.2.3 Common Elements in Eco-DRR Initiatives -- 8.4 Challenges and Limits to Implementing Eco-DRR -- 8.4.1 Knowledge and Research -- 8.4.2 Institutions and Policy -- 8.5 Way Forward and Opportunities in the Post-2015 Development Agenda -- References -- Chapter 9: Access, Equity and Hazards: Highlighting a Socially Just and Ecologically Resilient Perspective on Water Resources -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Defining the Tri-focal Analytical Lens -- 9.3 Water Social Power and Equity Problematique -- 9.4 From Livelihoods and Health to Access to Satisfy Multiple Values -- 9.5 Destabilizing Normality: From Physical Hazards to the Hazards Approach -- 9.6 Conclusion and Identifying Gap. , References -- Chapter 10: Sustainable Development and Coastal Disasters: Linking Policies to Practices -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Significance of the World's Coast -- 10.3 Human Impact on the Coastal Areas -- 10.4 Environment, Development, and Disaster Linkages in Coastal Areas -- 10.5 Evolution of Integrated Coastal Zone Management Concepts -- 10.6 Framework for Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development of the Coasts -- 10.7 Way Forward -- References -- Chapter 11: Climate Change and Integrated Approach to Water Resource Management in the Murray-Darling Basin -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Background -- 11.3 International Movement for Water Management -- 11.4 The Basin Plan -- 11.5 Objectives -- 11.6 Methodology -- 11.7 Climate Change in Murray-Daring Basin of Australia -- 11.8 Major Actors and Water Reforms -- 11.9 Findings and Discussions -- 11.9.1 Problems of Traditional Governance Framework -- 11.9.2 Conflict in Water Resource Management -- 11.9.3 Integrated Approach and Climate Change -- 11.9.4 Federal System in Water Resource Management -- 11.9.5 Information Sharing -- 11.9.6 Process of Preparing the Basin Plan -- 11.9.7 Process of Negotiation -- 11.9.8 Sustainable Environment and Use of Water -- 11.10 Conclusion and Implications -- References -- Chapter 12: Vulnerability and Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges from the Philippines' Agricultural and Water Sectors -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Sector -- 12.3 Impacts of Climate Change on Water Sector -- 12.4 Climate Change Vulnerability, Economic Growth and Sustainable Development: Issues and Challenges -- 12.5 Potential Adaptation Strategies of Agriculture and Water Sectors -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Community Based Approaches of Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction. , 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Case Examples from Community Perspectives -- 13.2.1 Kobe Bokomi -- 13.2.2 Mumbai ALM -- 13.2.3 Bangladesh CPP -- 13.2.4 Reihoku Forest Management -- 13.2.5 Ladakh Snow Water Harvesting -- 13.2.6 Sri Lanka Eco-village Recovery Approach -- 13.2.7 Natori Community FM and Recovery -- 13.2.8 Kesennuma ESD and DRR Linkage -- 13.2.9 Joint Mangroves Management in India -- 13.2.10 Indigenous Tank and Farming System in Sri Lanka -- 13.3 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14: Education, Training, and Capacity Building for Sustainable Development -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Formal Disaster Risk Reduction Education -- 14.3 Non-formal Disaster Risk Reduction Education -- 14.4 The Role of Higher Education Institutions -- 14.5 Prospects of Disaster Risk Reduction Education Post-DESD -- References -- Chapter 15: Missing the Forests for the Trees? Assessing the Use of Impact Evaluations in Forestry Programmes -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Objectives -- 15.3 Impact Evaluations and Definitions -- 15.4 What Do Impact Evaluation Studies Show? -- 15.5 What Do Impact Evaluation Studies of Forest Adaptation Projects Not Show and Challenges -- 15.6 A Discussion of Some Ways Forward -- 15.7 Conclusions -- Annex I: Definition of Important Terms for Impact Evaluations -- Annex II: List of Studies, Locations, Interventions and Identification Methods Reviewed in this Chapter -- References -- Chapter 16: Integration of Indigenous Knowledge into Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) Policies for Sustainable Development: The Case of the Agta in Casiguran, Philippines -- 16.1 Introduction: The Value of Integrating Indigenous Knowledge in DRRM Policies and Plans of Local Governments for Sustainable Development -- 16.2 Methodology and Study Concept -- 16.2.1 Study Site -- 16.2.2 Conceptual Framework -- 16.2.3 Methods -- 16.3 Results. , 16.3.1 Agta's Indigenous Knowledge in DRRM.