Publication Date:
2022-05-25
Description:
Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Geochemistry 19 (2013): 371-397, doi:10.1007/s10498-013-9214-7.
Description:
Note from corresponding author: authors Feely and Shamberger were added after the initial submission, but before the final submission.
Description:
An array of MAPCO2 buoys, CRIMP-2, Ala Wai, and Kilo Nalu, deployed in the coastal
waters of Hawaii have produced multiyear high temporal resolution CO2 records in three
different coral reef environments off the island of Oahu, Hawaii. This study, which includes data
from June 2008-December 2011, is part of an integrated effort to understand the factors that
influence the dynamics of CO2-carbonic acid system parameters in waters surrounding Pacific
high island coral reef ecosystems and subject to differing natural and anthropogenic stresses. The
MAPCO2 buoys are located on the Kaneohe Bay backreef, and fringing reef sites on the south
shore of O’ahu, Hawai’i. The buoys measure CO2 and O2 in seawater and in the atmosphere at
3-hour intervals, as well as other physical and biogeochemical parameters (CTD, chlorophyll-a,
turbidity). The buoy records, combined with data from synoptic spatial sampling, have allowed
us to examine the interplay between biological cycles of productivity/respiration and
calcification/dissolution and biogeochemical and physical forcings on hourly to inter-annual time
scales.
Air-sea CO2 gas exchange was also calculated to determine if the locations were sources
or sinks of CO2 over seasonal, annual, and interannual time periods. Net annualized fluxes for
CRIMP-2, Ala Wai, and Kilo Nalu over the entire study period were 1.15 mol C m-2 yr-1, 0.045
mol C m-2 yr-1, and -0.0056 mol C m-2 yr-1, respectively, where positive values indicate a source
or a CO2 flux from the water to the atmosphere, and negative values indicate a sink or flux of
CO2 from the atmosphere into the water. These values are of similar magnitude to previous
estimates in Kaneohe Bay as well as those reported from other tropical reef environments. Total
alkalinity (AT) was measured in conjunction with pCO2 and the carbonic acid system was
calculated to compare with other reef systems and open ocean values around Hawaii. These
findings emphasize the need for high-resolution data of multiple parameters when attempting to
characterize the carbonic-acid system in locations of highly variable physical, chemical, and
biological parameters (e.g. coastal systems, reefs).
Description:
This
work was supported in part by a grant/cooperative agreement from the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, Project R/IR-3, which is sponsored by the University of Hawaii
Sea Grant College Program, SOEST, under Institutional Grant No. NA09OAR4170060 from
NOAA Office of Sea Grant, Department of Commerce.
Description:
2014-11-06
Keywords:
Carbon dioxide
;
Alkalinity
;
Gas exchange
;
Coral reefs
;
Tropical
Repository Name:
Woods Hole Open Access Server
Type:
Preprint
Format:
application/pdf
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