Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Floods of Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta in Context -- 1 Backdrop -- 2 The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta: A Geomorphic Unit -- 3 Living with Monsoon Floods -- 4 The Present Volume and Its Focus -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Flood Inundation Modelling in Data-Sparse Flatlands: Challenges and Prospects -- 1 Flood as a Global Natural Hazard -- 2 The Issue of Limited Data in Flood-Prone Regions -- 2.1 Prevailing Mismatch in Scientific Advancement and Global Availability of Suitable Datasets -- 2.2 Applicability of SRTM DEMs for Flood Inundation Modelling -- 2.3 Applicability of Other Low-Cost Sources of DEMs in Inundation Modelling -- 2.4 Creating Accurate River Terrain Model from Sparse Data -- 3 Inundation Modelling at Regional and Reach Scales with Limited Data -- 4 Choice of the Model and the Required Level of Complexity -- 5 Treatment of Uncertainties -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Nature of Flood and Channel Sedimentation in the Torsa River: A Hydro-Geomorphic Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Channel Hydrological Components -- 3.2.1 Flood Frequency -- Gumbel´s Method -- Log-Pearson Type III -- Log Normal -- 3.2.2 Flash Flood Magnitude Index (FFMI) -- 3.3 Channel Morphology Parameters -- 3.3.1 Demarcation of Channel Reach -- 3.3.2 Measurements of Channel Bar Width and Channel Bar Area -- 3.3.3 Bed Elevation Change -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Flood Discharge -- 4.2 Nature of Flood -- 4.3 Distribution of Peak Discharge -- 4.4 Simulation of the Flood Discharge -- 4.4.1 Goodness of Fit -- 4.5 Channel Morphology and Hydrological Control -- 4.6 Channel Bed Elevation and Discharge Characteristics -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 4: Flood Risk Assessment of Himalayan Foothill Rivers: A Study of Jaldhaka River, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used and Methodology -- 3.1 Elevation -- 3.2 Slope -- 3.3 Rainfall -- 3.4 Distance from Rivers -- 3.5 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.6 Bare Soil Index (BSI) -- 3.7 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Elevation -- 4.2 Slope -- 4.3 Rainfall (Cm) -- 5 Distance from Rivers (Meter) -- 6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 7 Bare Soil Index (BSI) -- 8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 9 Flood Susceptibility Mapping -- 9.1 Validation -- 10 Discussion -- 11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Flood Dynamics, River Erosion, and Vulnerability in the Catchment of Dharla and Dudhkumar Rivers in Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Used and Methodology -- 3 Flood Dynamics: Nature and Magnitude -- 4 Causing of Floods -- 4.1 Natural Causes -- 4.2 Anthropogenic Causes -- 5 Impact of Floods -- 5.1 Impact on Hydro-Geomorphology -- 5.2 Impact on River Bank Erosion and Accretion -- 5.3 Impact on Resources, Live, and Livelihood -- 6 Flood Vulnerability -- 7 Management of Floods -- 7.1 Structural Approach -- 7.2 Nonstructural Approach -- 7.3 Coping Strategies, Policy Issues, and Local Level Implementation -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Assessing Human Control on Planform Modification over Floods: A Study of Lower Mahananda-Balason River System, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Database and Methodology -- 2.1 The Spatiotemporal Framework Selected for This Study -- 2.2 Dataset Procurement and Preprocessing -- 2.3 LULC Classification -- 2.4 Formulation and Measurement of the Indicators -- 2.5 Assessment of the Impact of Flood Discharge on Channel Planform. , 2.6 Estimating the Relationship Between the Anthropogenic Intervention and Planform Properties -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatiotemporal Dynamics of LULC -- 3.2 Measurement of the Indicators -- 3.3 Impact of Flood on Channel Modification -- 3.4 Relationship Between Human Interventions and Channel Planform -- 4 Discussions -- 4.1 Spatiotemporal Pattern of Anthropogenic Interventions and Planform Modification of MBS -- 4.2 Comparing the Role of Flood and Human Activities on Planform Modification -- 4.3 Possible Future Pattern of Channel Planform and Its Effects -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 7: Exploring the Flooding Under Damming Condition in Punarbhaba River of India and Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Historical Perspective of Floods in the Punarbhaba River -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 4.1 Materials -- 4.2 Method for Flood Frequency and Magnitude Analysis -- 4.3 Instability of Flow -- 4.4 Methods for Regional Hydrologic Analysis -- 4.5 Method for Simulating Flooding -- 4.6 Method for Wetland Mapping -- 4.7 Method for Wetland Habitat Vulnerability Under Flooding Conditions Considering Damming Effect -- 4.8 Method for Flood Susceptibility Model -- 4.9 Method for Wetland Creation and Restoration Using Nature-Based Solution -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Monitoring Flooding Conditions in the Punarbhaba River -- 5.2 Reconstruction of Flooding Under Damming Scenario -- 5.3 Impact of Flooding Under Dam Condition on Wetland Habitat Vulnerability -- 5.4 Drivers for Flooding -- 5.5 Recommendation for Flood and Floodplain Wetland Management -- 5.5.1 Flood Susceptibility Model -- 5.5.2 Wetland Conservation and Restoration Using Nature-Based Solution -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Morphometric Analysis and Prioritization of Watersheds for Flood Susceptibility Mapping in the Eastern Himalayan Fo. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Location of the Study Area -- 2.2 Flood Perspective of the Study Area -- 3 Data and Methods -- 4 Validation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Morphometric Parameters -- 5.1.1 Basic Parameters -- 5.1.2 Linear Parameters -- 5.1.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.1.4 Relief Parameters -- 5.2 Flood Prioritization of the Kaljani River Basin -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach for Assessing Flood Susceptibility of the Tal-Diara and Bari... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Succinct Outline of the Research Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Sources and Preparation of Thematic Layers -- 3.2 Factors that Affect Flood Conditions -- 3.2.1 Elevation (EL) -- 3.2.2 Distance from Major Rivers (DR) -- 3.2.3 Slope (SP) -- 3.2.4 Distance from River Confluence Point (DC) -- 3.2.5 Rainfall (RF) -- 3.2.6 Geomorphology (GM) -- 3.2.7 Soil (SL) -- 3.2.8 LULC -- 3.3 AHP Model for Flood Susceptibility Zones -- 3.4 Weighed Overlay Model (WOM) -- 3.5 Modeling Flood Susceptibility Zone -- 3.6 Validation of the Map of Flood Susceptibility -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Location Factor -- 4.2 Breaching of Embankment -- 4.3 Inability of River Systems Vis-À-Vis Human Impact -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Agrarian and Socio-Infrastructural Vulnerability in the Wake of Flood: An Example from the Mayurakshi River Basin,... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Database and Methodology -- 3.1 Database -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Measuring Flood Hazard -- 3.2.2 Measuring Flood Vulnerability -- 3.2.3 Cropping Intensity and Diversification -- 3.2.4 Relative Importance Index -- 3.2.5 Student´s T-Test -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Nature of Flood -- 4.2 Threat to the Agricultural Economy -- 4.3 Impact on House Condition -- 4.4 Impact on Road and Transport. , 4.5 Accessibility to Market -- 4.6 Health Problems -- 4.7 Education and Related Issues -- 4.8 Sociopsychological Problems -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Contemporary and Future Flood Characteristics and Associated Environmental Impact: A Study of Ajay River Basin, In... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Set-up of the Study Area -- 3 Used Database and Methodology -- 4 Contemporary Flood Characteristics (1950s-2000s) -- 4.1 Trend in Flood Frequency During the Twentieth Century -- 4.2 Spatial Extension of Flood over the Lower ARB -- 4.3 Trend in Flood-Affected Area Since 1956 -- 4.4 Dominant Impact on Agriculture -- 4.5 Effect on the Channel Geomorphology -- 5 Future Scenario of Flood Height and Affected Area (up to 2080) -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Nature of Floods in the Khari River Basin, Eastern India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Database and Methodology -- 4 Result and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Flood Risk Assessment and Numerical Modelling of Flood Simulation in the Damodar River Basin, Eastern India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Settings of Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 4 Methods -- 4.1 Basics of 1D-Hydrodyanmic Model -- 4.2 Steps in Flood Inundation Model of HEC-RAS -- 4.3 Risk and Flood Frequency Analysis -- 4.4 Other Hydrological Estimates -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Analysis of Flood Climate -- 5.2 Impact of Dam on Hydrological Variability -- 5.3 Flood Frequency and Hydrological Risk -- 5.4 1D Flood Simulation of Unsteady and Steady Flow -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14: An Account of the Flood History in the Ghatal Region of West Bengal, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Locational Setting and Causes of Flood in the Ghatal Region -- 3 Disrupted Rivers and Embankments. , 4 Documenting the Near-Annual Flood Phenomenon in Ghatal.