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Disaster Risk Reduction and Education System -- 1.1 Introduction: From Hyogo to Tohoku in Education -- 1.2 Education System and Disaster Resilience -- 1.2.1 Importance of Education System -- 1.2.2 Disaster Resilience of Education System -- 1.3 Education in HFA and SFDRR -- 1.3.1 Link Between Education and Key Issues in HFA -- 1.3.2 Link Between Education and Key Issues in SFDRR -- 1.3.3 Comparison Between HFA and SFDRR in Education -- 1.4 About the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Governance of the Education Sector and Disaster Risk Reduction -- 2.1 Governance and Disaster Risk Reduction -- 2.2 Disaster Risk Governance in the Japanese Education Sector -- 2.2.1 MEXT in the National Disaster Governance Structure -- 2.2.2 School Safety in the National Education Strategy -- 2.2.3 Institutional Arrangement of School Safety in Japan -- 2.2.4 Plan on Promoting School Safety -- 2.2.5 Budget and Financing -- 2.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- 2.3.1 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction -- 2.3.2 Advantage of Disaster Risk Governance in the Japanese Education Sector -- 2.3.3 Issues in Disaster Risk Governance in the Japanese Education Sector -- References -- Chapter 3: Local Governance and School Disaster Education -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Overview of Education Governance in Local Level in Japan -- 3.2.1 Education System -- 3.2.2 Education Administration: Roles of the Ministry, Board of Education, and Education Office -- 3.3 Governance in Prefecture: Case Example of Hyogo Prefecture -- 3.4 Governance in Municipality: Case Example of Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture -- 3.5 Future Direction of Education Governance -- References -- Chapter 4: Disaster Prevention Education in the Japanese School Curricula in Recent Years: Current Status and Future Challenges. , 4.1 Urgent Issues in School Disaster Safety and Education for Disaster Risk Reduction to the Present -- 4.2 Treatment of Natural Disasters in the School Curricula -- 4.3 Formal Education and the School Curricula in Japan After the Great East Japan Earthquake -- 4.4 Japan´s Educational Reform and the Cultivation of ``The Zest for Living´´ -- 4.5 Challenges Facing Disaster-Prevention Education in Japanese Education -- 4.5.1 Challenges for Education in Japan from an International Comparative Perspective -- 4.5.2 Challenges Faced by Science Education in Japan Clarified After the Great East Japan Earthquake -- 4.6 Conclusion and Future Topics -- References -- Chapter 5: Schools, Teachers, and Training in Risk Reduction After the 2011 Tohoku Disaster -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Roles of Schools and Teachers During the Disaster -- 5.2.1 Okawa Elementary School Incident -- 5.3 Changing Policies and Practices After the 3.11 Disaster -- 5.3.1 National Government -- 5.3.2 Local Institutional Response in Miyagi Prefecture -- 5.4 Development of DRR: Preservice Training and Teacher-Training Institutions -- 5.4.1 DRR Education at College Level: A Case from Miyagi University of Education -- 5.4.2 In-Service Training -- 5.5 Discussion -- 5.6 Conclusions: Challenges and Outlook for Post-3.11 Teacher-Training in Japan -- References -- Chapter 6: Curriculum of Maiko High School in Kobe -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Education of the Environment and Disaster Mitigation Course -- 6.2.1 Concept of DRR Education -- 6.2.2 Setup -- 6.2.3 Curriculum -- 6.2.4 Cocurricular and Out-of-School Activities -- 6.3 Questionnaire Survey for Graduates -- 6.3.1 Outline of the Questionnaire Survey -- 6.3.2 Relationship of Present Job or Study with Disaster Management -- 6.3.3 Level of Involvement in Disaster-Related Activities After