Note: Intro -- Preface to "Egypt's Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030" -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to "Insights into Egypt's Strategy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals and Agenda 2030: Researchers' Contributions" -- Abstract -- 1 Background/Overview -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapter's Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Overview of the Poverty, Food Security and Nutrition Situation in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Poverty and Food Security -- 3 Poverty in Egypt -- 4 Study Results -- 4.1 Economic Reform in Egypt -- 4.2 Poverty Rate -- 4.3 Poverty and Deprivation in Rural Upper Egypt -- 4.4 Poverty in the Poorest Villages of Egypt -- 4.5 Egypt's Poverty Rate -- 4.6 Economic Reform Programme -- 4.6.1 National Reform Following the 2013 Revolution -- 4.6.2 Development of the Suez Canal Hub -- 4.6.3 National Sinai Development Project -- 4.6.4 The Million and a Half Million Acres Project -- 4.6.5 National Energy Project -- 5 Conclusions and Future Direction -- References -- 3 Long-Term Control of Desertification: Is Organic Farming Superior to Conventional? Soil and Established Arid Cultivation Practices at SEKEM, Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 SEKEM Agricultural Site -- 3 Organic-Biodynamic Cultivation Practices -- 3.1 Compost, Natural Fertilizing -- 3.2 Crop Rotation and Co-cultivation -- 3.3 Manual Tillage -- 4 Soil Properties in Organic Farming -- 4.1 Organic Carbon Content, Water Storage Capacity -- 4.2 Soil Parameters Related to Tilth -- 4.3 Soil Microbiology -- 4.4 Pesticides, Fertilizers and Soil Parameters -- 5 Farming System and Risk of Erosion -- 6 Synopsis: Organic and Conventional Farming in Desertification Control -- 7 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 4 The Effect of COVID-19 on the Egyptian Education System and the Role of Digitalization. , Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Education and Sustainable Development -- 3 Resilience in Education: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 -- 4 The Impact of the Coronavirus on the Educational Systems: Some Global Experiences and Egypt -- 5 An Overview of the Egyptian Policy Responses: The Education System Perspective -- 6 Matrix of Proposed Resilience Pillars and Execution Mechanisms -- 7 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Culture and Principles of Equity and Gender Equality as a Basis of Holistic Sustainable Development at SEKEM, Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 SEKEM Founder Developing His Vision of Society and Culture -- 1.2 Initiative for Holistic Sustainable Development -- 2 REVIEW: The Four Sustainability Dimensions at SEKEM -- 2.1 Economic Dimension of Sustainability -- 2.2 Ecological Dimension of Sustainability -- 2.3 Societal Dimension of Sustainability -- 2.3.1 Equal Society, Empowerment of Women -- 2.3.2 Partnerships, Financial Structure -- 2.4 Cultural Dimension: Equity in Education and Development -- 2.4.1 Cultural Core Program -- 2.4.2 Health Care Activities -- 2.4.3 Educational Programs -- 2.4.4 Nursery and Kindergarten -- 2.4.5 SEKEM School and School for Special Needs -- 2.4.6 Adult Education Program -- 2.4.7 Vocational Training Centre (VTC) -- 2.4.8 Research -- 2.4.9 Heliopolis University for Sustainable Development (HUSD) -- 3 SYNOPSIS: SEKEM-Status of Sustainability, Vision Until 2057 -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Integrated Hydrological Modeling and Geoinformatics for Harvesting and Simulating Mountain Torrents on the Area Stretching Between Port Sudan and Ras Bennas, Red Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area and Its Problem -- 2.2 Research Approaches and Techniques -- 2.3 Integrated Methodology -- 2.3.1 Overall Resources and Data Processing. , 2.3.2 Climatic Characteristics -- 2.3.3 Topographic Characteristics -- 2.3.4 Geological Characteristics -- 2.3.5 Soil Characteristics -- 2.3.6 Land-Use Data -- 2.3.7 Hydrological Modeling -- 2.4 Rain Probability for 100 Years -- 2.5 Rainwater Loss Estimation -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Morphometric Characteristics of the Basins -- 3.1.1 Area of the Basins -- 3.1.2 Drainage Network -- 3.2 Hydrological Characteristics of the Drainage Basins -- 3.2.1 Time of Concentration -- 3.2.2 Slowdown -- 3.2.3 Volume of Shallow Drainage of the Basins -- 3.3 Harvest of the Water Torrents -- 3.3.1 Dam Position Selection -- 3.3.2 Spatial Distribution and Characteristics of Dams -- 4 Priorities for Dam Creation -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Resources of the Renewable Energy in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 General Background -- 2 Energy Sources in Egypt -- 3 Renewable Energies Resources in Egypt -- 3.1 Small Hydropower Resources -- 3.1.1 Small Hydropower Engineering and the Technical Aspects -- 3.1.2 Small Hydropower Estimation -- 3.1.3 Site Characteristics -- 3.1.4 Existing of Hydropower Generation in Egypt -- 3.2 Solar Energy Resources -- 3.2.1 Solar Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects -- 3.2.2 Solar Energy Estimation for Both -- CSP and PV -- 3.2.3 Site Characteristics -- 3.2.4 Projects of Solar Energy Generation in Egypt -- 3.3 Wind Energy Resources -- 3.3.1 Wind Energy Engineering and the Technical Aspects -- 3.3.2 Wind Power Estimation -- 3.3.3 Site Characteristics -- 3.3.4 Projects of Wind Energy Generation in Egypt -- 3.4 Bio Energy (Biomass) Resources -- 3.4.1 Biomass in Egypt -- 3.5 Geothermal Energy Resources -- 4 Geographic Information System and the Potential of Renewable Energies in Egypt -- 4.1 Potential of Small Hydropower -- 4.2 Potential of Solar Energy in Egypt -- 4.3 Potential of Wind Energy in Egypt -- References. , 9 Utilizing Renewable Energy as a Mean to Achieve SDGs -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Renewable Sources of Energy and Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) -- 3 On the Concept of Levelised Cost of Electricity LCOE -- 4 Energy Storage Is the Key to Increasing Efficiency and Lowering Value (LCOE) -- 5 The Need for Energy in the Form of Heat in the Industry -- 6 How Can Heat Helps Implantation of SDGs -- 7 Financing Issue-Toward Constructing of a Business Model -- 8 Energy Use and Its Relationship to SDG -- 9 Electricity Generation Plant as Financing Tool for SDG -- 10 Conclusions -- 11 Recommendations/Future Prespectives -- References -- 10 Economic Growth, Employment and Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy for All -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Growth -- 2.1 Promoting Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth in Egypt -- 2.2 Promoting Egyptian Economic Growth -- 2.3 Measuring Economic Growth -- 2.3.1 Income Criteria -- Gross National Income (GNI) -- Expected Gross National Income (EGNI) -- Average Income (AI) -- 2.3.2 Social Criteria for Growth and Economic Development -- Health Standards -- Educational Standards -- Nutrition Standards -- 2.3.3 The Physical Quality of Life Index -- 2.3.4 Structural Standards -- 2.4 Economic Growth as a Sustainable Development Policy -- 3 Employment as a Sustainable Development Policy -- 3.1 Full Employment -- 3.2 The Ability of Economic Systems to Achieve a State of Full Employment -- 4 Decent Work as a Sustainable Development Policy -- 4.1 Empowering People Through Decent Work and Full Employment -- 4.1.1 Decent Work in Egypt -- 4.2 Creating Opportunities for All, Reducing Inequality and Ending Discrimination -- 4.3 Enhancing Productivity and Building Productive Capacity to Achieve Sustainable Development -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References. , 11 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Egypt 2030 Strategy Vision Towards Coastal Fisheries -- 3 Review of Fishing Port Planning Studies -- 4 Proposed Guidelines for Planning of Egyptian Fishing Ports -- 4.1 Basic Planning Concepts -- 4.1.1 General Consideration -- 4.1.2 Planning Process and Elements -- 4.1.3 Site Selection and Alternative Plans -- 4.2 Fishing Ports Planning -- 4.2.1 Water Area Planning -- 4.2.2 Land Area Planning (Facilities and Services) -- 4.2.3 Environmental Aspects for the Planning of Fishing Ports -- 4.3 Port Management -- 4.3.1 Environmental Management Practices -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 12 The Impact of Human-Induced in Mining Operations on the Increased Risk of Torrents in the Wadi Allaqi Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area and Its Problem -- 2.2 Natural Characteristics of the Study Area -- 2.2.1 Identification of Study Area -- 2.2.2 Climate Characteristics -- 2.2.3 Geological Characteristics -- 2.2.4 Terrain Characteristics: -- 2.3 Hydrological Properties -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Random Mining Operation Deposits -- 3.2 Water Depth and Speed in the Stream -- 3.3 Ways to Cope with Torrential Hazards -- 4 Conclusions and Future Direction -- References -- 13 Climate Considerations in the Planning and Sustainability of Egyptian Cities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Astronomical and Geographic Location -- 2.2 Egypt's Location -- 2.3 Land Forms -- 2.3.1 Delta and Nile Valley -- 2.3.2 Western Desert -- 2.3.3 Eastern Desert -- 2.3.4 Sinai Peninsula -- 2.4 City's Functional Structure -- 2.5 Egyptian City Categories -- 2.6 Population Functions -- 2.7 Urban Planning -- 2.8 Morphology of the City -- 2.9 The Physical State of the Buildings. , 2.10 Historical and Civilizational Buildings.