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part IForest Resources Measurement, Monitoring and Mapping -- 1 Forest Management with Advance Geoscience: Future Prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Geosciences to Improve Forest Assessment -- 1.3 Cloud Computing and Forest Management -- 1.4 Integration of Participatory Approach and Geospatial Technology -- 1.5 Mobile Application in Forest Management -- 1.5.1 Hejje (Pug Mark) -- 1.5.2 Urban Forest Cloud Tree Inventory App -- 1.5.3 Tree Sense -- 1.5.4 Timber Tracker -- 1.5.5 Leafsnap -- 1.5.6 Tree Trails -- 1.5.7 Tree Book -- 1.5.8 Tree Tagger -- 1.6 Near Real Time Monitoring of the Forest-Sensitive Zones -- 1.7 Crowd Sourcing in Forest Management -- 1.8 Crisis Mapping of Forest Cover -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Estimation of Net Primary Productivity: An Introduction to Different Approaches -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Data and Modelling -- 2.2.1 The Carbon Cycle Components -- 2.2.2 In Situ Measurements -- 2.2.3 Satellite Measurements -- 2.2.4 Modelling -- 2.3 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Assessing Forest Health using Geographical Information System Based Analytical Hierarchy Process: Evidences from Southern West Bengal, India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods and Database -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Database and Methods -- 3.2.3 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.2.4 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) -- 3.2.5 Greenness Index (GI) -- 3.2.6 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) -- 3.2.7 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) -- 3.2.8 Shadow Index (SI) -- 3.2.9 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) -- 3.3 Result and Discussions -- 3.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 3.3.2 Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) -- 3.3.3 Greenness Index (GI) -- 3.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI). , 3.3.5 Shadow Index (SI) -- 3.3.6 Normalized Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI) -- 3.3.7 Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) -- 3.3.8 Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.4.1 Vegetation Status Identification Through AHP -- 3.5 Conclusion and Policy Implication -- References -- 4 Ecological Determinants of Woody Plant Species Richness in the Indian Himalayan Forest -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methods -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Biotic Determinants -- 4.2.3 Abiotic Determinants -- 4.2.4 Data Preparation -- 4.2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 4.3 Results -- 4.4 Discussion -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Multivariate Analysis of Soil-Vegetation Interaction and Species Diversity in a Natural Environment of Rhus coriaria L. (Case Study: Bideskan Habitat, Southern Khorasan, Iran) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Sumac Species -- 5.2.3 Research Methodology -- 5.2.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 5.2.5 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Vegetation Community -- 5.3.2 Student's t-test of Independent Samples -- 5.3.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 5.3.4 Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- 5.4 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 6 Comparative Assessment of Forest Deterioration through Remotely Sensed Indices-A Case Study in Korba District (Chhattisgarh, India) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Method -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.2.2 Data Used -- 6.2.3 Vegetation Indices -- 6.2.4 Change Detection Analysis -- 6.2.5 Accuracy Assessment -- 6.2.6 Forest Degradation Mapping and Evaluation -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Forest Cover -- 6.3.2 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 6.3.3 Transformed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (TNDVI) -- 6.3.4 Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). , 6.3.5 Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index2 (MSAVI2) -- 6.3.6 Estimation and Spatial Variation of Forest Degradation -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Comparison of Sentinel-2 Multispectral Imager (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) for Vegetation Monitoring -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data Acquisition -- 7.2.3 Comparison Method Based on Spatial Resolution -- 7.