Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Aluminium Toxicity to Plants as Influenced by the Properties of the Root Growth Environment Affected by Other Co-Stressors: A ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanisms of Aluminium Toxicity -- 3 Morphological Changes in Roots -- 4 Aluminium and Channel Interactions -- 5 Aluminium-Induced Changes at the Cell Wall -- 6 DNA Damage Under Aluminium -- 7 Plant Mechanisms of Al Tolerance -- 7.1 External Mechanisms -- 7.2 Internal Mechanisms -- 8 Aluminium Toxicity to Plants as Affected by Soil Environment Properties -- 8.1 Aluminium and Drought Interaction -- 8.2 Aluminium and Oxidative Stress -- 8.3 Aluminium Interaction with Heavy Metals -- 8.4 Aluminium Interaction with Soil Nutrients -- 8.5 Aluminium and Nitrogen Interaction -- 8.6 Aluminium and Calcium Interaction -- 8.7 Aluminium and Magnesium Interaction -- 8.8 Aluminium and Phosphorus Interaction -- 8.9 Aluminium and Silicon Interaction -- 8.10 Aluminium and Boron Interaction -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- References -- ARSENIC: A Review on Exposure Pathways, Accumulation, Mobility and Transmission into the Human Food Chain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pathways of Exposure -- 3 Transmission and Mobility of Arsenic in Environment -- 4 Transfer from Soil-Water to Plants -- 5 Arsenic in Plants -- 6 Arsenic in Rice and Effect of Processing -- 7 Conclusion -- 8 Summary -- References -- Modelling the Release, Transport and Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Aquatic Environment - A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Overviews and Critical Publications -- 3 Small-Scale Modelling -- 3.1 Population Balance Models -- 3.2 Mass Concentrations -- 3.3 Dissolution -- 3.4 Chemical and Physical Reactivity -- 3.5 DLVO Theory -- 3.6 Particle Dynamics -- 4 Intermediate Scale: Environmental and Technical Compartments -- 4.1 Groundwater and Soil. , 4.2 Surface Waters -- 4.3 Wastewater Treatment Plants and Other Technical Compartments -- 4.4 Probabilistic Methods -- 5 Large-Scale Modelling -- 5.1 Multimedia Models -- 5.2 Material Flow Analysis and Exposure Modelling -- 5.3 GIS Approaches -- 6 Conclusions and Summary -- 6.1 Data on Use, Production and Emission -- 6.2 Modelling Processes in the Environment -- 6.3 Open Questions and Guidelines -- A Mathematical Details -- A.1 Population Balance Theory -- A.2 DLVO Theory -- A.3 Transport and Adsorption in Groundwater -- References -- Impact of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals on the Agricultural Environment: A Re-inspection -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Antibiotics and Anti-parasitic Pharmaceuticals: Presentation and Production -- 1.2 Occurrence of VPS in Manure and Soil -- 2 Stability of VPs in Manure and Soil -- 2.1 Biodegradation in Soil -- 2.2 Abiotic Degradation in Soil -- 2.3 Half-Lives in Manure -- 3 Leaching from Soil to Groundwater -- 3.1 Literature Data on VP Leaching -- 3.2 Occurrence of VPs in Ground Waters and Comparison to Leaching Data -- 4 VPs vs. Soil Microorganisms -- 4.1 Toxicity Toward Soil Bacteria and Fungi -- 4.2 Resistance of Bacteria -- 5 VPs vs. Plants -- 5.1 Uptake and Translocation -- 5.2 Metabolism -- 5.3 Toxicity -- 6 Current Legislation and Regulation -- 7 Conclusion and Summary -- References -- Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Oligochaetes Using a Biodynamic Model: A Review of Values of Physiological Parameters and M... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiological Parameters: A Review -- 2.1 Ingestion Rates -- 2.2 Assimilation Efficiencies -- 2.3 Biokinetic Parameters in Cd Bioaccumulation by Aquatic Oligochaetes -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Physiological Parameters -- 3.2 Application of the Biodynamic Model to Laboratory Cd Spiked-Sediment Bioassays with Tubifex tubifex. , 3.3 Application of the Biodynamic Model to Field-Collected Aquatic Oligochaetes or those Exposed to Field Sediments in Laborat... -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Gene Expression Profiling in Fish Toxicology: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Use of Northern Blotting in Fish Toxicology -- 3 Use of DDRT-PCR in Fish Toxicology -- 4 Use of SSH in Fish Toxicology -- 5 Use of RT-qPCR in Fish Toxicology -- 5.