Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 -- Life Cycle Assessment in the agri-food sector: an overview of its key aspects, international initiatives, certification, labelling schemes and methodological issues -- 1.1 Introduction to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the Agri-food Sector -- 1.2 International Initiatives, Labels, and Footprints in the Agri-food Sector Based on a Life Cycle Approach -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 Environmental Labels and Declarations -- 1.2.2.1 Eco-labelling (Type I Labels) -- 1.2.2.2 Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) -- 1.2.3 Footprint Indicators and Labelling -- 1.2.3.1 Ecological Footprint (EF) -- 1.2.3.2 Carbon Footprint (CF) -- 1.2.3.3 Water Footprints (WF) -- 1.2.4 EU Environmental Footprint (EF) Initiative -- 1.2.5 European Food Sustainable Consumption and Production RoundTable (EU Food SCP RT) -- 1.2.5.1 Environmental Assessment of Food and Drink (ENVIFOOD) Protocol -- 1.3 LCA Initiatives Among the Actors of the Supply Chain -- 1.3.1 Agriculture and Livestock -- 1.3.2 Industry Sector -- 1.3.2.1 Dairy Industry -- 1.3.2.2 Beverage Industry Environmental RoundTable (BIER) -- 1.3.3 Retailers, Distribution, Logistics, and Trading -- 1.3.4 Consumers and Consumers' Organisations -- 1.3.5 Food Waste and End of Life -- 1.4 Methodological Issues -- 1.5 LCI Databases for the Agri-Food Sector -- 1.5.1 National Initiatives -- 1.5.1.1 Europe -- 1.5.1.2 Asia -- 1.5.1.3 North and Latin America -- 1.5.1.4 Africa -- 1.5.1.5 Oceania -- 1.5.2 Other Databases -- 1.6 Dietary Issues -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Life Cycle Assessment in the Olive Oil Sector -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Olive Oil Supply Chain: Production Processes, Technologies, Product Characteristics and Main Environmental Problems. , 2.3 Life Cycle Thinking Approaches in the Olive Oil Production Sector: The State of the Art of the International Practices -- 2.3.1 Life Cycle Assessment -- 2.3.2 Life Cycle Costing -- 2.3.3 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) -- 2.3.4 Footprint Labels (Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint, Ecological Footprint) -- 2.3.5 Product Category Rules (PCRs) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) -- 2.3.6 Other Tools -- 2.4 Methodological Problems Connected with the Application of Life Cycle Assessment in the Olive Oil Production Sector: Critical Analysis of the International Experiences -- 2.4.1 The Goal and Scope -- 2.4.2 The Functional Unit -- 2.4.3 The System Boundaries -- 2.4.4 Availability and Quality of Data -- 2.4.5 Allocation Methods -- 2.4.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 2.4.7 Interpretation and Tools Supporting the Interpretation Analysis -- 2.4.8 Critical Review -- 2.5 The Implementation of the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology in the Olive Oil Production Sector: Lessons Learned -- 2.5.1 The Goal and Scope -- 2.5.2 The Functional Unit -- 2.5.3 The System Boundaries -- 2.5.4 Quality of Data -- 2.5.5 Allocation Methods -- 2.5.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 2.5.7 Interpretation -- 2.5.8 Critical Review -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Life Cycle Assessment in the Wine Sector -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Background -- 3.1.1.1 Nutritional, Cultural and Functional Aspects -- 3.1.1.2 The Wine Supply Chain -- 3.1.1.3 Main Environmental Problems -- 3.2 Life Cycle Assessment Methods for Measuring and/or Communicating the Environmental Performance of Wine and Wineries -- 3.2.1 Brief Description of the Methodologies and Standards -- 3.2.2 Key Issues -- 3.2.3 Simplified LCA Tools -- 3.3 Critical Analysis of Life Cycle Assessment: Case Studies in the Wine Sector -- 3.3.1 Goals -- 3.3.2 Functional Unit. , 3.3.3 System Boundary -- 3.3.4 Data Issues -- 3.3.5 Handling Multi-functional Processes -- 3.3.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA): Impact Categories, Assessment Methods and Indicators -- 3.3.7 Interpretation -- 3.3.8 Critical Analysis -- 3.3.9 Comparative Analysis -- 3.4 Lessons Learnt from LCA: Best Practices for Environmental Improvement in the Wine Sector -- 3.4.1 Agricultural Stage -- 3.4.2 Winery -- 3.4.3 Packaging -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Life Cycle Assessment in the Cereal and Derived Products Sector -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Introductory Scenario of the Cereal Supply Chain -- 4.1.2 Key Sustainability Aspects Associated with the Cereal Sector: Rice, Wheat, Corn and Derived Products -- 4.2 Life Cycle Thinking Approaches Applied to the Production of Cereals and Derived Products: The State of the Art -- 4.2.1 Classification of the Reviewed Life Cycle Thinking Approaches Applied to the Cereal Sector -- 4.2.2 LCA of Cereal Product