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  • 1
    Keywords: Rain forests-Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: Proceedings of the conference held in Bandar Seri Begawan, April 1993.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (552 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789400916852
    Series Statement: Monographiae Biologicae Series ; v.74
    DDC: 574.526420913
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Particle accelerators. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (306 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527617289
    Series Statement: Wiley Series in Beam Physics and Accelerator Technology Series
    DDC: 539.7
    Language: English
    Note: An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators -- Contents -- Series Preface -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Prerequisites -- 1.2 Uses of Accelerators -- 1.2.1 Luminosity of a High Energy Collider -- 1.2.2 Synchrotron Radiation Sources -- Problems -- 2 Acceleration and Phase Stability -- 2.1 Acceleration Methods -- 2.1.1 DC Accelerators -- 2.1.2 Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields -- 2.1.3 Resonant Cavities -- 2.1.4 Accelerating Structures -- 2.2 Phase Stability -- 2.2.1 Synchrotron Oscillations -- 2.2.2 Adiabatic Damping and Longitudinal Emmittance -- 2.2.3 Transition Crossing -- 2.3 The Need for Transverse Focusing -- Problems -- 3 Transverse Linear Motion -- 3.1 Stability of Transverse Oscillations -- 3.1.1 Weak Focusing -- 3.1.2 Strong Focusing -- 3.1.3 Stability Criterion -- 3.2 Equation of Motion -- 3.2.1 Piecewise Method of Solution -- 3.2.2 Closed Form Solution -- 3.2.3 Courant-Snyder Parameters -- 3.2.4 Emittance and Admittance -- 3.2.5 Adiabatic Damping of Betatron Oscillations -- 3.3 Momentum Dispersion -- 3.3.1 Equation of Motion for an Off-Momentum Particle -- 3.3.2 Solution of Equation of Motion -- 3.4 Linear Deviations from the Ideal Lattice -- 3.4.1 Steering Errors and Corrections -- 3.4.2 Focusing Errors and Corrections -- 3.4.3 Chromaticity -- Problems -- 4 Resonances and Transverse Nonlinear Motion -- 4.1 Transverse Resonances -- 4.1.1 Floquet Transformation -- 4.1.2 Multipole Expansion -- 4.1.3 The Driven Oscillator and Rational Numbers -- 4.2 A Third-Integer Resonance -- 4.2.1 Equation of Motion -- 4.2.2 Recognition of the Sextupole Resonance -- 4.2.3 First Integral and the Separatrix -- 4.2.4 Application to Resonant Extraction -- 4.2.5 Comments on Correction Systems -- 4.3 The Hamiltonian Formalism -- 4.3.1 Review of Hamiltonian Dynamics -- 4.3.2 The Hamiltonian for Small Transverse Oscillations. , 4.3.3 Transformations of the Hamiltonian -- 4.3.4 The Third-Integer Resonance Revisited -- Problems -- 5 Transverse Coupled Motion -- 5.1 Linear Coupling -- 5.1.1 Coupled Harmonic Oscillators -- 5.1.2 Perturbation Treatment of a Single Skew Quadrupole -- 5.1.3 Matrix Treatment of a Single Skew Quadrupole -- 5.1.4 Matrix Formalism of Linear Coupling -- 5.2 Nonlinear Coupling -- 5.2.1 Two-Degree-of-Freedom Sum Resonance Due to Distribution of Sextupoles -- 5.2.2 Multipoles and Resonance Lines -- Problems -- 6 Intensity Dependent Effects -- 6.1 Space Charge -- 6.1.1 The Transverse Space Charge Force -- 6.1.2 Equation of Motion in the Presence of Space Charge -- 6.1.3 Incoherent Tune Shift -- 6.1.4 The Beam-Beam Tune Shift -- 6.1.5 Image Charge and Image Current Effects -- 6.2 The Negative Mass Instability -- 6.2.1 The Longitudinal Space Charge Field -- 6.2.2 Perturbation of the Line Density -- 6.3 Wake Fields and Impedance -- 6.3.1 Field of a Relativistic Charge in Vacuum -- 6.3.2 Wake Field for a Resistive Wall -- 6.3.3 Wake Functions -- 6.3.4 Impedance -- 6.4 Macroparticle Models of Coherent Instabilities -- 6.4.1 Beam Breakup in Linacs -- 6.4.2 The Strong Head-Tail Instability -- 6.4.3 The Head-Tail Instability -- 6.5 Evolution of the Distribution Function -- 6.5.1 The Vlasov Equation -- 6.5.2 The Dispersion Relation -- 6.5.3 Application to the Negative Mass Instability -- 6.6 Landau Damping -- Problems -- 7 Emittance Preservation -- 7.1 Injection Mismatch -- 7.1.1 Steering Errors -- 7.1.2 Focusing Errors -- 7.2 Diffusion Processes -- 7.2.1 RF Noise and Excitation of Oscillations -- 7.2.2 Beam-Gas Scattering -- 7.3 Emittance Reduction -- 7.3.1 Transverse Stochastic Cooling -- 7.3.2 Longitudinal Stochastic Cooling -- 7.4 Some Remarks on Beam Distributions -- Problems -- 8 Synchrotron Radiation -- 8.1 Radiation from Relativistic Particles. , 8.2 Damping of Oscillations -- 8.3 Quantum Fluctuations and Equilibrium Beam Size -- Problems -- Appendix A Tables of Accelerator Parameters -- Bibliography -- Index.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; Arachis hypogaea L. ; Bradyrhizobium ; calcium ; magnesium ; solution culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract While considerable information has been presented recently on the alleviating effects of calcium (Ca) on aluminium (Al) toxicity, the interaction between Ca and Al on nodulation and N2-fixation of legumes is little understood. A 28 d solution culture experiment using groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. Matjam was conducted to evaluate the effects of four Ca concentrations and four Al levels on nodule development, N2-fixation and plant growth. The Ca concentrations were maintained at 500, 1000, 2500 or 5000 μM, and the sum of activities of monomeric Al species (ΣaAlmono) were 0, 15, 30 and 60 μM. With ΣaAlmono≥30 μM in solution, the time to appearance of the first nodule increased, and, with 60 μM ΣaAlmono in