Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- 1 An Introduction to Human Aging -- Why Study Human Aging? -- SENIOR VIEW -- Changes in Population -- Career Implications -- ■ BOX 1 . 1 Careers in Gerontology -- The Study of Aging -- What Is Aging/Who Is Old? -- Stereotypes -- ■ BOX 1 - 2 Who Is Old? -- Electronic Media -- Print Media -- ■ BOX 1 - 3 Positive Humor -- PROJECT 1 -- ■ BOX 1 - 4 Be Fair -- Attitudes Toward Aging -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 2 Research Methods and Issues -- Guiding Principles and Issues -- SENIOR VIEW -- Theory -- Research Methods -- Relationship Methods -- Difference Methods -- Descriptive Methods -- PROJECT 2 -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Data Sources -- ■ BOX 2 - 1 What Do You Mean? -- Ethics -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Reading -- Internet Resources -- PART ONE Aging and Our Bodies -- 3 Physical Aspects of Aging: Changes in Our Bodies -- Individual Differences -- SENIOR VIEW -- Changes in Physical Appearance -- Skin -- Hair -- Height and Weight -- Voice -- Facial Appearance -- Internal Changes -- Muscles -- Skeletal System -- Cardiovascular System -- Respiratory System -- Digestive System -- ■ BOX 3 - 1 Short on Stamina? I Don't Think So -- Reproductive System -- Immune System -- Nervous System -- Chronic Conditions -- PROJECT 3 -- Interactions -- ■ BOX 3 - 2 Sleeping and Aging -- ■ BOX 3 - 3 Dreaming and Aging -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 4 Theories of Senescence and Aging -- An Overview -- SENIOR VIEW -- Programmed Theories -- Biological Clock -- Evolution -- Hormones -- A Middle Category -- Immune System -- Unprogrammed Theories -- Wear and Tear -- Free Radicals -- PROJECT 4. , Garbage Accumulation -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- DNA Damage and Repair -- All (Many) of the Above -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 5 Health and Longevity -- Overview -- ■ BOX 5 - 1 Increasing Longevity in WEIRD Ways -- Factors Beyond One's Control -- Factors Within One's Control -- Diet -- SENIOR VIEW -- ■ BOX 5 - 2 Determining Your Body Mass Index -- Exercise -- ■ BOX 5 - 3 Sweets for the Sweet -- Supplements -- Tobacco -- PROJECT 5 Searching for the Fountain of Youth -- Alcohol -- Stress -- Other Factors -- Gender -- Race/Culture/SES -- Social Support -- Quality of Life -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- ■ BOX 5 - 4 Estimating Your Own Life Expectancy -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- PART TWO Aging and Our Minds -- 6 Sensation, Perception, and Slowing with Age -- Sensation and Perception -- Vision -- SENIOR VIEW -- ■ BOX 6 - 1 Older Drivers -- Hearing -- Smell, Taste, Touch, and Balance -- Slowing -- Falls -- Time -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- PROJECT 6 -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Reading -- Internet Resources -- 7 Memory and Cognition -- An Overview of Memory Processing -- Sensory Memory -- Working Memory -- SENIOR VIEW -- ■ BOX 7 - 1 A Walk Through the Library -- Long-Term Memory -- Memory System -- Memory and Aging -- Working Memory and Aging -- Long-Term Memory and Aging -- ■ BOX 7 - 2 Remembering Old Memories Better than New Memories -- Metamemory -- PROJECT 7 -- Memory Improvement -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 8 Intelligence, Wisdom, and Creativity -- Intelligence -- SENIOR VIEW -- What Is Intelligence? -- Age