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Comparison of Landsat-8 OLI and Sentinel-2 Spectral Bands -- 7.3.2 Cross-Comparison of Vegetation Indices in Different Land Cover Types -- 7.3.3 Evaluation of Integral Performance of Vegetation Indices (NDVI and EVI) for Different Land Use Land Cover Types -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparative Assessments of Forest Cover Change in Some Districts of West Bengal, India using Geospatial Techniques -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methods -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.3.3 Accuracy Assessment -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 LULC Feature -- 8.4.2 Vegetation Dynamics -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Assessment of Forest Health using Remote Sensing-A Case Study of Simlipal National Park, Odisha (India) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Materials and Method -- 9.3.1 Data Sources and Pre-processing -- 9.3.2 Estimation of Forest Health -- 9.3.3 Estimation of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 9.3.4 Estimation of Soil and Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (SARVI) -- 9.3.5 Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio (MCARI) -- 9.3.6 Estimation of Moisture Stress Index (MSI) -- 9.3.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 9.3.8 Weighted Sum Analysis -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 NDVI Analysis -- 9.4.2 SARVI Analysis -- 9.4.3 MCARI Analysis -- 9.4.4 MSI Analysis -- 9.4.5 Accuracy Assessment. , 9.4.6 Weighted Sum Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Part IIModeling, Risk Assessment and Vulnerability -- 10 Forest Health Monitoring using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Techniques -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Study Area -- 10.2.2 Data Source -- 10.2.3 Data Pre-processing -- 10.2.4 Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 Result of FLAASH Atmospheric Correction -- 10.3.2 Vegetation Indices (Vis) Based Forest Health Mapping -- 10.3.3 Spectral Analysis Based Forest Health Mapping -- 10.3.4 Accuracy Assessment -- 10.3.5 Forest Health Validation -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) and Tree Density using Sentinel-1 Data -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods for Estimating Above Ground Biomass (AGB) -- 11.2.1 Field Measurement Methods -- 11.2.2 Remote Sensing Approaches -- 11.3 Study Area -- 11.4 Materials and Method -- 11.4.1 Data Sources -- 11.4.2 Field Data Collection and AGB Measurement -- 11.4.3 Methodology -- 11.5 Results and Discussion -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Forest Fire Risk Assessment for Effective Geoenvironmental Planning and Management using Geospatial Techniques -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Data Source -- 12.2.2 Study Area -- 12.2.3 Frequency Ratio Model (FR) -- 12.2.4 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) -- 12.2.5 Meteorology -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) -- 12.3.2 Land Surface Temperature (LST) -- 12.3.3 Criteria for Forest Fire Risk Zoning -- 12.3.4 Frequency Ratio Based FFR -- 12.3.5 Analytical Hierarchy Process Based FFR -- 12.3.6 Comparative Analysis Between FR and AHP Models for FFR -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Forest Disturbance Analysis of Selected Blocks of Midnapore Subdivision using Digital Remote Sensing Technique -- 13.1 Introduction. , 13.2 About the Study Area -- 13.3 Materials Used -- 13.4 Methodology -- 13.4.1 Atmospheric Correction -- 13.4.2 Forest Cover Mapping -- 13.4.3 Shadow Index (SI) -- 13.4.4 Bare Soil Index (BI) -- 13.4.5 Modified Difference Vegetation Index (MAVI) -- 13.4.6 Vegetation Density (VD) -- 13.4.7 Scaled Shadow Index (SSI) -- 13.4.8 Identification of Forest Cover Dynamics -- 13.4.9 Forest Fragmentation Analysis -- 13.5 Result and Discussion -- 13.5.1 Forest Cover Dynamicity -- 13.5.2 Status of Forest Regeneration and Degeneration -- 13.5.3 Forest Disturbance Potential Zonation -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Comparison of AHP and Maxent Model for Assessing Habitat Suitability of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) in Pench Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Data Base and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Dactors derived form of Elevation layer -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Other Factors -- 14.3.3 Maxent Species Distribution Model -- 14.3.4 Methodology for Maxent Species Distribution Model -- 14.3.5 Overview of Factors that Affect Habitat of Wild Dog (Cuon alpinus) -- 14.3.6 Methodology for AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) -- 14.4 Results -- 14.4.1 Maxent Species Distribution Model Result -- 14.4.2 AHP (Analytical Hierarchical Process) Result -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 15 Assessment of Forest Cover Dynamics using Forest Canopy Density Model in Sali River Basin: A Spill Channel of Damodar River -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Materials and Methods -- 15.2.1 Study Area -- 15.2.2 Data Source -- 15.2.3 Methods -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index -- 15.3.2 Bareness Index -- 15.3.3 Greenness Vegetation Index -- 15.3.4 Perpendicular Vegetation Index -- 15.3.5 Shadow Index -- 15.3.6 Forest Canopy Density -- 15.3.7 Validation of Results -- 15.4 Conclusion. , References.