Systems -- 4.2.2.1 Corn -- 4.2.2.2 Rice -- 4.2.2.3 Wheat -- 4.2.2.4 Wheat Products -- 4.2.3 Life Cycle Costing (LCC ) -- 4.2.4 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) and Hybrid Methods -- 4.2.5 The Carbon, Water and Ecological Footprints -- 4.2.5.1 The Ecological Footprint (EF) -- 4.2.5.2 The Carbon Footprint (CF) -- 4.2.5.3 The Water Footprint (WF) -- 4.2.6 Product Category Rules (PCRs) and Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) -- 4.3 Review of the Methodological Issues in the Cereal Sector -- 4.3.1 Definition of the Functional Unit (FU ) -- 4.3.2 System Boundaries and Cut-Off Criteria and End-of-Life Aspects -- 4.3.3 Criteria for the Allocation of Multifunctional Processes -- 4.3.4 Data Availability and Quality -- 4.3.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 4.3.6 Interpretation and Comparison of the Results. , 4.4 Some Lessons Learned from the Application of Life Cycle Assessment in the Cereal Secto -- 4.4.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 4.4.2 The Functional Unit -- 4.4.3 System Boundaries -- 4.4.4 Availability and Quality of Data -- 4.4.5 Allocation Methods -- 4.4.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 4.4.7 Interpretation -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Life Cycle Assessment in the Livestock and Derived Edible Products Sector -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Overview of Product Based Life Cycle Assessment Methods on Livestock -- 5.3 Beef Cattle -- 5.3.1 The Beef Cattle Sector: Main Aspects -- 5.3.2 Literature Review on LCA Application in Beef Cattle Sector -- 5.3.3 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts -- 5.3.4 Other Methodological Measures and Innovative Tools for Product Environmental Assessment: Carbon, Water and Land Footprints -- 5.3.4.1 Carbon Footprint -- 5.3.4.2 Water Footprint -- 5.3.4.3 Land Footprint -- 5.3.5 Comparative Analysis of Different Types of Breeding and Final and Processed Products -- 5.3.6 Hotspots -- 5.4 Dairy Cattle -- 5.4.1 Literature Review on LCA Application to Milk and Dairy Products and Problematic Approaches -- 5.4.2 Methodological Problems Connected with the Application of Life Cycle Assessment for Dairy and Dairy Products: Critical Analysis of International Experiences -- 5.4.2.1 Goal and Scope -- 5.4.2.2 Functional Unit -- 5.4.2.3 System Boundaries -- 5.4.2.4 Availability and Quality of Data -- 5.4.2.5 Allocation Methods -- 5.4.2.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 5.4.2.7 Critical Analysis -- 5.4.2.8 Environmental Hotspots -- 5.5 Sheep and Goat -- 5.5.1 Comparative Analysis of Life Cycle Thinking Approaches in the Sheep and Goat Sector -- 5.5.1.1 Life Cycle Assessment Applications: State of the Art -- 5.5.1.2 Other Life Cycle-Based Methodologies and Tools: The Carbon Footprint. , 5.5.1.3 Other Life Cycle-Based Methodologies and Tools: The Water Footprint -- 5.5.2 The Implementation of Life Cycle Assessment in the Sheep and Goat Sector: Methodological Problems -- 5.5.2.1 Goal and Scope -- 5.5.2.2 Functional Unit -- 5.5.2.3 System Boundaries -- 5.5.2.4 Availability and Quality of Data -- 5.5.2.5 Allocation Methods -- 5.5.2.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 5.5.2.7 Interpretation and Tools Supporting the Interpretation Analysis -- 5.5.2.8 Comparative Analysis of the Different Types of Breeding, Final and Processed Products -- 5.5.2.9 Critical Review -- 5.6 Pig Production -- 5.6.1 Goal and Scope -- 5.6.2 Functional Unit -- 5.6.3 System Boundaries -- 5.6.4 Availability and Quality of Data -- 5.6.5 Allocation of Burdens to Co-products -- 5.6.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 5.6.7 The Interpretative Analysis -- 5.6.8 Critical Review -- 5.7 Poultry -- 5.7.1 The Poultry Sector: Main Aspects -- 5.7.2 Literature Review on LCA Application to Poultry Production -- 5.7.2.1 Goal and Scope -- 5.7.2.2 Functional Unit -- 5.7.2.3 System Boundaries -- 5.7.2.4 Availability and Quality of Data -- 5.7.2.5 Allocation of Burdens to Co-products -- 5.7.2.6 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) -- 5.7.2.7 Interpretation -- 5.7.3 Critical Analysis -- Conclusions and Lessons Learned -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Life Cycle Assessment in the Fruit Sector -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Overview -- 6.1.2 The fruit industry in Europe -- 6.1.3 Main Environmental Burdens Related to Fruit Production -- 6.2 Overview of Life Cycle Thinking Methodologies and Approaches in the Fruit Sector -- 6.2.1 Environmental Assessment of Fresh Fruits and Fruit Products: State of the Art of International Practices -- 6.2.2 Other Life Cycle Methodologies and Tools for Product Environment Assessment -- 6.2.2.1 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA). , 6.2.2.2 Footprint Labels (Carbon Footprint, Water Footprint, Ecological Footprint).