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Tunisia" -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Chapters' Summary -- 1.3.1 Remote Sensing and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 1.3.2 Remote Sensing and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 1.3.3 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 1.3.4 Soil Degradation and Drought -- 1.3.5 Remote Sensing and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- References -- Part IIRS and GIS for Urban and Rural Applications -- 2 Approaching the Tunisian Human Environment by Using RS and the Dasymetric Method -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Portraying the Density of Population: An Overview of the Methods in Use -- 2.3 The Dasymetric Method -- 2.4 Related Cartographic Literature -- 2.5 Advantages of the Dasymetric Method Applied to the Tunisian Territory -- 2.6 Methodology and Methods Implementation -- 2.7 Results and Discussion -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 2.9 Recommendations -- References -- 3 The Role of GIS as a Planning Tool in a Tunisian Urban Landscape, Sfax City -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 GIS and Planning of Green Spaces -- 3.3 GIS Assessement of Natural Space Planning in Sfax City -- 3.3.1 GIS Assessement of Urban Sprawl and Consumption of Agricultural Spaces in Sfax City -- 3.3.2 GIS Assessment of Green Space Consideration in the Sustainable Development Context -- 3.4 Green Spaces Issues in the Actors' Discourses -- 3.4.1 Complicated Mission of Local Authorities -- 3.4.2 An Active and Influential Civil Society -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 3.6 Recommandations -- References -- 4 Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of the Meskat System Distribution in the Tunisian Sahel Region Using TM Landsat Images -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Meskat System. , 4.3 Recognition of the Meskat System Processing in Tunisian Sahel Region: Thematic Focus and Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Exploitation of Satellite Images -- 4.3.3 Methodology -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Land Use Mapping -- 4.4.2 Spatio-Temporal Evolution of the Meskat System -- 4.4.3 Rate of Change of the Meskat System -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Spatial Distribution of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the Tunisian Arid Region Using GIS Tools -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Introducing Concepts and Terms -- 5.2.1 Definitions -- 5.2.2 Biological Invasion Process -- 5.3 Mapping Is an Effective Approach to Manage Invasive Alien Plants -- 5.4 Solanum elaeagnifolium Mapping Using GIS -- 5.4.1 Methodological Approach -- 5.5 Results and Discussion -- 5.5.1 EL Alam Land Cover Mapping in 2014-2015 -- 5.5.2 Solanum elaeagnifolium Spatial Distribution -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 PROMETHEE and Geospatial Analysis to Rank Suitable Sites for Grombalia Aquifer Recharge with Reclaimed Water -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Method -- 6.2.1 Description of the Study Area -- 6.2.2 Methodology -- 6.2.3 Calculation of Surface Needed for Aquifer Recharge -- 6.3 Results and Discussions -- 6.3.1 Spatial Datasets Used -- 6.3.2 Constraints Layer -- 6.3.3 Suitable Sites Ranking -- 6.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIRS and GIS for Mapping and Modeling -- 7 Using RS and GIS to Mapping Land Cover of the Cap Bon (Tunisia) -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of the Present Study -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Documents Used -- 7.5 The Cap Bon as an Application Field -- 7.5.1 Overview of the Study Area -- 7.5.2 Model Space for a Better Understanding -- 7.5.3 The Conceptual, Logical and Physical Data Model -- 7.6 Creation of the Geodatabase -- 7.6.1 The Structure of the Geodatabase. , 7.6.2 The Image Processing and Loading of Datasets -- 7.6.3 The Implementation of the Geodatabase -- 7.7 Multiscalar Mapping of Land Cover and Land Use -- 7.7.1 Level 1 Mapping of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Cap Bon -- 7.7.2 Mapping Level 2 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Across the Plain of Grombalia -- 7.7.3 Mapping Level 3 of the Land Cover and Land Use: Local Delegation of Soliman -- 7.8 Conclusion -- 7.9 Recommendations -- References -- 8 A GIS Based DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Methods to Assess Groundwater Vulnerability to Pollution: Case Study of Oued Laya (Central Tunisia) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Assessment of Vulnerability of Shallow Aquifer to Pollution and Methodology -- 8.2.1 Study Area -- 8.2.2 Methodology -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Thematic Maps Presentation -- 8.4 Standard DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.5 Pesticide DRASTIC Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.6 SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.7 Standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and SI Vulnerability Assessment -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Recommendations -- References -- Part IVRS and GIS for Natural Risks Applications -- 9 Mapping Environmental Risk Degradation Under Climate Stress and Anthropogenic Pressure: Case Study of Abdeladim Watershed, Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodological Framework -- 9.2.1 GIS: The Study's Relevance to Agricultural Productivity -- 9.2.2 The Steps of the Work -- 9.3 Conceptual and Methodological Framework -- 9.3.1 Sensitivity and Potential Sensitivity to Degradation: The Study's Interest in Preserving Agricultural Productivity -- 9.4 Abdeladim Watershed: A Fragile Natural Balanced Environment Undergoing Significant Anthropic Pressure -- 9.5 Trends in the Evolution of the River System/Hydrographic Network -- 9.5.1 Linear Erosion -- 9.5.2 Regressive Erosion -- 9.5.3 Lateral Erosion. , 9.6 Potential Sensitivity to Degradation -- 9.6.1 Potential Sensitivity to Agricultural Land Degradation to Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.6.2 Sensitivity of Sloping Agricultural Land to Degradation by Soil Loss -- 9.6.3 Sensitivity to Watercourse Erosion Degradation -- 9.7 Measures to Combat the  Degradation of Agricultural Lands -- 9.7.1 The Extension of Information -- 9.7.2 Control of Potential Soil Quality Degradation -- 9.7.3 Control of Potential Degradation by Loss of Soil -- 9.7.4 Control of Potential Degradation by Stormwater -- 9.8 Discussions -- 9.9 Conclusion -- 9.10 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Risk Assessment in Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study: Monastir, Tunisia -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Conceptual Risk Framework -- 10.3.2 Workflow -- 10.3.3 Data Acquisition and Development of a Geodatabase -- 10.3.4 Land Use/Land Cover Analysis Based on the Urban Atlas Standard -- 10.3.5 Hazard Analysis -- 10.3.6 Exposure Analysis -- 10.3.7 Vulnerability and Integrated Risk Assessment -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Flash Floods and Coastal Erosion in Monastir -- 10.4.2 Exposure to Flash Floods -- 10.4.3 Social Vulnerability and Flash Flood Risk -- 10.4.4 Web-Based Information System -- 10.5 Discussion and Lessons Learned -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part VSoil Degradation and Drought -- 11 Monitoring of Land Use-Land Cover Changes and Assessment of Soil Degradation Using Landsat TM and OLI Data in Zarzis Arid Region -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Land Degradation Constraints -- 11.2.3 Landsat Image Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 ISOCLUST Classification -- 11.3.2 Land Use and Land Cover Maps of 2007 -- 11.3.3 Land Use and Land Cover of 2014 -- 11.3.4 Change Analysis Using the Land Change Modeler Tool. , 11.4 Conclusions -- 11.5 Recommendations -- References -- 12 Drought Assessment in Tunisia by Time-Series Satellite Images: An Ecohydrologic Approach -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Principles of the Ecohydrology -- 12.3 Remote Sensing Integration in Ecohydrological Approaches -- 12.3.1 Overview of Remote Sensing Principles -- 12.3.2 Concepts of Remote Sensing Uses in Ecohydrology -- 12.4 Humidity Canopy Assessment at the Ecoregion Level -- 12.5 Ecohydrology Equilibrium Assessment by Remote Sensing -- 12.5.1 Water Balance Modelling with Times-Series LAI-MODIS -- 12.5.2 Water Stress Index Effect on Ecohydrologic Equilibrium -- 12.6 Data Quality of MODIS -- 12.6.1 Calibration of LAI-MODIS -- 12.6.2 Quality Assessment of MODIS Time-Series Images -- 12.