Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- P -- Poly(Pkenylene Sulfide) and Copolymers -- Poly(P-Phenylene Sulfone) -- Poly(Phenylene Vinylene)s -- Poly(P-Phenylene Vinylene)s -- Polyphenylenes -- Polyphosphazene Block Copolymers -- Polyphosphazenes -- Polyphosphonates and Polyphosphates -- Polyphthalamides -- Polypropylene -- Polypropylene -- Peroxide-Promoted Degradation of Polypropylene -- Process Control for Polypropylene Degradation -- Polypropylene -- Polypropylene -- Polypropylene, Atactic -- Polypropylene Blends and Composites -- Poly(Propylene Carbonate) -- Polypropylene, Hemiisotactic -- Polypropylene, Isotactic -- Polypropylene, Isotactic -- Poly(Propylene Oxide) -- Poly(2,6-Pyridinediylvinylene) -- Polypyrrole -- Polypyrroles -- Polyradicals -- Polyrotaxanes -- Polysaccharide-Polysaccharide Interactions -- Polysaccharides, Synthetic -- Polysaccharides, Synthetic -- Polysilanes -- Polysilanes -- Polysilazanes -- Polysilylpropynes -- Polysoaps -- Polystyrene -- Poly(Styrene-Co-N-Alkylmaleimide)s -- Polystyrene and Derivatives, Photolysis -- Polystyrene, High Impact -- Polystyrene Manufacture -- Polystyrene, Rubber Toughened -- Polystyrene, Stereoregular -- Polystyrene, Syndiotactic -- Polystyrene, Syndiotactic -- Polysulfides -- Polysulfides -- Polysulfides -- Poly[N,N'-(Sulfo-P-Phenylene) Terephthalamide] -- Polysulfones -- Polyterpene Resins -- Polytetrafluoroethylene -- Polytetrafluoroethylene -- Poly(2,5-Thienylene Vinylene) and Derivatives -- Poly(Thioether Ketone and Sulfone)s -- Polythiophenes -- Polythiophenes -- Polythiophenes, Substituted -- Poly(1,2,4-Triazole)s -- Polyureas -- Polyurethane Catalysis -- Polyurethane Catalysts -- Polyurethane Elastomers, Segmented -- Polyurethane Ionomers -- Polyurethanes -- Polyurethanes, Blocked Copolymer -- Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) -- Poly(Vinyl Alcohol). , Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fiber -- Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fibers -- Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Iodine Interactions -- Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Ion Complex Gels -- PVA-Borate Complexes -- PVA-Vanadate Gels -- Poly(Vinyl Chloride) -- Poly(Vinyl Chloride) -- Poly(Vinyl Chloride) -- Poly(Vinyl Chloride) -- Poly(Vinyl Chloride), Rigid -- Poly(Vinyl Chloride), Soft -- Poly(Vinyl Ketal)s -- Polyvinylamine -- Polyvinylamine -- PoLy(N-Vinylcarbazole) -- Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) -- Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) -- Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Phases and Morphology -- Poly(Vinylpyridinium Salt)s -- Poly(N-Vinyl-2-Pyrrolidone) Interactions -- Polyvinyltetrazoles -- Poly(P-Xylylene)s -- Poly(P-Xylylene)s, Coatings and Films -- Polyzwitterions -- Powder Coatings -- Preceramic Polymers -- Precipitation Polymerization -- Precipitation Polymerization -- Printing Inks -- [1.1.1] Propellanes -- Propylene Polymerization -- Protein-Based Polymeric Materials -- Protein-Based Polymer Synthesis -- Pseudo-Poly(Amino Acid)s (overview) -- Pyroelectricity.