Differences in Intelligence -- ■ BOX 8 - 1 Terminal Drop -- Real-World Adult Intelligence. , Problem Solving -- ■ BOX 8 - 2 Problem Solving -- Selective Optimization with Compensation -- Expertise -- ■ BOX 8 - 3 Examples of Selective Optimization with Compensation -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Wisdom -- Creativity -- PROJECT 8 -- What Can We Conclude? -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- PART THREE Aging and Our Selves -- 9 Personality -- An Overview of Personality -- SENIOR VIEW -- Measures of Personality -- Levels of Personality -- Traits -- Five-Factor Theory of Personality -- Age Difference in Traits -- Personal Concerns -- ■ BOX 9 - 1 Traits and Fears of Aging -- PROJECT 9 Age/Cohort Differences in Personal Concerns -- Erikson's Stages of Lifespan Development -- ■ BOX 9 - 2 Age and Androgyny -- Age Differences in Coping -- Two Views -- Responding to Problems -- Control -- Identity -- ■ BOX 9 - 3 A Life Story -- Personality, Health, and Well-Being -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 10 Relationships -- Social Support -- SENIOR VIEW -- PROJECT 10 Social Networks -- Family Relationships -- Marriage, Gay/Lesbian Unions, Divorce, and Remarriage -- ■ BOX 10 - 1 Elder Abuse -- Sexual Relations -- Siblings -- Intergenerational Relationships -- ■ BOX 10 - 2 Custodial Grandparents -- Friends -- Religion -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- ■ BOX 10 - 3 Shepherd's Centers -- Isolation and Loneliness -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 11 Work and Retirement -- Work -- Injury and Absence -- SENIOR VIEW -- Job Performance -- Learning New Procedures -- Job Satisfaction -- Job Discrimination -- PROJECT 11 Discrimination Against Older Workers -- Retirement -- Demographics of Retirement -- Phases of Retirement -- ■ BOX 11 - 1 Some Top Retirement Locations. , ■ BOX 11 - 2 People in Different Phases of Retirement -- Adjustment to Retirement -- ■ BOX 11 - 3 Cultural Differences in Retirement -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- PART FOUR Aging and Our Survival -- 12 Psychopathology -- Overview -- Alcohol Abuse -- SENIOR VIEW -- ■ BOX 12 - 1 Alcoholism and Ethnicity -- Depression -- Suicide -- Acute Cognitive Disorders -- Dementia -- ■ BOX 12 - 2 Animal Dementias -- Less Frequent Forms of Dementia -- Vascular Dementia -- Parkinson's Disease -- Alzheimer's Dementia -- ■ BOX 12 - 3 Dementia Treatments Used by Families -- Caregiving -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- PROJECT 12 Be A Volunteer -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- 13 Healthy/Helpful Environments: Places and People -- How Spaces Become Places or How We Fit In -- Types of Person-Environment Congruence -- SENIOR VIEW -- Where We Live in Old Age -- ■ BOX 13 - 1 Cultural Perspectives on Housing for Older Adults -- The Need for Assistance -- Community-Based Long-Term Care -- ■ BOX 13 - 2 Services for Elders at Home -- ■ BOX 13 - 3 Financing Long-Term Health Care -- Retirement Communities and Assisting Living -- Quality of Life in Institutional Environments -- Help or Enabling Environments -- Human Factors Approach -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Home Modifications -- PROJECT 13 Check Out Your Home -- ■ BOX 13 - 4 When Is a Door Not a Door? -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Reading -- Internet Resources -- 14 Death and Bereavement -- Death -- SENIOR VIEW -- Causes of