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Part VIRS and GIS to Assess and Monitor Dry, Arid and Wetlands -- 13 Monitoring of Dryland Vulnerability by Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Processing: Case of Wadi Bouhamed Watershed (Southern Tunisia) -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Global Overview of Dryland Degradation -- 13.2.1 Erosion -- 13.2.2 Desertification -- 13.2.3 Factors Affecting Land Degradation -- 13.3 Modeling and Mapping Land Degradation -- 13.3.1 Image Transformations -- 13.3.2 Image Classifications -- 13.4 Study Area: The Wadi Bouhamed Watershed -- 13.4.1 Climate Context of the Studied Area -- 13.4.2 Vegetation Cover -- 13.4.3 Slope -- 13.4.4 Human Issues -- 13.4.5 Soil Conservation Management -- 13.5 Land Degradation Over the Watershed of Wadi Bouhamed -- 13.5.1 Methods and Multi-sources Data -- 13.5.2 Land Uses Changes in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Image Classification -- 13.5.3 Vegetation Cover in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by NDVI -- 13.5.4 Soils Distribution in Wadi Bouhamed Watershed as Inferred by Brightness Index -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to "Water Resources Management in Balkan Countries" -- Abstract -- 1.1 Balkan Countries: A Brief Background -- 1.1.1 Romania -- 1.1.2 Slovenia -- 1.1.3 Croatia -- 1.1.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 1.1.5 Serbia -- 1.1.6 Bulgaria -- 1.1.7 North Macedonia -- 1.1.8 Greece -- 1.1.9 Montenegro and Albania -- 1.1.9.1 Montenegro -- 1.1.9.2 Albania -- 1.2 Technical Aspects of Chapters Water Resources in Balkan Countries -- 1.2.1 Danube Delta Biosphere -- 1.2.2 Water Resources Management in Slovenia -- 1.2.3 Water Resource Management in Croatia -- 1.2.4 Water Resource Management in Bosna and Herzegovina -- 1.2.5 Water Resource Management in Serbia -- 1.2.6 Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- 1.2.7 Water Resource Management in North Macedonia -- 1.2.8 Water Resources Management in Greece -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve-Long-Term Assessment of Water Quality -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Anthropogenic Pressures in the DDBR in the Last Half-Century -- 2.3 Legislation -- 2.4 Physical-Chemical Assessment-Trends and Evolution -- 2.5 Biological Assessment-Trends and Evolution -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 2.7 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resources Management in Slovenia -- 3 Water Resources in Slovenia -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Surface Water -- 3.3 Groundwater -- 3.4 The Adriatic Sea -- 3.5 Hydrological Natural Hazards -- 3.6 Water Management -- 3.7 Further Insights and Some Views on the Future -- 3.8 Conclusion -- 3.9 Recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Induced Riverbank Filtration (IRBF) for Managed Artificial Groundwater Recharge (MAR) in Slovenia -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Vrbanski Plato-Deep Aquifer -- 4.2.1 General Information of the Vrbanski Plato Aquifer. , 4.2.2 Active Protection System (MAR) with Induced Riverbank Filtration -- 4.2.3 Implementation of a Groundwater Flow and Transport Model -- 4.2.4 Results of the Water Management Scenarios -- 4.3 Apače Field-Shallow Aquifer -- 4.3.1 General Information of the Apače Field Aquifer -- 4.3.2 Public Water Supply System for Pomurje-Sistem C -- 4.3.3 Pumping Station Segovci -- 4.3.4 Pumping Station Podgrad -- 4.3.5 Implementation of Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.3.6 Results of the Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 4.5 Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resource Management in Croatia -- 5 Groundwater Resources in Croatia -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Hydrogeologic Characteristics -- 5.3 Renewable Groundwater Reserves -- 5.4 Groundwater Withdrawal -- 5.5 A Strategic View on Groundwater Reserves -- 5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Water Quality Status of Croatian Surface Water Resources -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Water Quality Status of Croatian Rivers -- 6.1.2 Water Quality Status of Croatian Lakes -- 6.1.3 Water Quality Pressures -- 6.1.3.1 Point Pollution -- 6.1.3.2 Diffuse Pollution -- 6.2 Water Quality Status of Water Bodies in the Danube River Basin -- 6.2.1 Small and Medium Rivers -- 6.2.2 Large Rivers -- 6.2.3 Lakes and Reservoirs -- 6.3 Water Quality Status of Water Bodies in the Adriatic Sea Basin -- 6.3.1 Small and Medium Rivers -- 6.3.2 Large Rivers -- 6.3.3 Lakes and Reservoirs -- 6.4 Conclusion -- 6.5 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Surface Water Resources and Their Management in Croatia -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Water Balance Components -- 7.3 Rivers -- 7.4 Lakes -- 7.5 Water Resources Utilization -- 7.5.1 Communal Water Supply -- 7.5.2 Agriculture -- 7.5.3 Hydropower -- 7.5.4 Inland Waterways -- 7.6 Water Resources Management System. , 7.7 Flood Protection in Croatia -- 7.8 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8 Water Resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- Abstract -- 8.1 Historical Overview of Water Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.2 Natural Features of B& -- H -- 8.3 Climate Characteristics of BiH -- 8.3.1 Air Temperature -- 8.3.2 Precipitation -- 8.4 Basic Characteristics of Waters of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.4.1 Introductory Considerations -- 8.4.2 Hydrographic Characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.4.3 Water Use -- 8.4.4 Water Quality Protection -- 8.5 Water Management in Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 8.5.1 The Legal Framework for Water Management in BH -- 8.5.2 Legislation and Water Sector Policies -- 8.5.3 Basic Characteristics of Water Management and Goals -- 8.5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in Serbia -- 9 Water Resources of Serbia and Its Utilization -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Legislation, Regulatory and Institutional Framework -- 9.2 Key Facts About Water Resources -- 9.2.1 Natural Conditions -- 9.2.1.1 Climate Characteristics -- 9.2.1.2 Other Characteristics -- 9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Water Resources -- 9.2.2.1 Surface Water Resources -- 9.2.2.2 Groundwater Resources -- 9.2.2.3 Annual Pattern of Runoff -- 9.2.2.4 The Main Elements of Water Balance -- 9.3 Water Resources Utilization -- 9.3.1 Water Supply and Demand -- 9.3.1.1 Sources of Water Supply -- 9.3.1.2 Residential Water Supply -- 9.3.1.3 Industrial Water Supply -- 9.3.2 Agricultural Irrigation -- 9.3.3 River Navigation -- 9.3.4 Hydropower -- 9.3.5 Fishing and Aquaculture -- 9.3.6 Tourism and Recreation -- 9.3.6.1 Spa Tourism in Serbia -- 9.4 Assessment of Water Resources Quality -- 9.4.1 Pollution of Surface Waters -- 9.4.2 Groundwater Pollution. , 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Microbial Quality of Irrigation Water in Serbia: Risks to Food Safety -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Current Irrigation Practice in Serbia -- 10.2.1 Available Water Resources -- 10.2.2 Regulations -- 10.3 Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality from Different Water Sources -- 10.3.1 Methods for Microbiological Analysis -- 10.3.2 Microbiological Indicators in Water for Irrigation -- 10.4 Microbiological Quality of Irrigation Water and Bacterial Colonization of Plants -- 10.4.1 Colonization of Plants by E. Coli PBA28 (Gfp) -- 10.4.2 Colonization of Plants by Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhimurium (LT2, S1, ATCC14028) -- 10.4.3 Colonization of Plants by Listeria Monocytogenes (EGD-E, SV4B) -- 10.5 Summary -- 10.6 Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Precipitation and Drought Analysis in Serbia for the Period 1946-2017 -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Analysed Study Area and Its Characteristics -- 11.3 Rainfall Variability Index -- 11.4 Drought Analysis -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- 12 Water Resource Management in Bulgaria -- Abstract -- 12.1 Essence and Importance of Water -- 12.2 Water Formation Factors -- 12.2.1 Climate Factors -- 12.2.2 Spreading Surface Factors -- 12.3 Rivers -- 12.4 Lakes -- 12.5 Groundwater in Bulgaria -- 12.6 Economic Assessment-Use and Protection -- 12.6.1 Use of Water -- 12.6.2 Water Protection -- 12.7 Water Management in Bulgaria -- 12.7.1 Legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria on Water Resources -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 River Systems Under the Anthropogenic and Climate Change Impacts: Bulgarian Case -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Bulgarian River Systems Specification -- 13.3 Legislation and Management Issues. , 13.4 Bulgarian River Systems Regime -- 13.5 Extreme and Risk Events -- 13.5.1 Flood Events -- 13.5.2 