Graduation. , 6.3.4 Influence of the Course Contents to the Action After Graduation -- 6.4 Implication of the Survey´s Results -- 6.5 Education to Lead to the Active Involvement in Disaster Risk Management -- References -- Chapter 7: Community Linkages and Disaster Risk Reduction Education -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Case Example of Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture -- 7.2.1 Overview of Community-Based Disaster Management Organizations in Kobe City -- 7.2.2 Examples of BOKOMI Activities -- 7.2.3 Problems and Improvement of BOKOMI Activities -- 7.3 Case Examples of Other Cities in Japan -- 7.3.1 Case Example of Saijo City, Ehime Prefecture -- 7.3.2 Case Example of Kesennuma City, Miyagi Prefecture -- 7.4 Conclusion: Achieving Sustainability of Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction -- References -- Chapter 8: School Disaster Resilience Assessment: An Assessment Tool -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Overview of Kesennuma City -- 8.3 Application and Results of SDRA -- 8.3.1 Preparation and Application of SDRA -- 8.3.2 Results of SDRA -- 8.4 Process of Enhancing School Disaster Resilience -- 8.4.1 Proposing Activities for Enhancing School Disaster Resilience -- 8.4.2 Characteristics of Proposed Activities -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Training Project in Higher Education: Regional Rehabilitation for Safer and More Secure Society in Fukushima Withou... -- 9.1 Background -- 9.2 Introduction of NIT-FC -- 9.3 Outline of This Project -- 9.4 Facilities for This Project -- 9.5 Education -- 9.5.1 Special Course for Regional Rehabilitation -- 9.5.2 Special Program for the Community -- 9.6 Research -- 9.7 Contribution to the Community -- 9.7.1 Measurement of Radiation -- 9.7.2 Regional Forum -- 9.8 Conclusion -- Chapter 10: International Cooperation: ESD and DRR in Japan -- 10.1 Trend of the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. , 10.2 ESD Fosters Local and Global Cooperation by Establishing Network -- 10.3 UNESCO World Conference on ESD -- 10.3.1 Aichi-Nagoya Declaration on ESD at World Conference -- 10.3.2 Messages from Aichi-Nagoya Declaration -- 10.4 Global Action Programme (GAP) on ESD Beyond the DESD -- 10.4.1 Five Priority Action Areas of the Global Action Programme (GAP) -- 10.4.2 New Concept of DRR Education in the Context of Global Action Programme -- 10.5 International Cooperation Through World Conference on DRR -- 10.5.1 Sendai Declaration in World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 -- 10.5.2 Synergy of ESD and DRR Through Sendai Framework for DRR -- 10.5.3 International Cooperation Through Sendai Framework for DRR -- 10.6 Building ESD Consortium for Promoting ESD Post-2015 -- 10.6.1 Structure of ESD Consortium by MEXT -- 10.6.2 Establishing ESD Tohoku Consortium and Its Practice -- 10.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Role of International NGOs in Education Sector Recovery in Japan -- 11.1 International Humanitarian Assistance for Disaster Response and Recovery -- 11.2 International Assistance for the 2011 GEJET Disaster in Japan -- 11.3 Role of INGOs to Support Education Recovery in the Areas Affected by the 2011 GEJET -- 11.3.1 Supporting Early Educational Recovery with the Boards of Education (BOE) -- 11.3.2 Donor Coordination -- 11.3.3 Provision of Flexible and Speedy Support to Emerging Needs -- 11.3.4 Supporting Children Holistically -- 11.3.5 Introduction of Child-Centered Support in Disaster Response and Recovery -- 11.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: International Cooperation: Interventions in Enhancing Disaster Education in Turkey -- 12.1 Background -- 12.2 Revision of Disaster Education in Turkey -- 12.3 Issues of Disaster Education in the Formal Education System in Turkey -- 12.3.1 Overall Characteristics. , 12.3.2 Curriculum -- 12.3.3 Contents of Textbooks -- 12.3.4 Teaching Methodology -- 12.3.5 Training of Teachers -- 12.4 Ensuring Sustainability by Three-Dimensional Approach -- 12.4.1 System -- 12.4.2 Materials -- 12.4.3 Human Resources -- 12.5 Application of Japanese Experience in the Aspects of Applicability to Other Countries -- 12.5.1 Humanitarian