Note: Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 General Principles of Neurologic Localization -- 2 Peripheral Nerves -- 3 Cervical, Brachial, and Lumbosacral Plexuses -- 4 Spinal Nerve and Root -- 5 Spinal Cord -- 6 Cranial Nerve I (The Olfactory Nerve) -- 7 Visual Pathways -- 8 The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Ocular Motor System -- 9 Cranial Nerve V (The Trigeminal Nerve) -- 10 Cranial Nerve VII (The Facial Nerve) -- 11 Cranial Nerve VIII (The Vestibulocochlear Nerve) -- 12 Cranial Nerves IX and X (The Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves) -- 13 Cranial Nerve XI (The Spinal Accessory Nerve) -- 14 Cranial Nerve XII (The Hypoglossal Nerve) -- 15 Brainstem -- 16 The Cerebellum -- 17 The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland -- 18 The Anatomic Localization of Lesions in the Thalamus -- 19 Basal Ganglia -- 20 The Localization of Lesions Affecting the Cerebral Cortex -- 21 Localization of Lesions in the Autonomic Nervous System -- 22 Vascular Syndromes of the Forebrain, Brainstem, and Cerebellum -- 23 The Localization of Lesions Causing Coma -- Index.

Note: MARKETS, PRICING, AND DEREGULATION OF UTILITIES -- Editor's page -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- SPEAKERS AND DISCUSSANTS -- SPONSORS -- PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter #1 Regulation Redux* -- Chapter #2 The Next Stage of Local Telephone Regulatory Reform* -- Chapter #3 The Long View of Demand-Side Management Programs -- Chapter #4 Determining the Competitiveness of Wholesale Electricity Markets -- Chapter #5 Metering in Electricity Markets -- Chapter #6 Regional Interactions in Electricity Prices in the Eastern United States -- Chapter #7 Auctions of Last Resort in Telecom and Energy Regulatory Restructuring* -- Chapter #8 Shakeout or Shakedown? -- Chapter #9 Public Safety as a Public Good -- Chapter #10 Universal Service*.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Studies in the Logic of Explanation -- 3. Explanations, Predictions, and Laws -- 4. Statistical Explanation and Causality -- 5. A Deductive-Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation -- 6. The Pragmatic Theory of Explanation -- 7. Theoretical Explanation -- 8. Explanatory Unification -- 9. Explanation and Scientific Understanding -- 10. The Illocutionary Theory of Explanation.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Non-clinical Development -- 1.2.1 Pharmacology -- 1.2.2 Toxicology/Product Safety -- 1.2.3 Formulation Development -- 1.3 Pre-marketing Clinical Development -- 1.3.1 Phase I Clinical Trials -- 1.3.2 Phase II Clinical Trials -- 1.3.3 Phase III Clinical Trials -- 1.3.4 Clinical Development for Products Treating Life-Threatening Diseases -- 1.3.5 New Drug Application/Biologics License Application -- 1.4 Clinical Development Plan -- 1.5 Patient-Centered Outcomes -- 1.5.1 Clinical Outcome Assessments -- 1.5.2 Patient-Reported Outcomes -- 1.6 Post-marketing Clinical Development -- 1.7 Product Label -- 1.8 Importance of Phase II Clinical Development -- 1.9 Highlight of Each Chapter of This Book -- References -- 2 Concept of Alpha -- 2.1 Lady Tasting Tea -- 2.2 Alpha Type I Error Rate -- 2.3 Intention-to-Treat -- 2.4 Patient Analysis Sets -- 2.5 Multiple Comparisons -- 2.5.1 Multiple Doses -- 2.5.2 Multiple Endpoints -- 2.5.2.1 Summary Measures or Summary Statistics -- 2.5.3 Other Types of Multiplicity -- 2.6 P-Value and Statistical Significance -- 2.7 Stages of a Clinical Trial -- 2.8 Subject Selection and Choice of Alpha at Phase II -- References -- 3 Confirmation and Exploration -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 A Motivational Example -- 3.3 Clinical Development Plan (CDP) -- 3.4 Clinical Study Design and Sample Size Calculations -- 3.5 Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP) -- 3.6 Application Example-Another Three Group Phase III Design -- 3.7 Application Example-Dose Selection -- 3.8 Proof of Concept and Dose Ranging -- 3.9 Treatment-by-Factor Interaction -- 3.10 Evaluation of Product Safety -- 3.11 Every Clinical Trial Can Be Considered as Both Confirmatory and Exploratory -- 3.12 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Design