solution, plants remained chlorotic throughout the experiment. Activities≥30 μM reduced nodule number and nodule dry mass per plant, particularly with high (5000 μM) Ca in solution. Also, plant top growth was decreased at ΣaAlmono≥30 μM; the effect only being alleviated by 1000 μM Ca at 30 μM ΣaAlmono. The Ca concentration in the youngest expanded leaf (YEL) increased with increased Ca concentration in solution, but was little affected by Al treatment. Nitrogen concentrations mirrored treatment effects on nodule number and nodule dry mass; Al in solution decreased the N concentration particularly with 5000 μM Ca in solution. Furthermore, increased Ca and Al in solution decreased the Mg concentration in the YEL. This suggested that the absence of any alleviating effect of Ca and Al toxicity (indeed the opposite effect was often observed) resulted from interference in Mg nutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; Eucalyptus camaldulensis ; fulvic acid ; humic acid ; root elongation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Complexes of aluminium (Al) with organic ligands are believed to represent an important detoxification mechanism in acid soils. However, relatively little is known about the particular ligands produced by decomposing vegetation or about their effects on plant growth in the presence or absence of toxic Al. This paper reports an experiment on the effects of decomposition products of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on the root elongation of maize (Zea mays) cv. DK687 in the presence or absence of Al. The static solution culture experiment used fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA), extracted from E. camaldulensis leaves, at three nominal concentrations, viz. 40, 120 and 360 mg C L-1, replicated 4 times in the presence and absence of 30 µM Al. In the absence of Al, root elongation was increased by 30% by HA at 40 mg C L-1 and by 36% by FA at 120 mg C L-1. In the presence of 30 µM Al, the effects of toxic Al on root elongation were negated by FA and HA at all concentrations. Aluminium was totally complexed in all treatments except FA at 40 mg C L-1 in which treatment only 2.7 µM Al was present in the monomeric form. The E. camaldulensis FA and HA at concentrations of 40 and 120 mg C L-1, either in the presence or absence of Al, stimulated maize root elongation. Aluminium was strongly complexed by the E. camaldulensis FA and HA. The present results, in which FA and HA alleviated Al toxicity limitations on root elongation of maize, are relevant to the protection afforded to plant growth in acid soils amended with organic materials. They highlight the need to focus more on the role of FA and HA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 265-276 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum toxicity ; aluminium toxicity ; Arachis hypogaea L. ; Bradyrhizobium ; solution culture ; nodulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of low activities of the monomeric Al species, Al3+, Al(OH)2 + and Al(OH)2+, on the peanut/Bradyrhizobium symbiosis were examined in solution culture. In flowing solution culture, growth of the host plant was depressed at activities ≥5 μM. Neither shoot dry weight, root dry weight nor root length were inhibited by 3 μM Al, an activity which reduced nodule number by 70%. Low nodule number was compensated for, at this activity, by an increase in weight per nodule. In non-flowing solution culture of similar composition, survival of a streptomycin resistant mutant of Bradyrhizobium spp. NC92 in the bulk solution or in the rhizosphere of peanut roots was unaffected by 20 μM Al. The site of infection by Bradyrhizobium was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Lateral root axils of plants exposed to ≥2 μM Al did not display the rosette of multicellular root hairs which is characteristic in normal plants. The detrimental effects of Al on nodulation appear to be related to structural changes at the site of infection which are observed at Al activities too low to cause any depression in growth of the host plant, including root length, and at activities of Al which do not affect survival of the free-living Bradyrhizobium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium toxicity ; cowpea ; fulvic acid ; Glycine max (L.) Merr ; green gram ; malic acid ; momomeric aluminium ; oxalic acid ; soybean ; tap-root elongation ; Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek ; Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of fulvic, malic, and oxalic acids in alleviating the toxic effects of aluminium (Al) on tap-root elongation of soybean cv. Fitzroy, cowpea cv. Vita 4, and green gram cv. Berken was studied. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of four Al concentrations (0, 12.5, 25 and 50 µM as Al(NO3)3·9H2O) and two concentrations either of malic or oxalic acid (0, 50 µM) or fulvic acid (0, 65 mg L-1 of organic carbon). The free monomeric Al in solution was determined using a pyrocatechol violet procedure which distinguishes between monomeric and organically complexed Al. Fulvic acid completely alleviated the toxic effect of Al at all concentrations on soybean and cowpea and at concentrations 〈25 µM on green gram. The non-toxic Al-fulvate complex remained in solution. Both malic and oxalic acid, at the concentrations tested, failed to alleviate Al toxicity on any species; a much higher proportion of the added Al remained in monomeric form in the presence of these acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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