Aspects as Part of Character Building Education -- 12.5.2 Enhancing Practical Competency Through Disaster Education -- 12.5.3 Attractive Methodology for Learners and Convincing Disaster Education for Learners to Take Actions -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: International Cooperation: Grassroots Experience Sharing in Vietnam -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 DRR Education in Danang City Before the Intervention of SEEDS Asia -- 13.3 Hyogo Experiences in DRR Education -- 13.4 Practices of Technical Transfer on DRR Education in Danang -- 13.4.1 DRR Core Schools and Teachers´ Training System -- 13.4.2 Training of Trainers and DRR Classes -- 13.4.3 Teachers´ Guide for DRR Education -- 13.4.4 Japan Study Visit -- 13.5 NGOs´ Roles for Sustainable DRR Education -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Future Perspectives of Disaster Resilience of Education System in Japan and Abroad -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Key Issues for Disaster Resilience of Education System -- 14.3 Essences and Suggestions on Enhancing Disaster Resilience of Education System -- 14.3.1 Curricula, Contents, Tools, and Materials for Disaster Education -- 14.3.2 Teacher Training -- 14.3.3 School-Community Linkage and Public Awareness -- 14.3.4 Budgeting and Investment -- 14.3.5 Multi-stakeholders´ Involvement and Technical Support by External Organizations -- 14.3.6 Sustainable Development and Disaster Risk Reduction -- 14.3.7 Governance System Among National, Prefectural, and Municipal Governments. , 14.3.8 SFDRR and the Key Issues on Disaster Resilience of Education System.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the Book -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Global Pandemic, Human Security, Technology and Development -- 1.1 Introduction: Global Pandemic -- 1.2 Human Security Dimension and Development Issues -- 1.2.1 Human Security Concept -- 1.2.2 Evolution of Human Security and Development Issues -- 1.2.3 Human Security, Climate Change, and Disaster Risk Reduction -- 1.2.4 Sustainable Development Goals and Related Frameworks -- 1.3 Technology Perspectives -- 1.4 About the Book -- 1.5 Future Perspective -- References -- Part I: Overview -- Chapter 2: Developmental Agenda and the Global Pandemic -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods and Material -- 2.2.1 The Framework -- 2.2.2 Literature Review -- 2.2.3 Content Analysis -- 2.3 Review Results -- 2.3.1 Health -- 2.3.1.1 Mental Health -- 2.3.1.2 Physical Health -- 2.3.2 Economy -- 2.3.3 Food Security -- 2.3.3.1 Food Availability -- 2.3.3.2 Food Accessibility -- 2.3.3.3 Food Utilisation -- 2.3.3.4 Food Stability -- 2.3.3.5 Food Sustainability -- 2.3.4 Education -- 2.3.5 Environment -- 2.3.6 Personal Security -- 2.3.7 Community Security -- 2.3.8 Political Security -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Co-evolution of Pandemic, Human Security, and Technology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Harmonizing Public Health and Human Care -- 3.2.1 Definition of Health -- 3.2.2 Definition of Cure and Care -- 3.3 Historical Approach of Epidemic and Human Security Implications -- 3.3.1 Beginning of Science Technology for Epidemics -- 3.3.2 Remaining Issue From MDGs -- 3.4 Fostering Science Technology for Individual Human Security and Health -- 3.4.1 Technology Dimension of Pandemic -- 3.4.2 Rethinking of Community -- 3.4.3 Technological Literacy for Human development -- 3.5 Cases. , 3.6 Technology for Health: Global Responsibility to Protect and Provide Individual Care and Mobility for All -- 3.7 Way Forward -- 3.7.1 Importance of Implementation Science -- 3.7.2 Disseminate Lessons Learned at the Regional Level and Implement Standing Agreements Between Regional, Provincial, and Di... -- 3.7.3 Creating a More Networked Society and Enabling Greater Collaboration Among Citizens -- 3.7.4 Human Centric -- References -- Chapter 4: Fiscal Policies and Post-COVID-19 Development Challenges: An Overview -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fiscal Stimulus: An Overview -- 4.3 Fiscal Policies and Stimulus Packages: Case Analysis -- 4.3.1 Germany -- 4.3.2 Japan -- 4.3.3 United States -- 4.3.3.1 Phase 1: Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act -- 4.3.3.2 Phase 2: Families First Coronavirus Response Act -- 4.3.3.3 Phase 3: Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) -- 4.3.3.4 Phase 4: Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) -- 4.3.4 Bangladesh -- 4.3.5 India -- 4.4 Fiscal Boosting and Addressing Human Security Issues -- References -- Part II: Development -- Chapter 5: Climate Change and Human Security in the Context of the Global Pandemic: Emphasising Responses that Maximise Synerg... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Causal Loops of Human Security, Climate Change and Pandemics -- 5.2.1 Human Security and Climate Change -- 5.2.2 Human Security in International Climate Change Discussions -- 5.2.3 Climate Change and Pandemics -- 5.2.4 Human Security and Pandemics -- 5.3 Maximising Human Security Outcomes -- 5.3.1 Socioeconomic and Political Initiatives -- 5.3.2 Technology Initiatives -- 5.3.3 Environmental Interventions -- 5.3.4 Legal Interventions -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 6: Global Pandemic and Human Security: Using Health-EDRM Risk Assessment Framework to Enhance Technology Support for D... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 COVID-19 Pandemic as a Biological Hazard -- 6.3 WHO Health-EDRM Framework -- 6.4 Health-EDRM Assessment Framework -- 6.4.1 Biological Hazard Assessment -- 6.4.2 Exposure Assessment -- 6.4.3 Vulnerability Assessment -- 6.4.4 Manageability and Resilience Assessment -- 6.5 Discussion: Health-EDRM and Human Security -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Those Above Poverty Line: Development and Vulnerability to the Pandemic -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of Pandemic and Relief Management in India -- 7.3 Method -- 7.4 Antenarratives of Subjects -- 7.4.1 Meena -- 7.4.2 Pradeep -- 7.4.3 Prabhat -- 7.4.4 Sanjay -- 7.5 The Stories These Narratives Tell -- 7.5.1 Dynamic of Decline -- 7.5.2 Trauma of Decline -- 7.6 Insights and Implications -- 7.7 Epilogue -- References -- Chapter 8: Urban-Rural Linkages and Their Implication to Human Security in Pandemic Time -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Overview of Human Security Concept -- 8.3 Urban-Rural Linkages and Disproportionate Impacts of Pandemic -- 8.4 COVID-19 Impacts on Human Security from Urban-Rural Linkage Perspective -- 8.4.1 COVID-19 Impacts on Economic Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.4.2 COVID-19 Impacts on Food Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.4.3 COVID-19 Impacts on Health Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.4.4 COVID-19 Impacts on Environmental Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.4.5 COVID-19 Impacts on Personal Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.4.6 COVID-19 Impacts on Community Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.4.7 COVID-19 Impacts on Political Security in Urban-Rural Context -- 8.5 Key Lessons and Way Forward -- 8.5.1 Adopting a Community-Centric Approach to Regional Development. , 8.5.2 Enhancing Service Delivery in Remote Areas by Upscaling the Use of Digital Tools -- 8.5.3 Stimulating Urban-Rural Partnerships for Coordinated Development -- References -- Chapter 9: International Migration and Human Security Under the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Human Security, Migration, and Crisis -- 9.3 Migration as a Threat -- 9.4 Migrants and the Pandemic -- 9.5 Migration as a Means for Security -- 9.6 Closing Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: Fragility and Resilience in Food Systems: What Can We Learn from the COVID-19 Crisis? -- 10.1 Introduction: COVID-19 and Food Security -- 10.2 Why a Food Systems Approach? -- 10.3 Understanding the Food System in the Era of COVID-19 -- 10.3.1 The Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Components of the Food System -- 10.3.2 External Drivers of the Food System and Their Linkages to the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 10.3.2.1 Climate Change -- 10.3.2.2 Globalization and Trade -- 10.3.2.3 Income Growth and Distribution -- 10.3.2.4 Urbanization -- 10.3.2.5 Population and Migration -- 10.3.2.6 