Death -- ■ BOX 14 - 1 Death Around the World -- Advance Directives -- ■ BOX 14 - 2 Terri Schiavo -- Euthanasia -- ■ BOX 14 - 3 Physician Assisted Suicide -- Hospice -- The Dying Experience -- Bereavement -- Mourning. , ■ BOX 14 - 4 Selected Religious and Cultural Differences in Mourning -- PROJECT 14 Plan Your Own Funeral -- Grief -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Support for the Bereaved -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- PART FIVE Aging and You -- 15 Looking to the Future -- Principles and Issues -- SENIOR VIEW -- Age and Well-Being -- PROJECT 15 Autobiography Project -- The Future -- SOCIAL POLICY APPLICATIONS -- Our Future Bodies -- Our Future Minds -- Our Future Selves -- Our Future Survival -- Chapter Highlights -- Study Questions -- Recommended Readings -- Internet Resources -- References -- Name Index -- Subject Index -- Photo Credits.

Note: Intro -- Prologue -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: A History of Thermal Physiology in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ire... -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Publication of Papers -- 1.3 Eighteenth Century -- 1.3.1 Reverend Edward Stone -- 1.3.2 John Hunter -- 1.3.3 Adair Crawford -- 1.3.4 James Currie -- 1.4 Nineteenth Century -- 1.4.1 Marshall Hall -- 1.4.2 William Hale White -- 1.4.3 Horace Middleton Vernon -- 1.4.4 Thomas Clifford Allbutt -- 1.4.5 Marcus Seymour Pembrey -- 1.5 Twentieth Century -- 1.5.1 Sutherland Simpson -- 1.5.2 J. M. O´Connor -- 1.5.3 John Bligh -- 1.5.4 Ainsley Iggo -- 1.5.5 Wilhelm Sigmund Feldberg -- 1.5.6 Richard Frederick Hellon -- 1.5.7 Brian Callingham -- 1.5.8 Keith E. Cooper -- 1.5.9 William Ian Cranston -- 1.5.10 Anthony Stuart Milton -- 1.5.11 Michael Dascombe -- 1.5.12 Jillian Davidson and Dino Rotondo -- 1.5.13 Edward W. Hillhouse -- 1.5.14 Laurence Edward Mount -- 1.5.15 John Lennox Monteith -- 1.5.16 Douglas L. Ingram -- 1.5.17 George W. Pickering -- 1.5.18 Otto Gustav Edholm -- 1.5.19 Joseph Sidney Weiner -- 1.5.20 Ronald Howard Fox -- 1.5.21 Reginald James Whitney -- 1.5.22 Ian C. Roddie -- 1.5.23 David McKie Kerslake -- 1.5.24 Kenneth John Collins -- 1.5.25 William R. Keatinge -- 1.5.26 Francis St. Clair Golden -- 1.5.27 Michael J. Tipton -- 1.5.28 Ronald J. Maughan -- 1.5.29 Significant Others -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References and Recommended Readings -- Chapter 2: Contributions of French Research to the Knowledge of Thermal Physiology from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-First Cen... -- 2.1 Introduction: Our Scientific Predecessors -- 2.1.1 The Eighteenth-Century Predecessors -- 2.1.2 The Nineteenth-Century Predecessors -- 2.1.3 The Twentieth Century -- 2.2 The Regulation of Body Temperature -- 2.2.1 Central Thermal Sensitivity. , 2.2.2 Peripheral Thermal Sensitivity -- 2.2.3 Modelling Thermal Regulatory Mechanisms -- 2.3 Heat Transfer and Physiological Responses to Thermal Stress -- 2.3.1 Heat Transfer -- 2.3.2 Heat Exposure -- 2.3.3 Cold Exposure -- 2.3.4 Dehydration-Rehydration Experiments -- 2.3.5 Sleeping in Hot and Cold Environments -- 2.3.5.1 Sleep Studies on Animals -- 2.3.5.2 Sleep Studies on Adult Humans -- 2.3.5.2.1 Cold Exposure -- 2.3.5.2.2 Heat Exposures -- 2.3.5.3 Sleep Studies on Human Neonates -- 2.4 Temperature Regulation During Fever -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: A History of Physiological Research on Temperature