Droughts -- 13.6 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resource Management in North Macedonia -- 14 Water Resources Management in Republic of North Macedonia -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction and Water Resources in the Country -- 14.2 Water Management Structure -- 14.3 Accumulated Water -- 14.4 Basic Characteristics and Classification of Artificial Lakes in the Republic of North Macedonia -- 14.4.1 Artificially Built Accumulations -- 14.4.2 Artificially Created Accumulations -- 14.5 Classification of the Artificial Accumulations by Their Usage -- 14.5.1 Hydropower -- 14.5.2 Water Supply -- 14.5.3 Irrigation -- 14.5.4 Supplying Industrial Facilities with Water -- 14.5.5 Watering Trough -- 14.5.6 Recreation Fishing and Fish Farming -- 14.5.7 Recreation -- 14.5.8 Retention -- 14.5.9 Lakes for Depositing Mining Waste (Tailings) -- 14.6 Classification of the Artificial Accumulation by Their Volume -- 14.6.1 Big Accumulation -- 14.6.2 Small Accumulations -- 14.6.3 Micro Accumulations -- 14.7 Institutional Responsibility for the Waters in the Republic of North Macedonia -- 14.8 Water Supply and Water Resources Demand -- 14.9 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources -- 14.10 Agricultural Irrigation -- 14.11 Summary and Conclusions -- 14.12 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Main Rivers in the Republic of North Macedonia -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Data and Methods -- 15.3 Study Area -- 15.4 Water Use and Wastewater -- 15.4.1 Drinking Water Supply -- 15.4.2 Industry and Mining -- 15.4.3 Agriculture -- 15.4.4 Reservoirs -- 15.4.5 Wastewater -- 15.4.5.1 Wastewater from Households -- 15.4.5.2 Wastewater from Industry and Mining -- 15.4.5.3 Impact from Agriculture. , 15.5 Water Quality and Pollution Status of the Rivers.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part IIntroducing the Book -- 1 Introduction to the "Management of Water Resources in Poland" -- 1.1 Poland: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Main Themes of the Book -- 1.3 Water Resources in Poland -- 1.4 Change of Flow in Polish Rivers -- 1.5 Economic Importance of Water Resources -- References -- 2 Water Resources and Management of Poland in SCOPUS Database -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Rivers in Poland -- 2.3 Lakes in Poland -- 2.4 Dams in Poland -- 2.5 Reservoirs in Poland -- 2.6 Water Management in Poland -- 2.7 Poland's Water Statistics from SCOPUS Resource Library -- 2.8 Recommendations -- 2.9 Conclusions -- References -- Part IIWater Resources in Poland -- 3 Administration of Water Resources Management: Key Facts About Water Resources in Poland -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 History of Water Management in Poland Until 2001 -- 3.3 Water Management in Years 2001-2017 -- 3.3.1 Water Management Organization Structure -- 3.3.2 Assessment of the State of Water Management in Poland -- 3.4 Water Management After 2018 -- 3.5 Discussion -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Recommendations -- References -- 4 Water Resources in Poland and Their Use -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Water Resources in Selected European Countries -- 4.3 Water Resources of Poland -- 4.4 Water Resources Balance and Use -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendation -- References -- 5 Water Resources of Stagnant Waters -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Lakes -- 5.3 Water Resources of Tarns -- 5.4 Water Resources of Dam Reservoirs -- 5.5 Changes in the Surface Area of Lakes and Their Water Resources -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Natural and Anthropogenic Lakes of River Valleys -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Definition of Floodplain Lakes -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.4 Typology of Floodplain Lakes -- 6.4.1 Natural Lakes. , 6.4.2 Anthropogenic Lakes -- 6.5 Studies and Bathymetric Plans of Selected Floodplain Lakes in Poland -- 6.6 Changes in Water Relations of Floodplain Lakes -- 6.7 Summary -- 6.8 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Studies on, the Use and Protection of Springs in Poland -- 7.1 The Spring Phenomenon -- 7.2 Studies on Springs in Poland -- 7.3 The Importance of Springs -- 7.4 How to Save Springs -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 7.6 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Groundwater Resources of Poland -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Topography of the Land -- 8.2.1 Outline of Hydrogeological Conditions in Poland -- 8.2.2 Thermal and Therapeutic (Healing) Groundwater in Poland -- 8.3 Groundwater Resources -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 8.5 Recommendations -- References -- Part IIIChange of Flow in Polish Rivers -- 9 Flow Regime Patterns and Their Changes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Types of Regime -- 9.3 Changes of Flow Regime Patterns -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Flow Seasonality in Two Big Polish Rivers - The Vistula and the Oder -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Physiogeographic Features of the Studied Rivers -- 10.3 Physical and Geographical Conditions of Flow Seasonality in Polish Rivers -- 10.4 Materials and Methods -- 10.5 Changes in Flow Seasonality Along Both Rivers -- 10.6 Multiannual Fluctuations in Flow Seasonality -- 10.7 Conclusions -- 10.8 Recommendation -- References -- 11 Low-Flows in Polish Rivers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods and Data -- 11.3 Minimum Flows -- 11.4 Duration and Dynamics of Low-Flow Episodes -- 11.5 Low-Flow Extremes -- 11.6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 12 Dynamics, Range, and Severity of Hydrological Drought in Poland -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology and Data -- 12.3 Spatial Distribution of Hydrological Drought Estimators -- 12.4 Multiannual Variations -- 12.5 Seasonal Variations. , 12.5.1 Monthly Variability -- 12.5.2 Degree of Seasonality and Concentration Date of Hydrological Drought -- 12.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 12.7 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Flood Marks in Poland and Their Significance in Water Management and Flood Safety Education -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Current Stage of Research of High Watermarks in Poland -- 13.3 Characteristics of Flood Marks in Poland -- 13.4 Hydrological, Historical and Educational Significance of Flood Marks -- 13.5 Factors Threatening the Preservation of Flood Marks -- 13.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 13.7 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Flood Potential of Polish Rivers -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.3 Flood Potential -- 14.4 Conclusion -- 14.5 Recommendations -- References -- 15 Flood Risk Management System in Poland -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 European Climate Change Projections and Flood Risk -- 15.3 Diagnosis of the Flood Situation in Europe and Poland -- 15.4 Flood Risk Management in Poland -- 15.4.1 Criteria for Flood Risk Identification -- 15.4.2 Stages of Flood Risk Management -- 15.4.3 Primary Goals of Flood Risk Management -- 15.5 Flood Risk Management Strategies -- 15.6 Conclusions -- 15.7 Recommendation -- References -- 16 Water Management in the Pomeranian Rivers Estuary Zone on the Background of Hydro-meteorological Conditions -- 16.1 Characteristic of the Pomeranian Catchments -- 16.2 Atmospheric Inflow -- 16.3 Surface Inflow -- 16.4 Factors of Water Level Variation -- 16.5 Pollution Supply -- 16.6 Flood Risk and Prevention -- 16.7 Conclusion -- 16.8 Recommendation -- References -- Part IVEconomic Importance of Water Resources -- 17 Exploitation of Rivers in Poland for Electricity Production - Current Condition and Perspectives for Development -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Energy Potential of Rivers. , 17.3 Historical Aspects of the Construction of Hydropower Plants in Poland -- 17.4 Types of Hydroelectric Plants -- 17.5 Location of the Largest Hydropower Plants in Poland (Above 10 MW) -- 17.6 Small Hydropower Plants in Poland -- 17.7 Power Capacity and Electricity Production in Hydropower Plants in Poland Against the Background of Renewable Energy Sources in 2002-2016 -- 17.8 The Amount of Electricity Generated in Total on the Background of Renewable Energy Sources -- 17.9 Plans for the Development of Hydropower -- 17.10 Conclusions -- 17.11 Recommendations -- References -- 18 Waterways in Poland - The History, Present State and Future -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Mythologized Past - Outline of Waterways Usage History in Poland -- 18.3 Problematic Present - Current State of Waterways in Poland and Their Usage -- 18.4 Navigation Traffic on Inland Waterways in Poland -- 18.4.1 Influence of Water Levels on Navigation Traffic Intensity -- 18.4.2 Passenger Navigation and Touristic Utilization of Waterways -- 18.5 Uncertain