Policies and Leadership -- 10.3.2.7 Socio-Cultural Context -- 10.3.3 Food System Outcomes and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 10.3.3.1 The Impact of COVID-19 on Food Security -- 10.3.3.2 The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Economic Outcomes of the Food System -- 10.3.3.3 The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Social Outcomes of the Food System -- 10.3.3.4 The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Environmental Outcomes of the Food System -- 10.4 How to Make the Food System Resilient? -- 10.4.1 What Is Resilience in the Food System? -- 10.4.2 Resilience Capacities -- 10.4.3 Resilience in Globalized Food Supply Chains and Fragility in Local Food Systems -- 10.4.4 How to Impart Resilience to the Entire Food System? -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 11: Challenges and Solution Pathways in Water Use Through the Lens of COVID-19 -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Challenges in Water Use Due to COVID-19 -- 11.3 Solution Pathways -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Education in the Time of a Pandemic -- 12.1 Context -- 12.2 School Closures in the Time of COVID -- 12.3 COVID-19 Impact on Primary Education -- 12.4 The Challenges When Schools Are Closed -- 12.5 Blended Solutions -- 12.6 The Pilot -- 12.7 The Process of Engaging Students -- 12.8 Process of Engaging Parents, Teachers, and the Community -- 12.9 Learning Outcomes -- 12.10 Concluding Observations -- References -- Chapter 13: Implications on Gender During the Pandemic -- 13.1 Background -- 13.2 Coping with the Pressures of Online Teaching -- 13.2.1 Initial Response for Class Online Teaching -- 13.2.2 Challenges of Online Classes -- 13.2.3 Technology-Related Challenges -- 13.2.4 Online Bullying -- 13.2.5 Work-Life Balance -- 13.3 Pandemic and the WASH Challenges of the Urban Poor Women -- 13.3.1 The Bengaluru Situation -- 13.3.2 Capturing WASH Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Bengaluru Slums -- 13.3.3 Prevalence of Awareness -- 13.3.4 Access to Water and Sanitation Facilities -- 13.3.5 Incidence of COVID-19 -- 13.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- 13.4.1 Recommendations to Promote Human Security -- References -- Chapter 14: Access to Green Spaces: Consider Green Infrastructure Implementation with/Post-COVID-19 World -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Method -- 14.2.1 Data Collection -- 14.2.2 Analysis -- 14.3 Results -- 14.3.1 Statistical Characteristics -- 14.3.2 Annual Average by Countries and Region in 2020 -- 14.3.3 Changes in Green Open Access by COVID-19 Waves -- 14.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 15: A Sustainable and Resilient Urban Transportation System -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Literature Review. , 15.2.1 Resilience in Transport.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- About the Authors -- Other Contributors -- List of Abbreviations and Non-English Words -- List of Boxes -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues -- 1.1 Overview and Rationale of Study -- 1.2 Objective of the Book -- 1.3 Target Readers -- 1.4 About the Contributors -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- 1.5.1 Part A: Disaster Risk Governance from National to Local Level and Its Integration into Development Sectors -- 1.5.2 Part B: Roles of Different Actors for DRR -- 1.5.3 Part C: Emerging Issues in DRR Research and Practice -- 1.5.4 Part D: Measuring Hazards, Risks and Community Resilience -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part I: Disaster Risk Governance from National to Local Level and Its Integration into Development Sectors -- Chapter 2: A Review of Disaster Trend and Disaster Risk Governance in Indonesia: 1900-2015 -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The EM-DAT Database -- 2.3 Events and Trends of in Indonesia Since 1900 -- 2.3.1 Number of Disaster Events -- 2.3.2 Number of People Killed by Disasters -- 2.3.3 Number of People Affected by Disasters -- 2.3.4 Damages and Losses Caused by Disasters -- 2.4 Evolution of Institutional Responses to Major Disasters Caused by Natural Hazards -- 2.4.1 Time Period