Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- A Review on the Abundance, Distribution and Eco-Biological Risks of PAHs in the Key Environmental Matrices of South Asia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abundance of PAHs in SAR -- 2.1 Atmospheric Levels -- 2.2 Water Bodies -- 2.3 Soil/Sediments -- 2.4 Biota -- 3 Regional Comparison -- 3.1 Atmospheric PAHs -- 3.2 Region Abundance of PAHs in the Water Bodies -- 3.3 Soil/Dust/Sediments -- 4 Source Apportionment Techniques -- 5 Ecological Risk Assessment -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental Pollution, Toxicity Profile and Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Its Chemical Pollutants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Leather Production and Chemicals Used in Tanning Process -- 3 Tannery Wastewater: Nature and Characteristics -- 4 Environmental Pollution and Toxicity Profile of Tannery Wastewater -- 5 Treatment Approaches for Tannery Wastewater and Chemicals -- 5.1 Physico-Chemical Treatment Approaches -- 5.1.1 Coagulation/Flocculation -- 5.1.2 Adsorption -- 5.2 Biological Treatment Approaches -- 5.2.1 Aerobic Treatment -- 5.2.2 Anaerobic Treatment -- 5.2.3 Constructed Wetlands and Treatment Ponds -- 5.3 Emerging Treatment Approaches -- 5.3.1 Membrane Technologies -- 5.3.2 Membrane Bioreactors -- 5.3.3 Anammox Technology -- 5.3.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 5.4 Combinatorial Treatment Approaches -- 6 Waste Minimization, Operation, Treatment and Management in Leather Industries -- 6.1 Solid Waste Generation, Treatment and Management -- 6.2 Gaseous Emission and Control -- 6.3 Clean Technologies for Hazards Minimization -- 7 International Legislations Scenario for Tannery Wastewater and Chemicals -- 7.1 Legislations for Discharge Limits of Tannery Wastewater -- 7.2 Legislations for Leather Chemicals -- 8 Challenges and Future Prospects -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References. , Disposal of Unused Drugs: Knowledge and Behavior Among People Around the World -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Methods of Unwanted Residential Medication Disposal -- 4.2 An Overview on Available Legal Framework and Take Back Programs -- 4.3 Impact of Knowledge and Educational Campaigns on Disposal Practices of Unwanted Residential Medication -- 4.4 Future Perspectives and Possible Solution -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Summary -- References -- Alkyl Mercury-Induced Toxicity: Multiple Mechanisms of Action -- 1 Preface -- 1.1 How Alkyl Mercury Compounds Get into the Food Web -- 2 Introduction -- 3 Methylmercury: Mechanisms of Toxic Action -- 3.1 Altered Membrane Permeability -- 3.2 Altered Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis -- 3.3 Oxidative Stress/Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) -- 3.4 Effects on Receptor Binding/Neurotransmitter Release -- 3.5 Effects Involving Arachidonic Acid -- 3.6 Effects on Cell Cycle/Cell Division -- 3.7 Effects on Glutathione (GSH) Activity -- 3.8 Involvement with Nitric Oxide Synthetase -- 3.9 Effects on Glial Cells and Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake and Homeostasis -- 3.10 Other Mechanisms -- 4 Ethylmercury: Mechanisms of Toxic Action -- 4.1 Mobilization of Intracellular Ca++ -- 4.2 Effects on Mitochondria (Membrane and ROS) -- 4.3 Effects on Arachidonic Acid, Leukotriene Synthesis, and Membrane Integrity -- 4.4 Effects on Glutathione (GSH) -- 4.5 Effects on Glutamate Transport -- 4.6 Effects on Neurotransmitter Availability -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Arsenic Induction of Metallothionein and Metallothionein Induction Against Arsenic Cytotoxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metallothionein Induction and the Role of As -- 3 Interaction of As with Blood Proteins -- 4 Interaction of As with Metallothionein -- 5 Accumulation and Metabolism of As -- 6 As Cytotoxicity and the Role of Essential Metals. , 7 Conclusion -- 8 Summary -- References -- Mobility and Fate of Pollutants in the Aquifer System of the Northwestern Suez Gulf, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 2 Study Area Description (Geology and Hydrogeology) -- 3 Study Approach and Discussion -- 3.1 Structure Pattern, Intensive Use of Groundwater and Contamination Mixtures Mobilization Scenario -- 4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Pages:1 to 10 -- Pages:11 to 20 -- Pages:21 to 30 -- Pages:31 to 33.