a Proof of Concept Trial -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Proof of Concept Trials -- 4.2.1 Impact of PoC Decisions -- 4.2.2 How to Communicate Risks Associated with a PoC Study -- 4.3 The Primary Endpoint in a PoC Design -- 4.4 MTD Could Be Under Estimated or Over Estimated -- 4.5 Monotonicity Assumption -- 4.5.1 Background -- 4.5.2 Strong or Weak Application of the Monotonicity Assumption -- 4.5.3 Why This Assumption Is Still Useful -- 4.6 Agreement on a Delta -- 4.7 Choice of Alpha and Beta -- 4.8 Sample Size Considerations -- References -- 5 Design of Dose-Ranging Trials -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Finding Minimum Effective Dose (MinED) -- 5.3 A Motivating Example -- 5.4 How Wide a Range of Doses to Study? -- 5.4.1 Definition of Dose Range in a Given Study -- 5.4.2 Binary Dose Spacing -- 5.5 Frequency of Dosing -- 5.6 Parallel Controlled Fixed Dose Designs -- 5.7 Number of Doses and Control Groups -- 5.8 MCP-Mod -- 5.9 Sample Size Considerations -- 5.10 Application Example -- 5.11 Discussion -- References -- 6 Combining Proof of Concept and Dose-Ranging Trials -- 6.1 Background -- 6.2 Considerations in Designing Combined PoC and Dose Ranging Studies -- 6.3 Concerns of Using a Dose-Response Model -- 6.4 Sample Size Allocation -- 6.4.1 Comparison of Power -- 6.5 Estimation of Dose-Response Relationship -- 6.6 Risk of Inconclusiveness -- References -- 7 Risks of Inconclusiveness -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Go/NoGo Decision in a Two-Group PoC Study -- 7.2.1 The Decision Process -- 7.2.2 The Concept of Another Delta -- 7.3 Go/NoGo Decision with Multiple Treatment Groups -- 7.4 Dose Titration Studies Cannot Be Used for Dose-Finding -- 7.5 A Practical Design to Help Finding MinED -- 7.6 Discussion -- References -- 8 Analysis of a Proof of Concept Study -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 When the Primary Endpoint Is a Continuous Variable -- 8.2.1 Data Description and Hypothesis -- 8.2.2 T-Test Approach. , 8.2.3 Analysis of Covariance Approach -- 8.2.4 Mixed-Effect Models to Analyze the Longitudinal Data -- 8.3 When the Primary Endpoint Is a Binary Variable -- 8.3.1 Data Description and Hypothesis -- 8.3.2 Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Method -- 8.3.3 Logistic Regression -- 8.4 Discussion -- References -- 9 Data Analysis for Dose-Ranging Trials with Continuous Outcome -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Preliminary Analysis -- 9.3 Establishing PoC with a Trend Test -- 9.4 Multiple Comparison Procedure (MCP) Approach -- 9.4.1 Fisher's Protected LSD (Fixed Sequence Test) -- 9.4.2 Bonferroni Correction -- 9.4.3 Dunnett's Test -- 9.4.4 Holm's Step-Down Procedure -- 9.4.5 Hochberg Step-Up Procedure -- 9.4.6 Gate-Keeping Procedure -- 9.5 Modeling Approach (Mod) -- 9.5.1 Dose-Response Models -- 9.5.2 R Step-by-Step Implementations -- 9.6 MCP-Mod Approach -- 9.6.1 Introduction -- 9.6.2 Step-by-Step Implementations in R Package "MCPMod" -- 9.7 Discussion -- References -- 10 Data Analysis of Dose-Ranging Trials for Binary Outcomes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Data and Preliminary Analysis -- 10.3 Modeling Approach -- 10.3.1 Pearson's χ2-Test -- 10.3.2 Cochran-Armitage Test for Trend -- 10.3.3 Logistic Regression with Dose as Continuous Variable -- 10.3.4 Logistic Regression with Dose as Categorical Variable -- 10.4 Multiple Comparisons -- 10.4.1 The Raw p-Values -- 10.4.2 Bonferroni Adjustment -- 10.4.3 Bonferroni-Holm Procedure -- 10.4.4 Hochberg Procedure -- 10.4.5 Gatekeeping Procedure -- 10.4.6 MCP Using p-Values from Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test -- 10.5 Discussion -- References -- 11 Bayesian Approach -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 An Example on Bayesian Concept -- 11.1.2 A Brief History -- 11.1.3 Bayes Theorem -- 11.1.4 Bayesian Hypothesis Testing Framework -- 11.2 Bayesian Updating -- 11.2.1 Example Continued for Bayesian Updating -- 11.3 Bayesian Inference. , 11.4 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Method -- 11.5 Bayesian Methods for Phase II Clinical Trials -- 11.6 Example -- 11.6.1 Using Non-informative Priors -- 11.6.2 Using Informative Priors -- 11.6.3 Summary -- References -- 12 Overview of Phase III Clinical Trials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Scope of Phase III Plans -- 12.3 Drug Label and Target Product Profile -- 12.4 Phase III Non-inferiority Trial Designs -- 12.5 Dose and Regimen Selection, Drug Formulation and Patient Populations -- 12.5.1 Dose and Regimen Selection -- 12.5.2 Drug Formulations -- 12.5.3 Patient Populations -- 12.6 Number of Phase III Trials for a Labeling Claim -- 12.7 Number of Primary Efficacy Endpoints -- 12.8 Missing Data Issues -- 12.9 Phase III Clinical Outcome Assessments -- 12.10 Multi-regional Phase III Clinical Trial Issues -- 12.11 The Trend Towards Personalized or Precision Medicines -- 12.12 Summary -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- List of Tables -- Foreword -- Author's Note -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 Early Chinese Work on the Physics of Motion -- 1.1 The Conceptualizations of Space and Time -- 1.2 Motion in Space -- 1.3 A Dynamical Consideration of Motion -- 1.4 The Mechanization Movement -- 1.5 Comments and Evaluations -- 2 Early Chinese Work on Acoustics -- 2.1 The Perception of Sound -- 2.1.1 Pitch (Yin-Lu 律) -- 2.1.2 Loudness (Yin-Liang ) -- 2.1.3 Quality (Yin-Zhi ) -- 2.2 The Physical Nature of Sound -- 2.2.1 The Sound of Thunder -- 2.2.2 The Production and Propagation of Sound -- 2.2.3 The Phenomenon of Resonance -- 2.2.4 The Acoustics of Bells -- 2.3 Musical Acoustics -- 2.3.1 The Beginning Stage of Musical Acoustics -- 2.3.2 Pitch Standardization and the Xuan-Gong 旋宮 Principle -- 2.3.3 Mathematical Generation of Pentatonic Scales -- 2.3.4 The Up-and-Down Principle -- 2.3.5 The Generation of the Chromatic Scales -- The Lu-Shi Chun-Qiu《呂氏春秋》Method -- The Jue-Zeng -- 曾 Method -- 2.4 Comments and Evaluations -- 2.4.1 The Origins of Acoustics in Ancient China -- The Historical Background and Amiot's Dilemma -- The Claim of Chavannes -- A Needham-Robinson Hypothesis -- The Hypothesis of Babylon-to-Greece Westward Transmission -- The Hypothesis of Babylon-to-China Eastward Transmission -- Marquis Yi Set-Bells and McClain's Claim -- The Association of Acoustics with Astronomy -- A Single Origin versus Multiple Origins -- 2.4.2 The Issues of the Octave and the Perfect Fourth -- The Issue of the True Octave -- The Issue of the 'Chinese Octave' -- The Issue of the Perfect Fourth -- 2.4.3 The Issue of a String versus a Pitch-pipe -- 2.4.4 Treatment of Semitones -- 2.4.5 An Evaluation of the Chinese Methods -- The Nature of the Up-and-Down Procedures -- The Procedure in the Marquis Yi Set-Bells. , 3 Early Chinese Work in Astronomy -- 3.1 The Development of Calendrical Science -- 3.1.1 The Ancient Chinese Calendar -- 3.1.2 The Nature of Calendrical Science in China -- 3.2 The System of Xiu 宿 and Positional Astronomy -- 3.2.1 The System of 28 xiu -- 3.2.2 The Chinese Celestial Coordinates -- 3.3 Chen Zi 子 and Mathematical Astronomy -- 3.3.1 The Chen Zi's Earth-Sun Model -- 3.3.2 Analysis of Sun's Apparent Motion -- The Daily Circles