Before 1945: Indonesia Under Dutch Colonialism -- 2.4.2 Time Period After Indonesian Independence 1945-1966 Under President Sukarno -- 2.4.3 Time Period Between 1967 and 1998 Under President Suharto -- 2.4.4 Time Period Between 1998 and 2004: The Reform Era of Three Presidents of Habibie, Wahid and Soekarnoputri -- 2.4.5 Time Period Between 2004 and 2014 Under President Yudhoyono -- 2.4.6 Time Period from 2014 to Now Under President Joko Widodo -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References. , Chapter 3: Toward Integrated and Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Review of Regulatory Frameworks and Institutional Networks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.3 Theory of Collaborative Governance and Network -- 3.4 Analysis and Findings -- 3.4.1 DRR Regulatory Framework -- 3.4.1.1 Analysis of DRR Regulations -- 3.4.1.2 Analysis of Other Supporting Regulations -- 3.4.2 DRR Institutional Arrangements -- 3.4.2.1 Analysis of the National Policy-Based Institutional Network -- 3.4.2.2 Analysis of Local Institutional Framework -- 3.5 Results: Need-Gap Analysis and Future Directives for Integrated and Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction -- 3.5.1 Climate Inclusive DRR (Convergence) -- 3.5.2 Local Government Capacity -- 3.5.3 Community Resilience -- 3.6 Conclusion and Practical Recommendations for More Integrated, Locally-Based, Community-Focused DRR -- References -- Chapter 4: Disaster Risk Reduction in Post-­Decentralisation Indonesia: Institutional Arrangements and Changes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theoretical Framework -- 4.2.1 Disasters and Resilience -- 4.2.2 Decentralisation and Planning -- 4.2.3 Disaster Governance and Non-state Actors -- 4.3 Decentralisation and Disaster Management in Indonesia -- 4.3.1 Decentralisation -- 4.3.1.1 Decentralisation Characteristics and Implementation -- 4.3.1.2 Decentralisation Impacts -- 4.3.2 Transforming Disaster Governance -- 4.3.2.1 The Evolution of Disaster Management Efforts -- 4.3.3 The New DM Framework -- 4.3.3.1 Organization -- 4.3.3.2 Sharing Responsibilities and Authority -- 4.3.3.3 Financing Mechanisms of the New DM Framework -- 4.3.4 Non-state Actor Participation -- 4.3.5 Development and Spatial Planning and DM -- 4.4 Discussion: Weighing the Impacts of Decentralisation and the New DM Framework -- 4.4.1 Clarity -- 4.4.2 Capacity -- 4.4.3 Civil Society Collaboration -- 4.5 Conclusions. , References -- Chapter 5: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Capacity and Capability of Local Government in Indonesia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 StIRRRD Districts and their Characteristics -- 5.3 Conceptual and Practical Underpinnings -- 5.3.1 Indonesian Context for Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Risk Management -- 5.3.2 The Role of Local Government in DRR -- 5.3.3 Capacity and Capability -- 5.3.3.1 Definitions -- 5.3.3.2 Measuring DRR Capacity and Capability -- 5.3.4 Local Government Self-Assessment Tool for DRR (LG-SAT-DRR) -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.5 Analysis of Results -- 5.5.1 Overall Results: Radar Diagram Trends and Average District Scores -- 5.5.2 Results for Each Category -- 5.5.2.1 Understanding Hazards and Risks -- 5.5.2.2 Regulations -- 5.5.2.3 Funding -- 5.5.2.4 Networking -- 5.5.2.5 Education and Training -- 5.5.2.6 Community Development -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Examining the Adequacy of Legal and Institutional Frameworks of Land and Forest Fire Management from National to Community Levels in Indonesia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Land and Forest Fires Risk Management at the National Level -- 6.2.1 Prevention and Mitigation Phase -- 6.2.1.1 Legal Frameworks -- 6.2.1.2 Institutional Frameworks -- 6.2.2 Emergency Response Phase -- 6.2.2.1 Legal Frameworks -- 6.2.2.2 Institutional Frameworks -- 6.2.3 Recovery and Rehabilitation Phase -- 6.2.3.1 Legal Frameworks -- 6.2.3.2 Institutional Frameworks -- 6.3 Land and Forest Fire Risk Management at the Sub-­national and Community Level: South Sumatera and Central Kalimantan Provinces -- 6.3.1 South Sumatra Provinces -- 6.3.1.1 Prevention and