Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Foreword -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Part I: Theories, Models and Technologies for Augmented Cognition -- The Brain as Target Image Detector: The Role of Image Category and Presentation Time -- Introduction -- Methods -- Participants -- Stimuli -- Design -- Task and Procedure -- EEG Recording -- Analysis -- Results -- ERPs -- Classification -- Counting Error -- Conclusions -- References -- Implementation of fNIRS for Monitoring Levels of Expertise and Mental Workload -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Challenges and Solutions with Augmented Cognition Technologies: Precursor Issues to Successful Integration -- Introduction -- Augmented Cognition Control Schemes -- Why Now? -- Understanding the Challenges -- Breaking the Challenge Down -- Detection -- Decoding -- Modeling -- Applications -- Information Processing -- Intelligent and Autonomous Systems -- Training and Education -- Conclusion -- References -- Augmenting Brain and Cognition by Aerobic Exercise -- Introduction -- Why Aerobic Exercise? -- Aerobic Exercise, Cognition and Brain Morphology in Humans -- Aerobic Exercise and Brain Function -- Conclusion -- References -- Neurological Advances and Ethical/Legal Conundrums: Lessons from History -- Introduction -- Historical Trends in Scientific Ethics and Law -- Neuroscience and Neuro-Knowledge -- Neuroethics: Intriguing But Not Necessarily New -- Neuropolicy, Neurorealism, Neurolaw: Garnering Attention as the Science is Developed -- Proposal for Connection: Engaging the Broader Conversation -- References -- Individual Differences and the Science of Human Performance -- Introduction -- Current Research -- Test Batteries -- Discussion -- References -- Cognition: What Does It Have to Do with the Brain? -- Introduction. , Benefits of Cognitive Neuroscience to our Understanding of Human Cognition -- Conclusion -- References -- The Evolution of Human Systems: A Brief Overview -- Introduction -- The Engineering Based Approach -- A Turning Point -- Enter Neuroscience -- Neuroadaptive Systems -- Basis for Neuroadaptative Systems -- Detection -- Decoding -- Modeling -- References -- The Influence of Culture on Memory -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of Cross-Cultural Differences in Cognition -- Cross-Cultural Differences in the Engagement of Cognitive Processes -- Cross-Cultural Differences in the Content of Cognition -- Cross-Cultural Differences in Task Difficulty -- Conclusions -- References -- Using Computational Modeling to Assess Use of Cognitive Strategies -- Introduction -- Metamemory and Memory Strategies -- Event-Related Potentials -- Modeling Event-Related Potentials -- Experimental Methods -- Experimental Results -- Computational Modeling -- Modeling Results -- Discussion -- References -- Advances and Challenges in Signal Analysis for Single Trial P300-BCI -- Introduction -- Available Signal Processing Techniques for P300-Bci Speller -- Comparison of Results -- Open Issues and Challenges in BCI Research -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Characterizing the Performance Limits of High Speed Image Triage Using Bayesian Search Theory -- Introduction -- Tapping into Split-Second Perceptual Judgments -- Bayesian Search Theory -- Method -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Facial Recognition: An Enabling Technology for Augmented Cognition Applications -- Augmented Cognition -- Visual Environment and Cognitive State -- Facial Recognition -- A New Approach for Biometric Monitoring -- Applications of the P-Edit Distance to Face Recognition -- Summary -- References -- Analysis of Multiple Physiological Sensor Data -- Introduction -- Method -- Participants. , Procedure -- Results and Discussion -- Correlation -- Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) -- Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) -- Regression -- Discriminant Function Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Exploring New Methodologies for the Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Following Closed-Head Injuries -- Introduction -- BOLD Analysis -- Tensor Applications to fMRI Analysis -- PARAFAC Decomposition -- fMRI Interpretation -- Network/Graph Analysis of fMRI -- Diagnosis and Rehabilitation Following Closed-Head Trauma -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Neuroscience and Brain Monitoring -- EEG Knows Best: Predicting Future Performance Problems for Targeted Training -- Introduction -- Method -- Participants -- Apparatus -- Materials -- Procedure -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Computational Cultural Neuroscience: Implications for Augmented Cognition -- Introduction -- Cultural Influences on Behavior and Brain Function -- Computational Cultural Neuroscience -- Three Starting Points for a Computational Cultural Neuroscience -- Implications for Augmented Cognition -- References -- Enhancing Team Performance Using Neurophysiologic Synchronies in a Virtual Training Environment -- Introduction -- Neurophysiologic Measurement of Team Performance -- Pilot Study -- Tasks and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Proposed Experimental Framework -- Knowledge Capture and Cognitive Model -- Database -- Scenario Builder -- Presentation System -- Data Collection -- Mitigation -- References -- Theoretical Transpositions in Brain Function and the Underpinnings of Augmented Cognition -- Introduction -- Historical Review of the Information Processing (IP) Approach -- Multiple Resources Theory and the Human Operator -- Behavioral Cybernetics and Automated Systems Intelligence -- Dynamical Neural Systems and Cognitive State. , Conclusion -- References -- Non-invasive Functional Brain Biomarkers for Cognitive-Motor Performance Assessment: Towards New Brain Monitoring Applications -- Introduction -- Elements of Overview -- Spectral Power -- Phase Synchronization -- Functional Near Infra Red Spectroscopy and Hemodynamic Responses -- Future Potential Applications -- Neurofeedback and Accelerated Learning -- Brain Monitoring for Cognitive-Motor Performance Assessment -- References -- Estimating the Level of Motion Sickness Based on EEG Spectra -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Paradigm -- EEG Data Acquisition and Signal Processing -- Proposed MS Level Estimation System -- Experimental Results and Discussion -- References -- Combining fNIRS and EEG to Improve Motor Cortex Activity Classification during an Imagined Movement-Based Task -- Introduction -- fNIRS -- EEG -- Methodology -- Subjects -- Experimental Procedure -- Signal Acquisition -- Signal Processing and Feature Extraction -- Classification -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- The Frustration Status and Noise Proof Feature During Perception of the Auditory Images -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Cultural Neuroscience and Individual Differences: Implications for Augmented Cognition -- Introduction -- Cultural Neuroscience -- Individual Differences -- References -- Towards a Software Toolkit for Neurophysiological Data Collection and Analysis -- Introduction -- Related Work -- System Design and Architecture -- Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- From Sound to Meaning: Changes in EEG Source-Localized Brain Activity with Foreign-Language Training -- Introduction -- Method -- Participants -- Materials -- Procedure -- EEG Recording, Preprocessing, and Source Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- References. , Analyzing Neural Correlates of Attentional Changes during the Exposure to Virtual Environments: Application of Transcranial Doppler Monitoring -- Introduction -- Method -- Subjects -- Transcranial Doppler Monitoring -- Virtual Reality Settings -- Experimental Procedure -- BFV Signal -- Data Analysis -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Neuroergonomic Assessment of Simulator Fidelity in an Aviation Centric Live Virtual Constructive (LVC) Application -- Introduction -- LVC Research Apparatus -- Experimental Design and Procedure -- Preliminary Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Brain Activity of Young and Adult Hebrew Speakers during Lexical Decision Task: fNIR Application to Language -- Introduction -- Method -- Results -- Behavioral Reaction Results -- Discussion -- References -- Brain in the Loop: Assessing Learning Using fNIR in Cognitive and Motor Tasks -- Introduction -- Method - fNIR Device, MazeSuite and Spatial Navigation Tasks -- fNIR Device -- MazeSuite and Spatial Navigation Tasks -- Participants and Specific Aim for Spatial Navigation Task -- Spatial Navigation Task Results for General Linear Model (GLM)Analysis -- Spatial Navigation Task Results for Learning Curve Analysis -- Method - Center OOut Task -- Participants and Apparatus -- Data Processing and Statistical Analyses -- Results of the Center Out Task for Tool Use -- Method - Mathematical Problem Solving Task -- Participants and Tasks -- Processing and Statistical Analyses -- Results of Mathematical Problem Solving Task -- Discussion -- References -- Neurocognitive Patterns: Using Brain, Behavior, and Context to Infer User Intent -- Introduction -- Towards a Solution -- Overview of the System -- Conclusion -- References -- Behavioral and Brain Dynamics of Team Coordination Part I: Task Design -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Subjects -- Behavioral Task. , Behavioral Recording.