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) -- 5.2 Metals, Metallic Nanoparticles and Organometals -- 5.3 Pesticides and Herbicides -- 5.4 Miscellaneous -- 6 Use of Microarrays in Fish Toxicology -- 6.1 Metals, Metallic Nanoparticles and Organometals -- 6.2 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals -- 6.3 Miscellaneous -- 7 Use of NGS in Fish Toxicology -- 8 Toxicogenomics Databases and Bioinformatics -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Review of the Ecotoxicological Properties of the Methylenedianiline Substances -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical-Chemical Properties -- 3 Environmental Behavior -- 4 Ecotoxicological Properties -- 4.1 Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms -- 4.1.1 Tests with Bacteria -- 4.1.2 Tests with Algae -- 4.1.3 Tests with Crustacea -- 4.1.4 Test with Vertebrates (Fish) -- 4.1.5 Tests with Mollusca -- 4.2 Toxicity to Benthic Organisms -- 4.2.1 Tests with an Oligochaete -- 4.2.2 Tests with an Insect Larvae -- 4.2.3 Test with an Amphipod -- 4.2.4 Additional Tests on Feeding Mode and Ammonia Formation -- 4.3 Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms -- 4.3.1 Tests with Soil Bacteria -- 4.3.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants -- 4.3.3 Toxicity to the Earthworm Eisenia fetida -- 4.3.4 Toxicity to the Collembolan Species Folsomia candida -- 4.3.5 Acute Toxicity to Birds -- 4.4 Potential for Endocrine-Modulating Effects and Brief Overview of the Toxicity to Mammalia -- 5 Summary -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Cadmium Bioavailability, Uptake, Toxicity and Detoxification in Soil-Plant System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Use of Cadmium -- 3 Behavior of Cd in Soil. , 3.1 Cd Level and Sources in Soil -- 3.2 Bioavailability of Cd in Soil -- 3.3 Effect of Soil Chemical Properties on Cd Bioavailability -- 3.3.1 Effect of Soil pH on Cd Bioavailability -- 3.3.2 Effect of Soil Organic Matter on Cd Bioavailability -- 3.4 Influence of Soil Microbial Activity on Cd Behavior in Soil -- 4 Soil-Plant Transfer of Cd -- 4.1 Molecular Understanding of Cd Uptake by Plants -- 4.2 Competition Between Cd and Cations for Uptake -- 4.3 Cadmium Sequestration in Plant Roots -- 4.4 Cadmium Translocation to Shoots -- 4.5 Cadmium Accumulation in Edible Plant Parts -- 4.6 Foliar Uptake of Cd -- 5 Toxic Effects of Cd on Plants -- 5.1 Effects of Cd on Seed Germination and Plant Growth -- 5.2 Cadmium Genotoxicity -- 5.3 Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation -- 6 Cadmium Detoxification in Plants -- 6.1 Vacuolar Compartmentalization -- 6.1.1 Phytochelatins -- 6.1.2 Glutathione -- 6.2 Antioxidant Enzymes -- 6.3 Salicylic Acid (SA) -- 7 Hormetic Effect of Cadmium Toxicity -- 8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Radionuclides: Accumulation and Transport in Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Occurrence and Exposures -- 3 Use of Green Plants for Restoring Balance and Its Applications -- 4 Rhizosphere, Rhizobacteria and Metal Transporters Used in Remediation Purposes -- 5 Radio-Phytoremediation: An Approach to Decontaminate Radionuclides Using Plants -- 6 Bioavailability of Radionuclides -- 7 Radionuclide Exposure and Plant Responses -- 8 Phytoremediation of Selected Radionuclides -- 8.1 Caesium -- 8.2 Uranium -- 8.3 Radium -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Priority Substances and Emerging Organic Pollutants in Portuguese Aquatic Environment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Surface Waters -- 2.1 Industrial Compounds -- 2.2 Natural and Synthetic Estrogens -- 2.3 Phytoestrogens and Phytosterols -- 2.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 2.5 Pesticides -- 2.6 Portuguese vs European Surface Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 3 Groundwater and Drinking Waters -- 3.1 Pesticides -- 3.2 Pharmaceuticals -- 3.3 Portuguese vs European Groundwater and Drinking Water: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 4 Influent and Effluent Wastewaters -- 4.1 Pharmaceuticals -- 4.2 Personal Care Products -- 4.3 Portuguese vs European Wastewaters: Occurrence of PSs and EOPs -- 5 Summary -- References -- Lead Toxicity, Antioxidant Defense and Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Form and Properties of Lead -- 3 Lead and Environment -- 4 Lead Effect on Health -- 4.1 Effect on the Nervous System -- 4.2 Effect on the Hematopoietic System -- 4.3 Effect on the Reproductive System -- 4.4 Effect on the Kidney -- 4.5 Effect on the Bone -- 5 Molecular Mechanism of Lead Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Cation Action -- 6 The Role of Antioxidants in Protecting Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 6.1 Flavonoids and Polyphenols -- 6.2 Vitamins -- 6.3 Antioxidants Availability and Nanoparticles -- 7 Summary -- References -- Persistent Organic Pollutants and Concern Over the Link with Insulin Resistance Related Metabolic Diseases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 POPs and Metabolic Disorders of Insulin Resistance -- 3.1.1 Epidemiological Evidences -- 3.1.2 Experimental Evidences -- 3.2 POPs and Inflammation -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Pharmaceuticals May Disrupt Natural Chemical Information Flows and Species Interactions in Aquatic Systems: Ideas and Perspect. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Information Transfer via Infochemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems -- 3 Current Levels of Pharmaceuticals Affect Organisms -- 3.1 Direct and Indirect Effects -- 3.2 Infodisruption and Mimicry -- 4 Conclusions and Future Directions -- 5 Summary -- References -- Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reported Levels of Natural Radionuclides in the Oil Industry -- 3 NORM Action Limits -- 4 Radiological Exposure for Public, Workers, and Environmental Impact of TENORM -- 5 The Acceptability of Occupational Risks in Industry -- 6 Health Effects of Ionizing Radiations -- 7 Recommended Radiation Dose Limits -- 8 Recommendations -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- A Review on the Abundance, Distribution and Eco-Biological Risks of PAHs in the Key Environmental Matrices of South Asia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abundance of PAHs in SAR -- 2.1 Atmospheric Levels -- 2.2 Water Bodies -- 2.3 Soil/Sediments -- 2.4 Biota -- 3 Regional Comparison -- 3.1 Atmospheric PAHs -- 3.2 Region Abundance of PAHs in the Water Bodies -- 3.3 Soil/Dust/Sediments -- 4 Source Apportionment Techniques -- 5 Ecological Risk Assessment -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Pollution, Toxicity Profile and Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Its Chemical Pollutants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Leather Production and Chemicals Used in Tanning Process -- 3 Tannery Wastewater: Nature and Characteristics -- 4 Environmental Pollution and Toxicity Profile of Tannery Wastewater -- 5 Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Chemicals -- 5.1 Physico-Chemical Treatment Approaches -- 5.1.1 Coagulation/Flocculation -- 5.1.2 Adsorption -- 5.2 Biological Treatment Approaches -- 5.2.1 Aerobic Treatment -- 5.2.2 Anaerobic Treatment -- 5.2.3 Constructed Wetlands and Treatment Ponds -- 5.3 Emerging Treatment Approaches -- 5.3.1 Membrane Technologies -- 5.3.2 Membrane Bioreactors -- 5.3.3 Anammox Technology -- 5.3.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 5.4 Combinatorial Treatment Approaches -- 6 Waste Minimization, Operation, Treatment and Management in Leather Industries -- 6.1 Solid Waste Generation, Treatment and Management -- 6.2 Gaseous Emission and Control -- 6.3 Clean Technologies for Hazards Minimization -- 7 International Legislations Scenario for Tannery Wastewater and Chemicals -- 7.1 Legislations for Discharge Limits of Tannery Wastewater -- 7.2 Legislations for Leather Chemicals -- 8 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References. , Disposal of Unused Drugs: Knowledge and Behavior Among People Around the World -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Methods of Unwanted Residential Medication Disposal -- 4.2 An Overview on Available Legal Framework and Take Back Programs -- 4.3 Impact of Knowledge and Educational Campaigns on Disposal Practices of Unwanted Residential Medication -- 4.4 Future Perspectives and Possible Solution -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Summary -- References -- Alkyl Mercury-Induced Toxicity: Multiple Mechanisms of Action -- 1 Preface -- 1.1 How Alkyl Mercury Compounds Get into the Food Web -- 2 Introduction -- 3 Methylmercury: Mechanisms of Toxic Action -- 3.1 Altered Membrane Permeability -- 3.2 Altered Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis -- 3.3 Oxidative Stress/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- 3.4 Effects on Receptor Binding/Neurotransmitter Release -- 3.5 Effects Involving Arachidonic Acid -- 3.6 Effects on Cell Cycle/Cell Division -- 3.7 Effects on Glutathione (GSH) Activity -- 3.8 Involvement with Nitric Oxide Synthetase -- 3.9 Effects on Glial Cells and Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake and Homeostasis -- 3.10 Other Mechanisms -- 4 Ethylmercury: Mechanisms of Toxic Action -- 4.1 Mobilization of Intracellular Ca++ -- 4.2 Effects on Mitochondria (Membrane and ROS) -- 4.3 Effects on Arachidonic Acid, Leukotriene Synthesis, and Membrane Integrity -- 4.4 Effects on Glutathione (GSH) -- 4.5 Effects on Glutamate Transport -- 4.6 Effects on Neurotransmitter Availability -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Arsenic Induction of Metallothionein and Metallothionein Induction Against Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metallothionein Induction and the Role of As -- 3 Interaction of As with Blood Proteins -- 4 Interaction of As with Metallothionein -- 5 Accumulation and Metabolism of As -- 6 As Cytotoxicity and the Role of Essential Metals. , 7 Conclusion -- 8 Summary -- References -- Mobility and Fate of Pollutants in the Aquifer System of the Northwestern Suez Gulf, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 2 Study Area Description (Geology and Hydrogeology) -- 3 Study Approach and Discussion -- 3.1 Structure Pattern, Intensive Use of Groundwater and Contamination Mixtures Mobilization Scenario -- 4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Index.