Future - Perspectives for Waterways Usage in Poland -- 18.6 Summary and Conclusions -- 18.7 Recommendations -- References -- 19 The Effects of Plant Irrigation in Poland -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Effects of Irrigation on Crop Production -- 19.2.1 Atmospheric Precipitation as the Factor Creating Yield -- 19.2.2 Soil Conditions Influencing Production Effects -- 19.2.3 Irrigation Effectiveness in Crop Groups and Species -- 19.3 Prospects for Irrigation Development in Poland -- 19.4 Conclusions -- 19.5 Recommendations -- References -- 20 Power Plant Open Cooling System in the Context of the Objectives of the Water Framework Directive -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Legal Framework -- 20.2.1 River Basin Management Plans -- 20.2.2 Derogations -- 20.2.3 River Basin Management Plan for the Vistula River Basin District. , 20.3 Power Plant Open Cooling System -- 20.3.1 Case Study -- 20.3.2 Assessment of Water Status and Achievement of Environmental Objectives -- 20.3.3 Analysis of Possible Derogations -- 20.3.4 Thermal Conditions of the Water Sourced from the Intake and Discharged -- 20.3.5 Assessment of the Economic, Energy and Environmental Aspects of Current and Alternative Solutions -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part VConclusions -- 21 Updates, Conclusions, and Recommendations for "Management of Water Resources in Poland" -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Update -- 21.3 Conclusions -- 21.4 Recommendations -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to "Environmental Remote Sensing and GIS in Iraq" -- 1.1 Iraq: A Brief Background -- 1.2 Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 1.3 Proximal Soil Sensing -- 1.4 RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 1.5 Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 1.6 Remote Sensing and GIS for Natural Resources -- References -- Soil Characterization, Modelling, and Mapping -- 2 Using Radar and Optical Data for Soil Salinity Modeling and Mapping in Central Iraq -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods and Materials -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Data -- 2.2.3 Approaches and Procedures -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Correlation -- 2.3.2 Soil Salinity Models and Maps -- 2.3.3 Assessment of the Developed Approaches -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 2.5 Recommendations -- References -- 3 Using Remote Sensing to Predict Soil Properties in Iraq -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Case Studies -- 3.2.1 Prediction of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Forms -- 3.2.2 Prediction of Soil Salinity -- 3.2.3 Physical Properties -- 3.2.4 Prediction of Some Soil Water Properties -- 3.3 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Characterization and Classification of Soil Map Units by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf, Iraq -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology of the Study Area -- 4.2.1 Geomorphological and Hydrological Phenomena of the Study Area -- 4.2.2 Classification of Iraqi Alluvial Soils -- 4.2.3 Remote Sensing -- 4.2.4 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Image Classification -- 4.2.5 Applications of RS in the Field of Iraqi Environment and Soils -- 4.2.6 Soil Surveying and Classification Studies of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 The Geographical Location of Bahar Al-Najaf Region -- 4.3.2 FieldWork -- 4.3.3 Office Work -- 4.3.4 Accuracy Assessment for Digitalmap Classification. , 4.3.5 Preparation of GIS Database -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Classification and Distribution of Soil Units in the Study Area -- 4.4.2 Digital Image Classification Using Remote Sensing Techniques -- 4.4.3 Accuracy Assessment of Digital Classification -- 4.5 Conclusions -- 4.6 Recommendations -- References -- Proximal Soil Sensing -- 5 Proximal Soil Sensing for Soil Monitoring -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Proximal Soil Sensing (PSS) -- 5.1.2 Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.1.3 Acquiring Reflectance Information from Soil -- 5.2 Background of Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Properties Monitoring -- 5.2.2 Soil Spectroscopy for Soil Contamination Monitoring -- 5.3 Spectroscopic Preprocessing and Calibration -- 5.3.1 Preprocessing -- 5.3.2 Calibration -- 5.4 Accuracy and Uncertainty in Soil Spectroscopy -- 5.5 Soil Spectroscopy for Iron Oxide Prediction: A Case Study in Sulaimani, the Iraqi Kurdistan Region -- 5.5.1 Materials and Methods -- 5.5.2 Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 5.7 Recommendations and Future Aspects -- References -- 6 Proximal Soil Sensing Applications in Soil Fertility -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background: Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Historical Review -- 6.2.1 The Potential of Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Its Applications to Soil Analysis -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Study Site Description and Soil Sampling -- 6.3.2 Soil Spectra Measurements -- 6.3.3 Data Analysis: Calibration -- 6.3.4 Evaluation of the Prediction Power -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Vis-NIR Spectra of Soils -- 6.4.2 Nutrients Prediction by PLS Analysis -- 6.4.3 Nutrients Prediction by GIS-Kriging -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 6.6 Recommendations -- References -- RS and GIS for Land Cover/Land Use Change Monitoring -- 7 Multi-temporal Satellite Data for Land Use/Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Zakho, Kurdistan Region-Iraq -- 7.1 Introduction. , 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.2.2 Data and Pre-processing -- 7.2.3 LULC Classification -- 7.2.4 LULC Mapping: Post Classification Change Detection -- 7.2.5 Accuracy and Area Assessment -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 LULC Analysis -- 7.3.2 LULC Patterns Change in the Study Area Between 1989 and 2017 -- 7.3.3 LULC Conversions for the Last 28 Years (1989-2017) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Recommendations -- References -- 8 Monitoring of the Land Cover Changes in Iraq -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Changes in the World -- 8.3 Rainfall and Temperature -- 8.4 eMODIS NDVI V6 -- 8.5 Land Cover -- 8.6 Vegetation Distribution in Iraq -- 8.7 Vegetation Change Detection in Iraq -- 8.8 Relationship Between Vegetation Distribution, Precipitation and Elevation -- 8.9 Conclusion -- 8.10 Recommendation -- References -- 9 Effects of Land Cover Change on Surface Runoff Using GIS and Remote Sensing: A Case Study Duhok Sub-basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Cover and Land Use -- 9.1.2 Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 9.2 Methodology and Data -- 9.2.1 Study Area -- 9.2.2 Climate Conditions -- 9.2.3 Satellite and Rainfall Data -- 9.2.4 Images Classification -- 9.2.5 SCS-CN Model and the Proposed Method -- 9.2.6 Estimate Runoff Depth -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Changes in Land Cover -- 9.3.2 Rainfall Variable in Time -- 9.3.3 Changes in Potential Runoff -- 9.4 Conclusions -- 9.5 Recommendations -- References -- Land Degradation, Drought, and Dust Storms -- 10 Monitoring and Mapping of Land Threats in Iraq Using Remote Sensing -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Soil Salinity -- 10.2.1 Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.2 Dynamic Salinity Changes -- 10.2.3 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping Soil Salinity -- 10.2.4 Salinity Changes in Mesopotamia. , 10.2.5 Effect of Soil Salinity on Vegetation Changes in Mesopotamia Plain -- 10.3 Land Cover/Land Use -- 10.3.1 Land Cover/Land Use Dynamic Changes -- 10.3.2 Methodology for Monitoring and Mapping LULC Changes in Iraq -- 10.4 Sand Dunes -- 10.4.1 Dynamic Changes for Sand Dunes Areas During 2006-2016 -- 10.5 Monitoring the Expansion of Urban Land -- 10.5.1 Impacts of Urbanization -- 10.5.2 Causes of Urbanization -- 10.6 Conclusions -- 10.7 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Agricultural Drought Monitoring Over Iraq Utilizing MODIS Products -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Selection of the Study Area -- 11.2.2 Data Collection and Processing -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq: A New Insight -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Type of Aeolian Sand Dunes and Their Distribution in the World -- 12.3 Climate and Aeolian Sand Dunes in Iraq -- 12.4 Landsat, Sentinel-SAR Data -- 12.5 Aeolian Sand Dunes Distribution in Iraq -- 12.6 Aeolian Sand Dunes Monitoring in Iraq -- 12.7 Sand Dunes Movement in the Center of Mesopotamia -- 12.7.1 Preparing SAR Data for DInSAR -- 12.7.2 Results and Discussion of DInSAR -- 12.8 Conclusion -- 12.9 Recommendations -- References -- 13 Drought Monitoring for Northern Part of Iraq Using Temporal NDVI and Rainfall Indices -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Background -- 13.2.1 Drought as a Concept and Definition -- 13.2.2 Impact of Drought on Soil Properties -- 13.2.3 Drought Monitoring -- 13.2.4 Remote Sensing and GIS: Their Relation to Drought Issues -- 13.2.5 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) -- 13.2.6 Drought Mitigation: Options and Implementation -- 13.3 Materials and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 13.3.3 Pre-processing of Satellite Images -- 13.3.4 NDVI Calculations. , 13.3.5 Software Used -- 13.4 Result and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Drought Classification Based on Meteorological Data -- 13.4.2 Drought Classification Based on Remote Sensing Data -- 13.4.3 NDVI-Rainfall Relationship -- 13.4.4 Agricultural Drought Risk Based on NDVI Anomaly -- 13.5 Conclusions -- 13.6 Recommendations -- References -- 14 Remote Sensing and GIS for Dust Storm Studies in Iraq -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Remote Sensing for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.2.1 Dust Sources Identification -- 14.2.2 Dust Detection Using Satellite Imagery -- 14.2.3 Atmospheric Patterns of Dust Storms -- 14.2.4 Climate Regimes of Dust Storms -- 14.2.5 Dust Storm Tracking Model -- 14.2.6 Dust Emission (Soil Erosion) Assessment using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.7 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping Using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.8 Morphological Unite Maps -- 14.2.9 Drought and Dust Storms Studies using Remote Sensing -- 14.2.10 Remote Sensing Change Detection -- 14.3 GIS for Dust Storm Studies -- 14.3.1 Dust Sources Modeling with GIS -- 14.3.2 Knowledge-Based Approaches -- 14.3.3 GIS for Modeling the Effect of Dust Storms on Health -- 14.4 Summary -- References -- 15 Drought Monitoring Using Spectral and Meteorological Based Indices Combination: A Case Study in Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Materials and Methods -- 15.3.1 Soil Samples Preparations -- 15.3.2 Remotely Sensed Datasets -- 15.3.3 Preprocessing of the Landsat Images -- 15.3.4 Drought Indices -- 15.3.5 SPI -- 15.3.6 Remote Sensing Based Drought Indices -- 15.3.7 NDVI -- 15.3.8 LST -- 15.3.9 NDWI -- 15.4 Results and Discussions -- 15.4.1 NDVI -- 15.4.2 NDWI -- 15.4.3 LST -- 15.4.4 SPI -- 15.4.5 The Combined NDVI-SPI Drought Maps -- 15.4.6 The Statistical Analysis -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- RS and GIS for Natural Resources. , 16 Geo-Morphometric Analysis and Flood Simulation of the Tigris River Due to a Predicted Failure of the Mosul Dam, Mosul, Iraq.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Introduction to "Flash Floods in Egypt" -- Abstract -- 1 Background -- 2 Themes of the Book -- 3 Chapters' Summary -- 3.1 Analysis and Design Aspects -- 3.2 Recent Technologies for Investigating Flash Flood -- 3.3 Environmental Approaches in Flash Flood -- 3.4 Hazards, Risk, Harvesting, and Utilization of Flash Floods in Sinai and Egypt -- 3.5 Prediction, Mitigation, and Management of Flash Flood -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Analysis and Design Aspects -- 2 Statistical Behavior of Rainfall in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Statistical Analysis -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Data -- 3.3 GEV Distribution -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Analysis of Monthly Rainfall Data -- 4.2 Analysis of Annual Rainfall Data -- 4.3 Analysis of the Monthly Number of Rainy Days Data -- 4.4 Analysis of the Annual Number of Rainy Days Data -- 4.5 Analysis of Monthly Maximum Daily Rainfall Data -- 4.6 Analysis of Annual Maximum Daily Rainfall Data -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Critical Analysis and Design Aspects of Flash Flood in Arid Regions: Cases from Egypt and Oman -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sultanate of Oman Cyclones -- 3 Gonu Cyclone -- 3.1 Gonu's Data Availability -- 3.2 Rainfall Analysis -- 3.2.1 Daily Rainfall -- 3.2.2 Daily Rainfall -- 3.2.3 Rainfall Frequency Analysis -- 3.3 Runoff Volume Analysis -- 3.4 Peak Flow Analysis -- 3.5 Conclusions from Gonu -- 3.6 Oman Highway Design Standards -- 4 Egypt Case -- 4.1 Wadi El Arish -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Recent Technologies for Investigating Flash Flood -- 4 Developing an Early Warning System for Flash Flood in Egypt: Case Study Sinai Peninsula -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Flash Flood Main Events at Egypt -- 3 Case Study: Sinai Peninsula. , 4 Data and Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Synoptic Situation -- 5.2 Statistical Analysis -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- 5 Flash Flood Investigations in El Gouna, Northern Red Sea Governorate -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrology and Morphology -- 2.1 Location -- 2.2 Climate Conditions -- 2.3 Morphology -- 3 Geological Model -- 3.1 Geological Evolution and Lithostratigraphic Units -- 3.2 Hydrostratigraphic Units -- 3.3 Lithological 3D Model -- 4 Flash Flood Model -- 4.1 Hydroinformatics Modeling System (HMS) -- 4.1.1 Governing Equations -- 4.1.2 Infiltration -- 4.1.3 Numerics -- 4.2 Model SetUp-Computational Domain, Initial and Boundary Conditions -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Reference Case -- 4.3.2 Case 1: Infiltration -- 4.3.3 Case 2: Retention Basins -- 5 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Environmental Approaches in Flash Flood -- 6 Environmental Flash Flood Management in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Egypt National Environmental Action Plan -- 2.1 Natural Environmental Hazards (Earthquakes-Flash Floods-Dust and Sand Storm) -- 2.1.1 Earthquakes -- 2.1.2 Flash Floods -- 2.1.3 Dust and Sand Storms -- 3 Environmental and Disaster Risk Reduction in Egypt and the Arab Countries -- 3.1 Tools for Implementing Disaster Risk Reduction in Environmental Hazards Zones -- 4 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): Flood Risk Management Strategies -- 4.1 SEA Objectives and Assessment Method -- 4.2 Environmental Assessment of the Flood Risk Management Strategies -- 4.2.1 Environmental Assessment -- 4.3 Mitigation and Monitoring -- 4.3.1 Monitoring -- 5 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Assessment and Management in Egypt and Arab Countries -- 5.1 Development Strategies and Crisis/Disaster Risk Reduction -- 5.1.1 Risks of Crises, Disasters, and Planning for Sustainable Development. , 5.2 The Egyptian Legislation and Laws Concerned with Crisis and Disaster Management -- 5.2.1 First: The Current National Legislation Concerned with Crisis and Disaster Management -- 5.2.2 Second: The Current National Legislation that Contributes to Risk Reduction of Crises and Disasters -- 5.2.3 Third: Evaluating the Current Legislative Situation -- 5.2.4 Action plan -- 6 Egypt's National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction -- 6.1 National Strategy Goals -- 6.2 Climate Change Projections of Sea Level and Impacts on Coastal Zones and Northern Lakes -- 7 Floods: Climate Change and Adaptation for Human Health -- 7.1 Retrospective Perspectives on Health Risks Associated with Flooding -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- 7 Flash Flood Management and Harvesting Via Groundwater Recharging in Wadi Systems: An Integrative Approach of Remote Sensing and Direct Current Resistivity Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 GIS and Remote Sensing -- 2.1.1 A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 2.1.2 Flow Direction Determination -- 2.1.3 Calculating Flow Accumulation and Delineating Watersheds -- 2.1.4 Extracting Stream Networks, Orders, and Automatic Vectorization -- 2.2 DC Resistivity Method -- 3 Case Studies -- 3.1 Mahasen Basin, Eastern Desert, Egypt -- 3.2 Wadi Esna, Western Desert, Egypt -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 8 Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation of Flash Floods Using Remote-Sensing and GIS Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Watershed and Drainage Network Delineation Using a Geographic Information System -- 2.1.1 Digital Elevation Model -- 2.1.2 The Main Morphometric Parameters of the Watershed and Drainage Networks -- 2.1.3 Sub-watersheds -- 2.2 Estimation of Surface Runoff -- 3 Study Areas -- 3.1 Wadi Firan -- 3.2 Wadi Hashim. , 3.2.1 Land Use -- 3.2.2 Soil Texture -- 3.2.3 Soil Infiltration Rate -- 3.2.4 Hydrological Soil Groups -- 3.3 The Depth and Volume of Runoff -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sustainable Development of Mega Drainage Basins of the Eastern Desert of Egypt -- Halaib-Shalatin as a Case Study Area -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Aim and Scope of the Present Work -- 1.2 Location -- 1.3 Climatic Conditions -- 1.3.1 Temperature -- 1.3.2 Humidity -- 1.3.3 Rainfall -- 1.3.4 Wind Velocities -- 1.4 Topographic Features -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Satellite Image Collection, Preparation, and Processing -- 2.2 Construction of Base Map -- 2.3 Construction of Geologic and Geomorphologic Maps -- 2.4 Construction of Drainage Net Map -- 2.5 Runoff Calculations and Watershed Modeling -- 3 Geomorphological Setting, Geological Setting, and Soil Characteristics -- 3.1 Geomorphologic Features -- 3.1.1 Geomorphological Units -- Denudational Landforms -- Accumulated Landforms -- Coastal Plain -- 3.2 Geological Setting -- 3.2.1 Description of Rock Units -- Precambrian Basement Rocks -- Cretaceous Sedimentary Rocks (Nubia Sandstone) -- Miocene Carbonates Rocks -- The Quaternary Sediments -- 3.2.2 Tectonics -- Faults -- Fractures -- Dykes -- 3.3 Soil Characteristics -- 3.3.1 Soil Types in Halaib-Shalatin Area -- 3.3.2 Soil Classification of Halaib-Shalatin Area -- 3.3.3 Land Evaluation -- 4 Results of Watershed Modeling and Discussions -- 4.1 Generalities -- 4.2 Criteria of Runoff Water Harvesting (RWH) Potentiality Determination in Halaib-Shalatin Area -- 4.3 Weighted Spatial Probability Models (WSPMs) for RWH in Halaib-Shalatin Area -- 4.3.1 WSPM's Scenario I (Equal Weighting of Criteria) for Halaib-Shalatin Area -- 4.3.2 WSPM's Scenario II (Weights Assigned by the Authors' Experience and/or Judgment) in Halaib-Shalatin Area. , 4.3.3 WSPM's Scenario III (Justified Weights by the Sensitivity Analysis) in Halaib-Shalatin area -- 4.4 Proposals of Surface Storage Projects -- 4.4.1 Proposed R.W.H Construction in Halaib-Shalatin Watersheds -- 5 Land Use Master Plan -- 5.1 Generalities -- 5.2 Master Plan Objectives -- 5.3 The Infrastructure System is Simple and Not Yet Efficient -- 5.4 Land Suitability Analysis -- 5.4.1 The Physical Environment -- 5.4.2 Analysis of Exploitable Natural-Heritage Resources for Economic Activities -- 5.4.3 Analysis of Infrastructures and Network -- 5.5 Land Suitability Map -- 5.6 Land Use Master Plan -- 5.6.1 The Strategy for Upgrading Land Use Master Plan -- 5.6.2 Developing the Master Plan -- Reasons Behind the Construction of LMP -- Land Use Units -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowlegment -- References -- 10 Torrents Risk in Aswan Governorate, Egypt -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 When Does Change Occur? the Crisis Is in Minds, not in Torrents -- 4 Identification of the Risk and Vulnerable Areas of Torrents -- 5 Causes and Consequences of Torrents in Aswan -- 6 Benefit from the Flood Water -- 7 Recommendations to Address the Risks of Flooding in Aswan -- References -- Hazards, Risk, Harvesting and Utilization of Flash Floods -- 11 Egypt's Sinai Desert Cries: Flash Flood Hazard, Vulnerability, and Mitigation -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of Sinai Peninsula -- 2.1 Topography of Sinai -- 2.2 Geological Setting -- 2.3 Soils of Sinai -- 3 Flash Flood Hazard Mapping -- 3.1 History of the Flash Flood in the Area Concerned -- 3.2 Climatic Conditions -- 3.3 Hydrogeological Setting -- 4 Identifying Susceptible Areas Prone to Flash Floods -- 4.1 Vulnerability Analysis and Risk Assessment -- 4.2 Hydrographic Pattern of Sinai -- 4.2.1 The Mediterranean Drainage System -- 4.2.2 The Gulf of Aqaba-Dead Sea System. , 4.2.3 The Gulf of Suez System.

Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Nile River Biography and its Journey from Origin to End -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Key Facts of the Nile -- 2.1 Key Problems -- 3 Geography and Voyage of the Nile River and Its Basins -- 3.1 The Course of the Nile -- 3.2 Catchment Areas, Dams, and Lakes -- 3.3 The Sudd Swamp and Jonglei Canal -- 4 Climate and Rain -- 4.1 Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall Distribution [1, 2] -- 4.3 Evapotranspiration -- 4.3.1 Water Loss from the Earth´s Surface -- 4.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Evapotranspiration Trends -- 4.3.3 A Diverse and Highly Variable Climate -- 5 Lakes of the Nile Basin -- 5.1 Great Equatorial Lakes Nile [20-22] -- 5.1.1 Lake Victoria [14] -- 5.1.2 Lake Kyoga -- 5.1.3 Lake Albert and Semliki River -- 5.1.4 Lake George -- 5.1.5 Lake Edward -- 5.2 Eastern Nile Subbasin Lakes -- 5.2.1 Lake Tana -- Wetlands -- The Sudd and Machar Swamp in South Sudan -- Mara Wetland -- The Ethiopian Wetlands -- Wetlands in Rwanda -- Dams of Different Kinds, Financed in Different Ways -- The Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt -- Tekeze Dam and Renaissance Reservoir in Ethiopia -- The Sinnar, Jebel Aulia, and Khashm El-Girba Dams in Sudan -- Roseires and Merowe Reservoirs in Sudan -- Owen Falls Dam in Uganda -- References -- Part I: The Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- Estimating the Life Time Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir Using Numerical Simulation of Nubia Lake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 3 Simulation Model (CCHE2D) -- 4 Boundary and Initial Conditions -- 5 Model Calibration -- 6 Model Verification -- 7 Predication of Life Time Span of AHDR -- 7.1 Using the Traditional Method -- 7.2 Using the CCHE2D Simulation Model -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. , Appendix: Initial and Boundary Conditions Data of Section 4 -- References -- A Satellite Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate the Lifetime Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 The First Part (Lake Nasser) -- 2.2 The Second Part (Lake Nubia) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.3 Remote Sensing Data -- 3.4 Water Levels Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 4.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 4.3 Studying the Dead Zone Capacity -- 4.4 Studying the Live Zone Capacity -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for Lake Nasser -- 5.1.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 5.2 Results for Lake Nubia -- 5.2.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for Lake Nasser -- 6.1.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Traditional Method -- 6.1.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2 Discussions for Lake Nubia -- 6.2.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The RS/GIS Approach -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.3 Lifetime Span of AHDL -- 6.3.1 The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- 6.3.2 The Traditional Method -- 6.4 Comparisons -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Estimating the Sediment and Water Capacity in the Aswan High Dam Lake Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 2.1 The Study Area -- 2.2 In Situ Data -- 2.2.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 2.2.2 Water Levels Data. , 2.2.3 Inflow Velocity Data -- 2.2.4 Inflow Quantity Data -- 2.3 Satellite Images (Remote Sensing Data) -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 3.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 3.3 Change Detection Technique -- 3.4 Establishing Maps of Changes -- 3.5 Generation of the Inflow Velocity Contour Maps -- 3.6 Establishing the Rating Curves -- 3.7 Rating Curves Equations and Their Validation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- 4.2 Maps of Changes -- 4.3 Velocity Maps -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Sediment and Erosion Changes -- 5.2 Effect of Inflow Quantity on Sediment and Erosion Amounts -- 5.3 Effect of Inflow Velocity on Sediment and Erosion in the Lake Bed Surface -- 5.4 Rating Curves and Their Validation -- 5.4.1 Volume/Level Relation -- 5.4.2 Area/Level Relation -- 5.5 Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.6 Effect of Sediment and Erosion Amounts on Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.7 Application and Comparisons -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Quality Assessment of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State of the Art -- 2.1 Water Quality Indices -- 2.2 Trophic Status Indices -- 3 Case Study: Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 3.3 Historical Review and Research Deficits -- 3.4 Methodology -- 3.4.1 NSF WQI -- 3.4.2 CCME WQI -- 3.4.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.4.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5 Results and Discussions -- 3.5.1 NSF WQI -- 3.5.2 CCME WQI -- 3.5.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.5.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5.5 Results Summary -- 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work -- 3.6.1 Conclusions -- 3.6.2 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Part II: The Nile from Aswan to its Promontories -- Morphological Variation of the Nile River First and Second Reaches Using RS/GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Areas. , 2.1 The Reach from Aswan City to Esna Barrages -- 2.2 The Reach from Esna Barrages to Nagaa Hammady Barrages -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Satellite Data -- 3.2 Digital Maps -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Pre-processing of Landsat Satellite Images -- 4.2 Generating of (Land-Water) Maps -- 4.3 Reference Maps -- 4.4 Accuracy Assessment of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 4.5 Surface Changes Detection Using All Water Indices -- 4.6 Accuracy Assessment of Change Detection -- 4.7 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for the First Reach -- 5.1.