Mitigation Phase -- 6.3.1.2 Emergency Response Phase -- 6.3.1.3 Recovery and Rehabilitation Phase: Government and Community -- 6.3.2 Central Kalimantan Provinces -- 6.3.2.1 Prevention and Mitigation Phase -- 6.3.2.2 Emergency Response Phase. , 6.3.2.3 Recovery and Rehabilitation Phase -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Appendix -- 1. Central Kalimantan Governor Instruction No. 188.44/228/2012 concerning Integrated Institutional Structure in Central Kalimantan in Controlling Land/Forest Fires. -- References -- Chapter 7: Disaster Education and School Safety Governance after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Indonesia: From National Policy to Local Implementation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Literature Review on Disaster Education and School Safety -- 7.2.2 Results -- 7.2.2.1 Mapping the Regulations and Policies Related to Disaster Education and School Safety in Indonesia: From National to Local Level -- 7.2.2.2 Reviewing Implementation of Disaster Education and School Safety at the Local Level in Banda Aceh City -- 7.3 Conclusion for All-Schools Implementation of Disaster Education and Safe School: Necessary Policy Instrument -- References -- Chapter 8: Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation into School Curricula: From National Policy to Local Implementation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Data Collection -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 Identification of Topics Related to DRR and CCA in the Indonesian Lower Education Curriculum -- 8.3.1.1 Lesson Plan (RPP/Rancangan Rencana Pembelajaran) -- 8.3.1.2 Teaching Methods -- 8.3.1.3 Learning Material -- 8.3.1.4 Learning Assessment -- 8.3.2 Progress and Challenges in Integrating DRR into School Curriculum at the Policy Level -- 8.3.2.1 Progress -- 8.3.2.2 Challenges -- Lack of Teacher Capacity -- Lack of Practical Guidance -- Lack of Financial/Policy Supports -- 8.3.3 Progress and Potential for Integration at the Implementation Level: Case Study of Chemistry in the High School Level Curriculum in Aceh -- 8.3.4 Recommendations for Integration -- 8.3.5 Support for Teachers. , 8.3.6 Materials for Teaching About DRR and CCA -- 8.3.7 Financial and Policy Support -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Spatial Planning, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Climate Change Adaptation Integration in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Approach -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.3 SP Processes Related to DRR and CCA in Indonesia: Progress Review -- 9.4 Current Strategies to Integrate DRR and CCA into SP in Indonesia -- 9.5 Challenges of DRR and CCA Integration in Indonesian SP -- 9.6 Potential Integration Approach: A Combined Vulnerability and Risk Assessments into SP -- 9.7 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Part II: Roles of Different Actors for DRR -- Chapter 10: The Role of Local Government in Post-­Disaster Road Reconstruction: Assessment of Factors Affecting Local Government Road Maintenance Capacity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Research Relevance and Rationale -- 10.3 Literature Review: Road Maintenance in the Post-­disaster Context -- 10.4 Research Methodology -- 10.5 Data Collection and Analysis -- 10.6 Results: Factors Affecting Road Maintenance Capacity Following a Disaster -- 10.6.1 Social Political Factors -- 10.6.1.1 Local Political Conditions -- 10.6.1.2 Socio-economic Conditions -- 10.6.2 Conflicts Between Authorities -- 10.6.3 Institutional Factors -- 10.6.3.1 Financial Capacity -- 10.6.3.2 Human Resource Capacity -- 10.6.4 Technical Factors -- 10.6.4.1 Road Design -- 10.6.4.2 Traffic Loading Control -- 10.6.5 Plant and Equipment -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Manufacturing Firms' Adaptations to Floods and Proposal for Integrative Adaptive Regional Development in Jakarta -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 A Proposed Concept of Integrative Adaptive Regional Development (IARD) -- 11.2.1 Firms' Decision-Making Under Risk -- 11.2.2 Individual Adaptation -- 11.2.3 Collective Adaptation. , 11.2.4 Integrative Adaptive Regional Development (IARD).