Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editor Biography -- Contributors -- 1 Environmental Paradigm Change and Risk Assessment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Risk Assessment -- 1.3 Uncertainties That May Hamper the Process of Evaluation of Risk -- 1.4 Historical Perspective and Current Approaches -- 1.4.1 General Outline of Environmental Risk Assessment in the European Union -- 1.4.2 General Outline of Environmental Risk Assessment in United States -- 1.5 Tools Used for Environmental Risk Assessment -- 1.5.1 European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) -- 1.5.2 European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) Targeted Risk Assessment (TRA) -- 1.5.3 EcoFate -- 1.5.4 Exposure Model for Soil-Organic Fate and Transport (EMSOFT) -- 1.6 Future Trends and Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Environmental and Ecotoxicological Impacts of Engineered Nanomaterials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Regulation of Nanomaterials Risk Assessment -- 2.3 Toxicity of Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Role of Physicochemical Properties in Nanoparticles Toxicity -- 2.4.1 Shape -- 2.4.2 Size -- 2.4.3 Surface Charge -- 2.4.4 Morphology -- 2.4.5 Degree of Agglomeration -- 2.5 Toxicity Mechanism in Natural Ecosystem Induced By Nanoparticles -- 2.6 Toxicity Mechanism in Plants Induced By Nanoparticles -- 2.6.1 Effect of Nanoparticles On Crop Quality -- 2.7 Mechanism of Plant-Nanoparticles Interaction -- 2.8 Nanoparticles Exposure to Humans via Potential Routes and Toxicity -- 2.8.1 Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT) -- 2.8.2 Respiratory Tract -- 2.9 Dermal Penetration -- 2.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 3 Toxicology of Metal Ions, Pesticides, Nanomaterials, and Microplastics -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Environmental Toxicology -- 3.2 Emerging Environmental Contaminants. , 3.2.1 Metal Ions -- 3.2.1.1 Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.1.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action -- 3.2.2 Pesticides -- 3.2.2.1 Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.2.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action -- 3.2.3 Nanomaterials -- 3.2.3.1 Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.3.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action -- 3.2.4 Micro- and Nanoplastics -- 3.2.4.1 Routes of Exposure -- 3.2.4.2 Toxicity and Mechanism of Action -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Natural Organic Matter: A Ubiquitous Adsorbent in Aquatic Systems to Probe Nanoparticles Behavior and Effects in Ecosystem -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Release of Engineered Nanomaterials in Environmental Matrices -- 4.3 Environmental Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials -- 4.3.1 Different Routes of Nanomaterial Exposure On the Aquatic Organisms -- 4.3.2 Fate of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Environment -- 4.3.3 Interactions Between the Natural Organic Matter and Engineered Nanomaterial -- 4.3.4 Effect of Natural Organic Matter in the Toxicity of the Nanoparticles to the Organisms and Food Chain -- 4.4 Trophic Transfer and Biomagnification Potential of Engineered Nanomaterial -- 4.5 Impact of Engineered Nanomaterials On the Producers of the Ecosystem -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Note -- References -- 5 Analysis of Emerging Contaminants in Water Samples: Advances and Challenges -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Environmental Chemistry of Emerging Micro-Pollutants -- 5.3 Sampling, Extraction, and Quantification -- 5.3.1 Sample Collection -- 5.3.2 Sample Extraction -- 5.3.3 Sample Preparation Techniques -- 5.3.4 Water Analysis -- 5.3.5 Optimization of GC-MS/MS -- 5.3.6 Optimization of LC-HR/MS -- 5.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 6 Advanced Techniques for Detection of Environmental Pollutants and Recent Progress -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Basics of Traditional Environmental Pollutant Monitoring and Detections -- 6.3 Types of Environmental Pollutions -- 6.3.1 Air Pollution -- 6.3.2 Water Pollution -- 6.4 Detection of Environmental Pollutant By Instrumental Technique -- 6.4.1 Spectroscopy Techniques for Analysis -- 6.4.2 Separation Techniques for Analysis -- 6.5 Detection of Environmental Pollutants Using Nano-Enabled Sensors -- 6.5.1 Optical Method -- 6.5.2 Electrochemical Method -- 6.5.3 Magnetic Method -- 6.5.4 Paper-Based Detection Method -- 6.