Regulation in Germany -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Seventy Years of Research on Temperature Regulation in Germany: The Founders -- 3.2.1 Rudolf Thauer (1906-1986) -- 3.2.2 Herbert Hensel (1920-1983) -- 3.2.3 Jürgen Aschoff (1913-1998) -- 3.2.4 Seventy Years of Research on Temperature Regulation in Germany: Accomplishments -- 3.3 Canonical Topics -- 3.3.1 Effectors of Homoeothermic Temperature Regulation: Primary and Secondary Functions -- 3.3.1.1 Autonomic Thermoregulatory Effectors -- 3.3.1.2 Thermoregulatory Behaviour -- 3.3.2 The Dogma of the Hypothalamus as the Foremost Deep-Body Temperature Sensor -- 3.3.3 In Search for Extracerebral Deep-Body Temperature Sensitivity -- 3.3.3.1 Head and Trunk Identified as Putative Sites of Deep-Body Cold Sensitivity -- 3.3.3.2 The Vertebral Canal: The First Site of Temperature Sensitivity Discovered in the Trunk -- 3.3.3.3 Shivering Induced by Vertebral Canal Cooling: Does It Indicate Cold Sensitivity? -- 3.3.4 How Are Thermosensory Inputs from POAH and Vertebral Canal Related to Each Other? -- 3.3.4.1 Equivalence of Thermosensory Inputs from Hypothalamus and Vertebral Canal in Mammals -- 3.3.4.2 Non-equivalence of POAH and Vertebral Canal Deep-Body Temperature Sensitivity in Birds. , 3.3.5 Central Nervous Control of Body Temperature: A Multiple-Input System? -- 3.3.5.1 Thermosensory Functions of Lower Brain-Stem Sections -- 3.3.5.2 Extra-Central Nervous Structures Involved in Deep-Body Temperature Sensitivity -- 3.3.5.3 Yes! Multiple Inputs Contribute to Central Nervous Control of Body Temperature -- 3.3.6 Multiple Controllers: Traits of an Evolutionary Process? -- 3.3.6.1 An Anecdotal Observation Invoking Cephalisation as an Ontogenetic Process -- 3.3.6.2 Thermoregulatory Functions of the Spinal Cord, a Segmentally-Organised Structure -- 3.3.6.3 Thermoregulatory Functions Residing in the Sub-Hypothalamic Brain Stem -- 3.3.6.4 A Hierarchically Organised Neuronal Network Controls Body Temperature -- 3.3.7 Specificity of Spinally Generated Effector Responses -- 3.3.7.1 Metabolic Heat Produced by Shivering -- 3.3.7.2 Thermoregulatory Adjustments of Skin Blood Flow -- 3.3.7.3 Thermal Panting -- 3.3.7.4 Thermal Sweating -- 3.3.8 Open-Loop Gain: a Quantifier of Thermosensory Inputs -- 3.3.8.1 Overall Open-Loop Gains -- 3.3.8.2 Open-Loop Gains of Mean Skin Temperature (Tskin mean) -- 3.3.8.3 Open-Loop Gains of Vertebral Canal Thermoreception -- 3.3.8.4 Open-Loop Gains of POAH (Thy) -- 3.3.8.5 The Hypothalamic High-/Low-Q10 Idea Revisited: A By-Product of Open-Loop Gain Research -- 3.3.9 Ontogeny of Temperature Regulation -- 3.3.9.1 Studies in Non-human Endotherms -- 3.3.9.2 Studies in Human Newborns -- 3.3.10 Electrophysiological Analysis of Neuronal Temperature Dependence -- 3.3.10.1 Peripheral Thermoreceptors -- 3.3.10.2 The Search for Deep-Body Temperature Sensors in the CNS -- 3.3.10.3 Neuronal Thermosensitivity in Deep Tissues Outside the CNS -- 3.3.10.4 In Search of Temperature Transduction Mechanisms: The Electrophysiological Approach -- 3.3.10.5 Cellular and Molecular Approaches. , 3.3.11 Central Nervous Processing of Temperature Signals: Neurophysiological Aspects -- 3.3.11.1 Afferent Processing of Temperature Signals from the Skin at the Spinal Level -- 3.3.11.2 Afferent Signal Processing at the Level of the Brain Stem -- 3.3.11.3 Hypothalamic Signal Generation and Processing: A Comparative and Statistical Approach -- 3.3.12 Fever, Inflammation, and