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Metalliferous Mining Pollution and Its Impact on Terrestrial and Semi-terrestrial Vertebrates: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geographical and Temporary Distribution and Operational Status -- 3.2 Main Metal Ore -- 3.3 Sentinel Species -- 3.4 Biomarkers -- 3.4.1 Biomarkers of Exposure -- 3.4.2 Biomarkers of Effect -- Biochemical and Hematological Biomarkers -- Genotoxic Parameters -- Health Status at Individual Level -- Population and Community Level Biomarkers -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Fluorotelomer Alcohols´ Toxicology Correlates with Oxidative Stress and Metabolism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metabolism of FTOHs -- 2.1 Metabolic Pathways and Toxicokinetics -- 2.2 Metabolising Enzymes -- 3 Toxicity -- 4 Toxicity Induced by Oxidative Stress -- 4.1 Generation of Oxidative Stress and ROS -- 4.2 Oxidative Damage -- 4.2.1 Damage to DNA -- 4.2.2 Damage to Lipids -- 4.3 Alterations in Antioxidant Status -- 4.4 Cell Signalling -- 5 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- Perchlorate Contamination: Sources, Effects, and Technologies for Remediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origins and Utilisation of Perchlorate -- 2.1 Natural Origin -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Origin -- 3 Environmental and Health Effects -- 3.1 Health Effects on Humans -- 3.2 Effects on Biota -- 4 Technologies for Perchlorate Treatment -- 4.1 Physicochemical Methods -- 4.1.1 Membrane-Based Technologies -- 4.1.2 Ion Exchange -- 4.1.3 Chemical Reduction -- 4.1.4 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4.1.5 Activated Carbon -- 4.2 Biological Treatment of Perchlorate -- 4.2.1 Types of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.2 Habitats of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.3 Environmental Requirements for Bacterial Degradation of Perchlorate. , 4.2.4 Biochemical Metabolism of Perchlorate-Reducing Bacteria -- 4.2.5 Application of Biological Reduction -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Sources of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria (ARB) and Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the Soil: A Review of the Spreading M... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ARGs in the Soil Environment -- 3 Sources of ARGs in the Soil Environment -- 3.1 ARB and ARGs in Soils Due to Manure Application -- 3.2 Different Types of Manure Sources Influence ARGs Occurrence in the Soil -- 3.3 Wastewater as a Source of ARB and ARGs in the Soil -- 3.3.1 Release of ARB and ARGs from WWTP Effluents into the Soil -- 3.3.2 Impacts of Irrigation Using WWTP Effluents on the Abundance of ARB and ARGs in the Soil -- 3.3.3 Persistence of ARGs in WWTP Effluents as a Source of ARB and ARGs Dissemination in the Soil -- 3.3.4 Application of Sewage Sludge to Agricultural Soils -- 3.3.5 Deposition of ARGs from Livestock Excrements into the Soil Environment -- 3.3.6 ARGs in Native Soils -- 4 Dissemination of Associated-ARGs with Anthropogenically Impacted Environments into the Soil -- 4.1 Human Exposure Risk Related to Runoff and Leaching -- 4.2 Human Risk Exposure Pathways Due to Plants Uptake -- 4.3 Human Exposure Pathways Due to Groundwater Contaminated with Antibiotics and Their Related ARB and ARGs -- 5 Sorption of Antibiotics in Soil: ARB and ARGs Dissemination -- 5.1 Transfer of Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Agroecosystem -- 5.2 ARB and ARGs Associated Genes in Livestock Production Farms -- 6 Environmental and Ecological Effects of Soil Antibiotics and Related ARB and ARGs -- 7 Health Effects of Soil Contaminated Antibiotics and Their Related ARB and ARGs -- 7.1 Impact of Antibiotic Resistance on Human and Environmental Health -- 7.2 Ecological Health Risk Related to the Antibiotics and the Antibiotic Resistance. , 8 Suggestions and Mitigation Strategies -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- An Overview of Morpho-Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Responses of Sorghum Towards Heavy Metal Stress -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heavy Metal Uptake, Translocation, and Accumulation in Sorghum -- 3 Impact of Heavy Metals on the Morphological Characteristics of Sorghum -- 4 Effect of Heavy Metals on the Physiological Aspects of Sorghum -- 5 Biochemical Changes in Response to Heavy Metals in Sorghum -- 6 Molecular Modulations Under Heavy Metal Stress in Sorghum -- 7 Future Prospects -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Water and Soil Pollution: Ecological Environmental Study Methodologies Useful for Public Health Projects. A Literature Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Type 1: Regression with Data by Geographical Area -- 3.2 Type 2: Regression Models at Individual Level -- 3.3 Type 3: Exposure Intensity Threshold Values for Evaluating Health Outcome -- 3.4 Type 4: Distance between Pollutant Source and Health Outcome Clusters -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References.