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Impact of Heavy Metals On Different Ecosystems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What Are HMs? -- 7.3 Major HMs in the Environment -- 7.3.1 Cadmium (Cd) -- 7.3.2 Chromium (Cr) -- 7.3.3 Lead (Pb) -- 7.3.4 Mercury (Hg) -- 7.3.5 Arsenic (As) -- 7.4 HMs and Their Effects On Different Types of Ecosystem -- 7.4.1 Forest Ecosystem -- 7.4.2 Grassland Ecosystem -- 7.4.3 Fresh Water Ecosystem -- 7.4.4 Marine Ecosystem -- 7.4.5 Mangrove Ecosystem -- 7.4.6 Coral Reefs -- 7.5 Sources of HMs -- 7.6 Responsible Factors -- 7.6.1 Bio-Availability -- 7.6.2 Uptake -- 7.6.3 Bioaccumulation -- 7.6.4 Biomagnification -- 7.6.5 Tropic Transfer -- 7.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Metabolism of Environmental Pollutants With Specific Reference to Pesticides, Endocrine Disrupters, and Mutagenic Pollutants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cytochrome P450 -- 8.3 Pesticides as an Environmental Pollutant -- 8.3.1 Adverse Effects of Pesticides -- 8.3.2 Routes of Entry for Pesticides -- 8.3.3 Metabolism of Pesticides -- 8.4 Metabolism of Endocrine Disruptors -- 8.5 Mutagenic Pollutants -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Bioavailability, Bioconcentration, and Biomagnification of Pollutants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Food Chain and Food Web -- 9.2.1 Trophic Levels. , 9.2.2 Bioavailability, Bioconcentration, and Biomagnification - A Comparison -- 9.3 Pollutants -- 9.3.1 Heavy Metal Wastes -- 9.3.1.1 Bioavailability of Heavy Metals -- 9.3.1.2 Bioconcentration Or Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals -- 9.3.1.3 Biomagnification of Heavy Metals -- 9.3.1.4 Radioactive Wastes -- 9.3.1.5 Bioavailability, Bioaccumulation, and Biomagnification of Radioactive Isotops of Metals -- 9.3.2 Organic Pollutants -- 9.3.2.1 Bioavaibility of Organic Pollutants -- 9.3.2.2 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants -- 9.3.2.3 Biomagnification of Organic Pollutants -- 9.3.3 Microplastic Wastes -- 9.3.3.1 Bioavailability of Microplastics -- 9.3.3.2 Bioaccumulation Or Bioconcentration of Microplastics -- 9.3.3.3 Biomagnification of the Microplastics -- 9.3.4 Nanomaterial Pollutants -- 9.3.4.1 Bioavailability of Nanomaterials -- 9.3.4.2 Bioaccumulation Or Bioconcentration of Nanomaterials -- 9.3.4.3 Biomagnification of Nanomaterials -- 9.4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 High Throughput Approaches for Engineered Nanomaterial-Induced Ecotoxicity Assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 HTS: Experimental Design and Imaging Techniques -- 10.2.1 Cell-Based and Biochemical Assays for HTS -- 10.2.2 Imaging Techniques -- 10.3 HTS Contribution in Ecotoxicity -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Impact of Heavy Metals On Gut Microbial Ecosystem: Implications in Health and Disease -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Heavy Metals -- 11.3 Gut-Microbiome -- 11.3.1 GMB: Modulation of Xenobiotics Exposures -- 11.3.2 GMB: Biosynthesis of Important Secondary Metabolites -- 11.4 The Bidirectional Relationship in HMs and GMB -- 11.4.1 Lead (Pb) -- 11.4.1.1 Pb and GMB -- 11.4.2 Chromium (Cr) -- 11.4.2.1 Cr and GMB -- 11.4.3 Cadmium (Cd) -- 11.4.3.1 Cd and GMB -- 11.4.4 Arsenic (As) -- 11.4.4.1 As and GMB -- 11.4.5 Mercury (Hg) -- 11.5 Future Prospectives and Conclusion. , References -- 12 Roadmaps for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Types of Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Ecological Roles -- 12.2.1 Lotic Ecosystems -- 12.2.2 Lentic Ecosystems -- 12.2.3 Wetland Ecosystems -- 12.2.4 Ground Water Table and Aquifers -- 12.3 Impacts On Freshwater Ecosystems -- 12.3.1 Urbanization -- 12.3.2 Climate Change -- 12.3.3 Introduction of Exotic Species -- 12.4 Roadmaps Towards Sustainable Development -- 12.4.1 Monitoring -- 12.4.1.1 Monitoring Water Quality -- 12.4.1.2 Monitoring Biodiversity -- 12.4.1.3 Monitoring Toxicity -- 12.4.1.4 Monitoring Using Molecular Biomarkers -- 12.4.2 Restoration -- 12.4.2.1 Restoration of Lotic Systems -- 12.4.2.2 Restoration of Lentic Systems -- 12.4.3 Protection and Sustainable Development -- 12.5 Future Goals and Conclusion -- Author Contributions -- References -- Index.