of the Sun -- The Day-and-Night Phenomenon -- 3.3.3 Determination of Sun's Diameter and Distance -- 3.3.4 Chen Zi Formula and the Chong-Cha 差 Method -- The Ji-Ju 積矩 Method of Shang Gao 商 -- Derivation of Chen Zi Formula -- The Chong-Cha 差 Method -- 3.4 The Major Ancient Cosmological Ideas -- 3.4.1 The Zhou-Bi 周 School -- 3.4.2 The Gai-Tian 天 School -- 3.4.3 The Hun-Tian 渾天 School -- 3.4.4 The Xuan-Ye 宣夜 School -- 3.5 Comments and Evaluations -- 3.5.1 An Analysis of the Chinese Cosmological Views -- 3.5.2 An Analysis of Chen Zi's Work -- The Chen Zi's Formula and Its Application -- Chen Zi and Aristarchus -- 3.5.3 The Origins of Astronomy in China -- Biot's Work and Needham's Claim -- The Yao Dian《堯典》and the Date of Its Contents -- The System of Xiu 宿 and Babylonian Planisphere -- The Origins of the Chinese Equatorial System -- Origins of Chinese Calendrical Science -- 4 Early Scientific Ideas and Thoughts of Nature in Ancient China -- 4.1 Some Basic Scientific Ideas -- 4.1.1 The Patterns of Changes in Nature -- The Cyclic Processes -- The Binary Processes -- 4.1.2 The Yin-Yang Principle -- 4.1.3 The Concept of Qi 氣 -- 4.1.4 The Wu-Xing 五 Process-Classification -- 4.2 Abstraction of the Processes of Nature -- 4.2.1 The Beginning of the Universe -- 4.2.2 The Dao-Sheng-Yi 生一 Model -- 4.2.3 The Tai-Ji 太極 Model -- 4.2.4 The Da-Yan 大 Procedure -- 4.3 Comments and Evaluations. , 4.3.1 The Mathematization of the Binary and Cyclic Patterns -- The Binary Permutations and Binomials -- The Sexagenary Cycles and Combinatory -- 4.3.2 The Yin-Yang Principle and the Concept of Qi 氣 -- 4.3.3 The Yi Jing《易經》and Natural Science -- A Commentary of the Views of the Yi Jing -- The Tai-Ji Model and Its Interpretations -- Qin Jiu -Shao 秦九 and the Yi Jing -- Epilogue -- Bibliographies -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Panel of Reviewers -- Local Organizing Committee -- Scientific Committee -- Scientific Committee -- ISOTT Officers and Executive Committee -- Presidents -- Past Presidents -- President-Elect -- Secretary -- Treasurer -- Head of Publication Committee -- Chairman, Knisely Award Committee -- Executive Committee -- ISOTT Award Winners -- The Melvin H. Knisely Award -- Melvin H. Knisely Award Recipients -- The Dietrich W. Lübbers Award -- Dietrich W. Lübbers Award Recipients -- The Britton Chance Award -- Britton Chance Award Recipients -- The Duane F. Bruley Travel Awards -- The Duane F. Bruley Travel Award Recipients -- Kovach Lecture -- Kovach Lecture Recipients -- Contents -- Part I: Cell Metabolism, Tissue Oxygenation and Treatment -- Chapter 1: Oxygen Sensing by the Carotid Body: Past and Present -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Discovery of Carotid Bodies as an O2 Sensing Organ -- 3 Current Views on Carotid Body O2 Sensing -- 4 Physiological Implications of Carotid Body O2 Sensing by Gasotransmitters -- References -- Chapter 2: Predicted Decrease in Membrane Oxygen Permeability with Addition of Cholesterol -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Chronic Diseases as Barriers to Oxygen Delivery: A Unifying Hypothesis of Tissue Reoxygenation Therapy -- 1 Chronic Disease and Inflammatory Hypoxia -- 2 Tuberculin Reaction: An In Vivo Human Model of Tissue Oxygen Demand, Diffusion and Deficit -- 3 Tissue Re-oxygenation Therapy (TROT): Chronic Disease, Compromised Tissues and the Potential of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) -- 4 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Dorsiflexor Muscle Oxygenation During Low, Moderate and Submaximal Sustained Isometric Contraction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 5: