Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- The Hydrogenosome Is Born: In Memoriam Donald G. Lindmark -- References -- The Evolution of Oxygen-Independent Energy Metabolism in Eukaryotes with Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Motivation and a Thirteenfold Insight About O2 -- 3 Older Views of How and Why the Mitochondrion Become Established -- 4 Anoxic and Sulfidic Oceans up to ~450 Million Years Ago -- 5 Anoxic Oceans Give Anaerobic Eukaryotes Room to Breathe -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Protein Import into Hydrogenosomes and Mitosomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Protein Trafficking in Eukaryotes -- 2.1 The Nucleus -- 2.2 The Endoplasmic Reticulum -- 2.3 The Mitochondrion -- 3 The Evolution of the Mitochondrial Protein Import Machinery -- 4 Studying Hydrogenosomal and Mitosomal Protein Import -- 4.1 Laboratory Techniques and Tools -- 4.2 Mining Genome Sequence Data -- 5 Organellar Targeting Signals -- 5.1 Mitochondrial Targeting Signals -- 5.2 Signals on Precursors of Soluble Hydrogenosomal and Mitosomal Proteins -- 5.2.1 Trichomonas Hydrogenosomes -- 5.2.2 Neocallimastix Hydrogenosomes -- 5.2.3 Cryptosporidium Mitosomes -- 5.2.4 Entamoeba Mitosomes -- 5.2.5 Giardia Mitosomes -- 5.2.6 Microsporidia Mitosomes -- 5.3 Signals on Hydrogenosomal and Mitosomal Membrane Proteins -- 6 Crossing the Organellar Membranes -- 6.1 The Outer Membrane -- 6.1.1 Translocase of the Outer Membrane (TOM Complex) -- 6.1.2 Sorting and Assembling β-Barrel Proteins: The SAM Complex -- 6.2 The Intermembrane Space Chaperones -- 6.3 The Inner Membrane -- 6.3.1 The TIM22 Complex -- 6.3.2 The TIM23 Complex -- 7 The Protein Import Motor -- 8 Preprotein Processing Peptidases -- 8.1 The Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase (MPP) -- 8.2 The Inner Membrane Protease -- 9 Folding Newly Imported Soluble Proteins -- 10 Perspectives -- References -- Structure of the Hydrogenosome. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Where Are Hydrogenosomes Found? -- 3 The Hydrogenosome Shape -- 4 Hydrogenosome Size -- 5 Hydrogenosome Components -- 5.1 The Hydrogenosomes Envelope -- 5.2 The Peripheral Vesicle -- 5.3 The Matrix of the Hydrogenosome -- 6 Fungal Hydrogenosomes -- 7 Proximity with Other Cellular Structures -- 7.1 Hydrogenosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum -- 8 Hydrogenosome Autophagy -- 9 Hydrogenosome Division -- 10 Hydrogenosome Behavior in the Cell Cycle -- 11 Hydrogenosomes Connection to Microtubules -- 12 Immunolabeling -- References -- Hydrogenosomes of Anaerobic Ciliates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nyctotherus ovalis -- 2.1 The Energy Metabolism of N. ovalis -- 2.2 In Silico Reconstruction of the Basal Hydrogenosomal Metabolism of N. ovalis -- 3 The Hydrogenosomes of Other Ciliates -- 4 Can the Methanogenic Symbionts Tell Us More About the Origin and Function of Ciliate Hydrogenosomes -- 5 Evolutionary Aspects -- References -- Metabolism of Trichomonad Hydrogenosomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Hydrogenosomal Membrane -- 3 Energy Metabolism -- 4 Proteins of the Core Catabolic Pathway -- 4.1 Pyruvate:Ferredoxin Oxidoreductase -- 4.2 Ferredoxin -- 4.3 Hydrogenase -- 4.4 Malic Enzyme -- 4.5 NADH Dehydrogenase -- 4.6 Succinyl-CoA:Acetate CoA Transferase -- 4.7 Succinyl-CoA Synthetase -- 4.8 Adenylate Kinase -- 5 Interaction with Oxygen and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 6 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery -- 7 Amino Acid and Polyamine Metabolism -- 7.1 Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase and the Case of Glycine Decarboxylase Complex -- 7.2 Polyamine Metabolism -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Hydrogenosomes of Anaerobic Fungi: An Alternative Way to Adapt to Anaerobic Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mitochondria Versus Hydrogenosomes -- 3 Anaerobic Fungi Possess Hydrogenosomes and Perform a (Bacterial-Type) Mixed Acid Fermentation. , 4 Hydrogenosomal Metabolism of Piromyces and Neocallimastix -- 5 The Role of the Hydrogenosomes in the Energy Metabolism of Piromyces sp. E2 -- 6 The Mitochondrial Origin of the Hydrogenosomes in Anaerobic Fungi -- References -- The Proteome of T. vaginalis Hydrogenosomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Procedures -- 3 In Silico Predictions -- 4 The Proteome of Trichomonas vaginalis Hydrogenosomes -- 4.1 Energy Metabolism -- 4.2 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly -- 4.3 Reactive Oxygen Species Defense -- 4.4 Amino Acid Metabolism -- 4.5 Protein Import -- 4.6 Carriers of the Hydrogenosomal Inner Membrane -- 4.7 C-Tail-Anchored Proteins -- 4.8 Contaminants or Surface-Associated Proteins? -- 5 Quantitative Analysis of the Proteome: Iron-Induced Changes -- 6 The Proteome of Pentatrichomonas hominis Hydrogenosome -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Mitosomes in Parasitic Protists -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Discovery of Mitosomes -- 3 Morphology -- 4 Biogenesis -- 4.1 The Genome -- 4.2 Protein Targeting, Translocation, and Maturation -- 4.3 Replication -- 4.3.1 Division -- 4.3.2 Segregation -- 5 Physiological Functions -- 5.1 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly Machinery -- 5.1.1 The Mitochondrial Model -- 5.1.2 The Role of Mitochondria in the Maturation of Extramitochondrial Fe-S Proteins -- 5.1.3 Fe-S Cluster Assembly in Mitosomes -- Giardia intestinalis and Other Diplomonads -- Microsporidia -- Cryptosporidium spp. -- Mikrocytos mackini -- Entamoeba histolytica and Related Organisms -- 5.2 Requirements for ATP, Membrane Potential and Electron Transport -- 5.3 Sulfate Activation and Other Mitosomal Functions -- 6 Perspectives -- References -- The Mitochondrion-Related Organelles of Cryptosporidium Species -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ultrastructure Morphology -- 2.1 Intracellular Location -- 2.2 Subcellular (Internal) Organization -- 2.3 Variations in Cristae. , 3 Mitochondrial Cell Biology -- 3.1 Association of the Mitochondrion with the RER -- 3.2 Iron-Sulphur Cluster (ISC) Biosynthesis -- 3.3 Mitochondrial Protein Import -- 4 Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 4.1 Pyruvate:NADP+ Oxidoreductase (PNO) -- 4.2 Predicted End Products of Glycolysis -- 5 Energy Metabolism -- 6 The Crystalloid Body -- 6.1 Ultrastructural Morphology -- 6.2 Putative Functions -- 7 Diversity of Mitochondria Within the Clade -- 8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- The Mitochondrion-Related Organelles of Blastocystis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blastocystis Genome, Adaptations and Lateral Gene Transfer -- 3 Blastocystis Mitochondrial DNA -- 4 Cell Biology and Functions -- 4.1 Adaptations to Oxygen -- 4.2 Fe-S Cluster Assembly Biosynthesis -- 4.3 Mitochondrial Protein Import -- 4.4 Glycolysis -- 5 Energy Metabolism: Biochemistry -- 6 Morphology -- 7 Role of Blastocystis Mitochondria in Cell Death -- 8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- Mitochondrion-Related Organelles in Free-Living Protists -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fornicata -- 2.1 Iron-Sulfur Cluster Assembly -- 2.2 Pyruvate Metabolism and Energy Generation -- 2.3 Protein Import -- 2.4 Glycine Cleavage System -- 2.5 Hydrogen Production Coupled with GCS -- 2.6 Overall Characteristics and Evolution of MROs in Ancestrally Free-Living Fornicata -- 3 Trepomonas sp. -- 4 Other Taxa -- 4.1 Jakobida -- 4.2 Heterolobosea -- 4.3 Stramenopila -- 4.4 Rhizaria -- 4.5 Alveolata -- 4.6 Breviatea -- 4.7 Amoebozoa -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Organisms Without Mitochondria, How It May Happen? -- 1 Mitochondria in Anaerobes Are Reduced but Typically Not Lost -- 2 Oxymonads: Protists Without Mitochondria -- 3 Prerequisites and Consequences of Mitochondrial Loss -- 4 Why Should We Be Interested in Amitochondriate Protists? -- References -- Index.