Note: Intro -- SCIAMACHY - Exploring the Changing Earth's Atmosphere -- Editorial -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: SCIAMACHY - The Need for Atmospheric Research from Space -- 1.1How to Study the Earth´s Atmosphere from Space? -- 1.2The Road to SCIAMACHY -- 1.3Determining Impacts on the Earth´s Atmosphere -- SCIAMACHY´s Goals -- The Atmospheric Layers -- Anthropogenic Impact on the Earth-Atmosphere System -- Tropospheric Chemistry -- Greenhouse Gases: Global Warming and Climate Change -- The Tropopause Region -- Stratospheric Chemistry and Dynamics -- Mesospheric Chemistry and Dynamics -- 1.4SCIAMACHY´s Past and Beyond Its Future -- The Initial Phases -- The Next Decades -- References -- Chapter 2: ENVISAT - SCIAMACHY´s Host -- 2.1ENVISAT Attitude and Orbit -- 2.2ENVISAT On-board Resources -- 2.3ENVISAT Ground Segment -- 2.4ENVISAT Data Products -- 2.5Data Access -- References -- Chapter 3: The Instrument -- 3.1Instrument Concept -- 3.2Optical Assembly -- Scan Mechanisms and Baffles -- Telescope and Spectrometer -- Detector Modules -- Calibration Unit -- Polarisation Measurement Device -- Radiator A and Active Thermal Control -- Thermal Bus -- 3.3Radiant Cooler Assembly -- 3.4Electronic Assembly -- Instrument Control Unit -- Secondary Processors -- Modes -- 3.5The Making of SCIAMACHY -- References -- Chapter 4: Instrument Operations -- 4.1Sun and Moon Observation -- Sun Occultation -- Sub-solar Observations -- Moon Occultation -- Refraction -- 4.2Reference Measurement Orbit -- 4.3Mission Scenarios -- 4.4Parameter Tables -- 4.5Measurement States -- State Definition -- Nadir and Limb States -- Occultation States -- Calibration and Monitoring States -- 4.6Timelines -- Timeline Concept -- Timeline Definition -- 4.7SCIAMACHY Operations Setup -- References -- Chapter 5: Calibration and Monitoring -- 5.1On-ground Calibration Philosophy. , 5.2The General Calibration Equation -- 5.3Detector Corrections -- Channels 1-5 (UV-VIS-NIR) -- Channels 6-8 (SWIR) -- 5.4Wavelength Calibration -- 5.5Stray Light -- Spectral Stray Light -- Spatial Stray Light -- 5.6Polarisation -- 5.7Radiometric Calibration -- 5.8Optical Performance Monitoring -- References -- Chapter 6: SCIAMACHY In-Orbit Operations and Performance -- 6.1 Commissioning Phase -- Engineering Tasks -- Measurement Tasks -- The SODAP Sequence -- The Validation Sequence -- 6.2 Routine Operations Phase -- Operation Change Requests and Final Flight Configuration -- 6.3 Optical Performance -- Optical Throughput -- Scan Angle Dependence -- Light Leak in Channel 7 -- Spatial Stray Light in Limb Measurements -- 6.4 Thermal Performance -- Ice on Detectors 7 and 8 -- Decontamination -- Active Thermal Control -- Thermal Control -- 6.5 Line-of-Sight Performance -- Scanners -- Extra Mispointing -- Tangent Height -- 6.6 Mission Extension -- Orbit Modification -- Impact on Instrument Performance -- References -- Chapter 7: From Radiation Fields to Atmospheric Concentrations - Retrieval of Geophysical Parameters -- 7.1 Radiative Transfer in the Earth´s Atmosphere -- 7.2 Nadir Trace Gas Retrieval Schemes -- DOAS Retrieval -- Modified DOAS Methods -- 7.3 Cloud and Aerosol Retrieval -- Cloud Parameters -- Cloud Fraction (CF) -- Cloud Top Height (CTH) -- Cloud Geometrical Thickness (CGT) -- Cloud Optical Thickness (COT) and Effective Radius (Reff,cld) -- Cloud Phase Index (CPI) -- Tropospheric Aerosol Parameters -- 7.4Surface Parameter Retrieval -- Surface Albedo -- Land Vegetation -- Oceanic Biological Activity -- 7.5Inversion Theory -- 7.6Application of Inversion Theory to Limb Retrieval -- 7.7 Derivation of Tropospheric Information -- Reference Sector Method -- Limb/Nadir Matching -- Data Assimilation - The NO2 Example -- References. , Chapter 8: Data Processing and Products -- 8.1Operational Processing Overview -- Level 1b Product -- Level 1c Product -- Level 2 Product -- Processing Chains -- 8.2Operational Level 0-1b Processing -- Memory Effect and Non-linearity -- Dark Signal -- Pixel-to-Pixel Gain and Etalon -- Dead and Bad Pixel Mask -- Spectral Stray Light -- Wavelength Calibration -- Polarisation -- Radiometric Correction -- Sun Mean Reference Spectrum -- Degradation -- 8.3Operational Level 1b-2 Data Processing -- Column Densities from Nadir Observations -- Cloud and Aerosol Parameters in the UV-VIS-NIR for Nadir Observations -- Profiles from Limb Observations -- Limb Cloud Detection -- 8.4Scientific and Value-Added Products -- Scientific Products -- Value-Added Products -- References -- Chapter 9: Validation -- 9.1Validation Strategy -- Validation Principles -- Comparison Errors and Representativeness -- 9.2Validation Organisation -- ESA Validation Structure -- SCIAVALIG Structure -- 9.3Correlative Measurements -- Ground-Based Instruments -- Shipborne Campaigns -- Airborne Campaigns -- Balloon-Borne Campaigns -- Satellite Intercomparisons -- 9.4 Validation Results -- Level 1 Irradiance and Reflectance UV-VIS-NIR-SWIR -- Level 2 Products from Nadir UV-VIS-NIR -- Level 2 Products from Nadir SWIR -- Level 2 Products from Limb UV-VIS -- References -- Chapter 10: SCIAMACHY´s View of the Changing Earth´s Environment -- 10.1Tropospheric Composition - Greenhouse Gases -- Carbon Dioxide - CO2 -- Methane - CH4 -- Water Vapour - H2O -- Heavy Water - HDO -- Absorbing Aerosol Index and Precipitation -- 10.2Tropospheric Composition - Reactive Gases -- Nitrogen Dioxide - NO2 -- Sulphur Dioxide - SO2 -- Formaldehyde (HCHO) and Glyoxal (CHOCHO) -- Carbon Monoxide - CO -- Tropospheric Halogen Oxides - BrO and IO -- 10.3The Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- Ozone - O3 -- Chlorine Dioxide - OClO. , Bromine Oxide - BrO -- Polar Stratospheric Clouds - PSC -- 10.4The Upper Atmosphere and Solar Activity -- Noctilucent Clouds - NLC -- Mesospheric Ozone and the October/November 2003 Solar Storm -- Mesopause Temperatures, Thermospheric NO and Metal Layers -- Observing the Active Sun - The Mg II Index -- 10.5The Earth Surface and Beneath -- Land Vegetation Characteristics -- Oligotrophic Oceanic Regions -- Oceanic Phytoplankton Characteristics -- 10.6SCIAMACHY and the Goddess of Love -- References -- Appendix -- Atmospheric Gases -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Index.