Factors Determining the Oxygen Permeability of Biological Membranes: Oxygen Transport Across Eye Lens Fiber-Cell Plasma Membranes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Model Lipid Bilayer Membranes -- 3.1.1 Effect of Acyl Chains Unsaturation -- 3.1.2 Effect of Cholesterol Intercalation -- 3.1.3 Cholesterol-Induced Phases and Domains -- 3.1.4 Lens Lipid Membranes -- 3.2 Intact Fiber Cell Plasma Membranes of Eye Lenses -- 3.2.1 Lipid Domains -- 3.2.2 Oxygen Permeability across Domains in Intact Fiber Cell Membranes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Multi-site Measurements of Muscle O2 Dynamics During Cycling Exercise in Early Post-myocardial Infarction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Subjects -- 2.2 Experimental Design -- 2.3 Statistics -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 7: Effects of 8 Weeks' Training on Systemic and Muscle Oxygen Dynamics in University Rugby Players -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Subjects -- 2.2 Experimental Design -- 2.3 Statistics -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 8: Imaging Redox State in Mouse Muscles of Different Ages -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 9: Amino Acid Hydration Decreases Radiation-­Induced Nausea in Mice: A Pica Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Radiation Altered Glucose and Amino Acid Absorption -- 3.2 Radiation Increased Cl− Secretion, and the Amino Acid Mixture Reduced Radiation-Related Secretion -- 3.3 Radiation Decreased Electrolyte Absorption -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Evaluation of Haemoglobin and Cytochrome Responses During Forearm Ischaemia Using Multi-wavelength Time Domain NIRS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References. , Chapter 11: Influence of Free Radicals on the Intrinsic MRI Relaxation Properties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 12: Inter-individual Differences in Exercise-­Induced Spatial Working Memory Improvement: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Part II: Cancer Oxygenation and Metabolism -- Chapter 13: Tumor Oxygenation Status: Facts and Fallacies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Facts and Fallacies -- 2.1 Can Typical Diffusion Distances Be Defined in Malignant Tumors? -- 2.2 Equivocal Conversion of In Vivo O2 Partial Pressures into O2 Concentrations -- 2.3 Oxygen Diffusivity in Normal Tissues Versus Malignant Tumors -- 2.4 O2 Depletion Merely Limits Proliferation Rather than Causing Tumor Necrosis -- 2.5 Switching the Warburg Dogma -- 2.6 Hypoxic Subvolumes Are Heterogeneously Distributed Over the Entire Tumor -- 2.7 Oxygen Diffusion Shunt: A Significant Factor in Hypoxia Development -- 2.8 Role of Hypoxia Markers as Surrogates Describing Tumor Oxygenation -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: Multiparametric Analysis of the Tumor Microenvironment: Hypoxia Markers and Beyond -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dimensions of Tumor Heterogeneity -- 3 Multiparametric Immunohistochemistry in Registered Serial Sections (MIRSS) -- 4 Multichannel Immunofluorescence Staining Combined with a Quantitative Single-Cell Based Analysis -- 5 Exploring a New Paradigm of Hypoxia-Mediated Treatment Resistance -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Computational Simulation of Tumor Hypoxia Based on In Vivo Microvasculature Assessed in a Dorsal Skin Window Chamber -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Animal Preparations -- 2.2 Fluorescence Imaging -- 2.3 Reaction-Diffusion PDE Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 16: Hypoxia-Related Tumor Acidosis Affects MicroRNA Expression Pattern in Prostate and Breast Tumor Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Cell Culture -- 2.2 Measurements -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Brain Oxygenation and Function -- Chapter 17: Cortical and Autonomic Stress Responses in Adults with High Versus Low Levels of Trait Anxiety: A Pilot Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 18: Relation Between EEG Activity and Brain Oxygenation in Preterm Neonates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: Functional NIRS Measurement of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase Demonstrates a More Brain-Specific Marker of Frontal Lobe Activation Compared to the Haemoglobins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 20: Brain Tissue PO2 Measurement During Normoxia and Hypoxia Using Two-Photon Phosphorescence Lifetime Microscopy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Animal Preparation -- 2.2 Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 21: Age-Related Changes in Physiological Reactivity to a Stress Task: A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 22: Development and Validation of a Sensor Prototype for Near-Infrared Imaging of the Newborn Brain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 NIROT Sensor Overview -- 2.2 Development of NIROT Sensor -- 2.3 Validation with Phantoms -- 3 Results, Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23: Directional Migration of MDA-MB-231 Cells Under O2/pH Gradients -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Results -- 3 Discussion -- References. , Chapter 24: Environmental Enrichment Induces Increased Cerebral Capillary Density and Improved Cognitive Function in Mice -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Environmental Enrichment -- 2.2 Determination of Cerebral Capillary Density -- 2.3 Measurement of Cognitive Function -- 2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Cerebral Capillary Density -- 3.2 Effect of Environmental Enrichment on Cognitive Function in Aged Mice -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 25: Improving Retinal Image Quality Using Registration with an SIFT Algorithm in Quasi-­Confocal Line Scanning Ophthalmoscope -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 3 Result and Experiment -- 4 Conclusion -- Reference -- Chapter 26: A New Method Based on Graphics Processing Units for Fast Near-Infrared Optical Tomography -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 MC Based fast Reconstruction Algorithm -- 2.2 Simulation Study on a Tissue Model Containing Air -- 2.3 Phantom Measurements -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Simulation Results -- 3.2 Experimental Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 27: PFC Blood Oxygenation Changes in Four Different Cognitive Tasks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 28: Diet-Induced Ketosis Protects Against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mouse -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Animals -- 2.2 Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) -- 2.3 Western Blot Analysis -- 2.4 Metabolic Panels: GCMS-Based Analysis -- 2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Diet-Induced Ketosis on Infarct Volume Following MCAO in Mice -- 3.2 Diet Induced Ketosis on HIF-1α Accumulation, AKT Activation, AMPK and Metabolites -- 4 Discussion -- References. , Chapter 29: Evaluation of Pleasure-Displeasure Induced by Use of Lipsticks with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): Usefulness of 2-Channel NIRS in Neuromarketing.