Hyperthermia -- 3.3.12.1 Does Fever Shift the Thermoregulatory Set-Point? -- 3.3.12.2 Systemic Inflammation and Fever: Structural and Molecular Analysis -- 3.3.12.3 Central Pyresis/Antipyresis: A Multi-redundant Interaction of Inter-neuronal Messengers -- 3.3.12.4 Are There Fevers in which Temperature Increases Precede Central Cytokine/PGE2 Actions? -- 3.3.12.5 Clinical Aspects of Fever: Risks and Benefits -- 3.3.12.6 Induced Hyperthermia as a Therapeutic Concept -- 3.4 Apocryphal Topics -- 3.4.1 Models of Temperature Regulation -- 3.4.2 Selective Brain Cooling: Facts and Fictions -- 3.4.2.1 Artiodactyls, a Homoeothermic Order with a Well-Developed Carotid Rete as a Heat Exchanger -- 3.4.2.2 Equidae, a Genus Without a Carotid Rete: What Does that Mean for SBC? -- 3.4.2.3 SBC in Smaller Domestic Animals: Does a Carotid Rete Play a Role? -- 3.4.2.4 SBC in Humans -- 3.4.3 Body Temperature: A Guiding Parameter of Biorhythmicity and Metabolism -- 3.4.3.1 Human Biorhythmicity -- 3.4.3.2 Avian Biorhythms -- 3.4.3.3 Metabolic Aspects of Mammalian Biorhythms -- 3.4.4 Adaptive Adjustments of Homoeothermic Thermoregulation: Special Aspects -- 3.4.4.1 Hibernation Versus Torpor as Modes of Natural Acclimatisation: Similarities and Differences -- 3.4.4.2 Induced Thermal Acclimation: Exposure of Humans to Extreme Conditions -- 3.4.4.3 Induced Thermal Acclimation: Adjustments to Cold Exposure of Experimental Animals -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- References and Recommended Readings. , Chapter 4: Not Only Winter, Not Only Cold: History of Thermal Physiology in Finland -- 4.1 The History of Thermal Physiology in Medicine: Helsinki, Turku and Tampere -- 4.1.1 Foundation of Universities in Finland -- 4.1.2 Bibliographic Sources -- 4.1.3 Thermal Physiology Topics -- 4.1.4 Studies during the Nineteenth Century -- 4.1.5 Human Thermal Physiology Research: 1900-1940 -- 4.1.6 Oulu: A Centre of Thermal Physiology in Finland -- 4.1.6.1 Research on Brown Adipose Tissue -- 4.1.7 Seasonal Temperature Changes and Cardiovascular and Thyroid Physiology -- 4.2 Comparative Thermal Physiology in Finland -- 4.2.1 A Landmark of Finnish Thermal Physiology: Hedgehog Hibernation -- 4.2.2 Avian Thermal Physiology -- 4.2.3 Thermal Physiology at the University of Turku -- 4.2.4 Comparative Thermal Physiology: Oulu, Kuopio and Jyväskylä Universities -- 4.3 The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health -- 4.3.1 Oulu Regional Institute of Occupational Health -- 4.3.2 Physical Work Capacity Team -- 4.4 Conclusion: From Hedgehogs to Humans -- References and Recommended Readings -- Chapter 5: Thermal Physiology in the USA: A 100-Year History of the Science and Its Scientists (1880-1980) -- 5.1 The Founders of Physiology in the USA -- 5.1.1 Early American Physiology -- 5.1.2 Isaac Ott, the First American Thermal Physiologist -- 5.2 The Pioneers of American Thermal Physiology -- 5.2.1 Physiological Bioenergetics -- 5.2.1.1 Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844-1907) -- 5.2.1.2 Francis Gano Benedict (1870-1957) -- 5.2.1.3 Graham Lusk (1866-1932) -- 5.2.1.4 Eugene Floyd DuBois (1882-1959) -- 5.2.1.5 John Raymond Murlin (1874-1960) -- 5.2.1.6 Samuel Brody (1890-1956) -- 5.2.1.7 Louis Harry Newburgh (1883-1956) -- 5.2.2 The Neurophysiology of Body Temperature -- 5.2.2.1 Henry Cuthbert Bazett (1885-1950) -- 5.2.2.2 Henry Gray Barbour (1886-1943). , 5.2.2.3 Stephen Walter Ranson (1880-1942).