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.1.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.1.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5.2 Results for the Second Reach -- 5.2.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.2.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.2.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for the First Reach -- 6.1.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.2 Discussions for the Second Reach -- 6.2.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.3 Validation Check of the Generated Maps of Changes -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Bed Morphological Changes of the Nile River DS Major Barrages -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Nile Flow -- 3 Numerical Modeling of River Morphological Changes -- 4 Reach DS New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.1 New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.2 Available Data -- 5 Deterministic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 5.1 Erosion and Deposition Patterns -- 5.2 Bed Level Changes -- 5.3 Navigation Conditions Changes -- 5.4 Effect of Bed Material Uniformity. , 6 Stochastic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Egyptian Part of the Nile River from Aswan to El-Minia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Ionizing Radiation -- 1.2 Radioactive ``Half-Lives´´ -- 1.3 Definitions and Units -- 1.4 Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure -- 1.5 Radiation Background -- 1.6 Radiation Detection -- 1.6.1 Gas-Filled Detectors -- 1.6.2 Scintillation Detectors -- 1.6.3 Semiconductor Detectors -- 1.7 Quality Control -- 2 Natural Radioactivity -- 2.1 Uranium and Thorium Series -- 2.2 Single Occurrence 40K -- 3 Black Sand -- 4 Pathways of Radioisotopes to Aquatic System (Rivers) -- 5 Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Upper Egypt Nile River -- 5.1 238U, 232Th, and 40K Activity Concentrations -- 6 Division the Area of Interest into Four Regions [20] -- 6.1 The First Section -- 6.2 The Second Section -- 6.3 The Third Section -- 6.4 The Fourth Section -- 7 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Radioactivity in Sediments Along the Nile River from El-Minia to Aswan -- 8 Absorbed Dose Rate -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Quality and Bed Sediments of the Nile River from Aswan to Assiut, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Water Resources in Egypt -- 2.2 Sources of the River Nile -- 2.2.1 Ethiopian Sources -- The Blue Nile -- The Baro-Akobo-Sobat River -- The Atbara River -- 2.2.2 Equatorial Sources -- The White Nile -- Victoria Lake -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Water Quality -- 4.1.1 Temperature -- 4.1.2 Turbidity -- 4.1.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 4.1.4 Total Suspended Solids -- 4.1.5 Total Dissolved Solids -- Nile Water Quality Compared to Some Major Rivers and Lakes -- 4.1.6 The pH Values -- 4.1.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 4.1.8 Nutrients -- 4.1.9 Orthophosphate -- 4.1.10 Total Phosphorus. , 4.1.11 Organic Matter.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Monitoring and Assessment of Polluted Water -- Coastal Reservoirs: A Technology That Can Quench Indian Thirst -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Problems and Water Availability -- 3 Proposed Coastal Reservoirs -- 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Heavy Metal Accumulation in Dominant Edible Fish Species of River Kolab in Koraput District of Odisha, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection for Finfish Diversity Study -- 2.3 Heavy Metal Analysis -- 2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Water Quality -- 3.2 Fish Diversity -- 3.3 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fishes -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Water Quality -- 4.2 Fish Diversity -- 4.3 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fishes -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- 7 Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Cake and Membrane Filtration in Mitigating Global Water Demand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of DW and Involvement of Arsenic -- 2.1 Toxic Effects of Arsenic to Human Health -- 3 Possible Water Clarification and Desalination -- 4 Conventional Wastewater Treatment -- 5 Wetland for Wastewater Treatment -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Wastewater Treatment and Reuse -- Potential for Use of Treated Waste Water for Industrial Reuse in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wastewater-A Growing Resource -- 3 Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Understanding Sustainable Arsenic Mitigation Technology Application in the Indian Subcontinent -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Health Impact of Long Time Consumption of Arsenic Contaminated Water -- 3 Chemistry of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 4 Geogenic Occurrence of Arsenic in Groundwater -- 5 Testing as the First Step Towards a Sustainable Arsenic Mitigation Strategy -- 6 Arsenic Removal Technologies as a Mitigation Strategy. , 6.1 Adsorption Arsenic Removal Systems -- 6.2 Community Systems Using Coagulation Followed by Filtration -- 6.3 Application of Membrane Systems -- 6.4 In Situ in Ground Based Arsenic Immobilization Technologies -- 7 Concluding Remarks Towards Technology Application in the Subcontinent -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Co-Treatment of Three Herbicides Mixture in Water: A Comprehensive Study on Biotransformation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methodology -- 2.1 Reactor Set-Up and Operation -- 2.2 Determination of Herbicides Intermediate Compounds -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Treatment of 2,4-D, Ametryn and Dicamba Mixtures in ASBR -- 3.2 Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Three Herbicide Mixtures -- 4 Recommendations for Future Study -- References -- Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies with Recycling and Reuse Issues in India Leading to Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Common Effluent Treatment Plants -- 1.2 Problem Statement -- 1.3 Technology Trends -- 1.4 Regulatory Trends -- 2 Wastewater Management and Treatment Practices in India in Industrial and Municipal Sector -- 2.1 Treatment Methodology -- 2.2 Technological Aspects -- 3 Zero Liquid Discharge Concept and Case Study Example -- 3.1 Process Schematic (in General) for a ZLD Project -- 3.2 Solar Based Application in ZLD -- 3.3 Application Areas -- 4 Case Study of Recycle and Reuse Leading to Zero Liquid Discharge -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Wastewater and Its Impacts in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wastewater Production and Treatment-Current Status -- 3 Common Treatment Options -- 4 Wastewater Recycling and Reuse-Sustainable Treatment Options -- 5 Legal Framework for Wastewater Sector in India -- 6 Policy Framework for Wastewater Sector in India. , 7 Challenges of Wastewater Sector in India -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Wastewater Remediation -- Nutrient Loading Impact on Remediation of Hydrocarbon Polluted Groundwater Using Constructed Wetland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Constructed Wetlands-Literature Updates -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Experimental Investigation -- 3.2 CW2D-HYDRUS Simulation Run -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Municipal Wastewater-A Remedy for Water Stress in India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Challenges to Indian Water Supply System -- 3 Municipal Wastewater Generation and Its Treatment Capacity -- 4 Characteristics of Municipal Wastewater -- 4.1 Oxygen-Demanding Substances -- 4.2 Nutrients -- 4.3 Suspended Solids -- 4.4 Emerging Contaminants -- 4.5 Pathogens (Bacterial Parameter) -- 5 Conventional Technologies for Municipal Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 5.2 Primary Treatment -- 5.3 Secondary Biological Treatment -- 5.4 Challenges in the Removal of Emerging Contaminants (EC) in STPs Using Conventional Technologies -- 6 Advanced Secondary Biological Treatment Technologies -- 6.1 Fluidized Bed Reactor -- 6.2 Membrane Bioreactor -- 6.3 Fluidized Immobilized Carbon Catalytic Oxidation (FICCO) Reactor -- 6.4 Chemoautotrophic Activated Carbon Oxidation (CAACO) Reactor -- 7 Tertiary Treatment -- 7.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 7.2 Pressure Sand Filter -- 7.3 Activated Carbon Filter -- 7.4 Membrane Separation Processes -- 7.5 Disinfectants -- 8 Reuse of Treated Sewage Water -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Biosorptive Removal of a Herbicide, Glyphosate Using Waste Activated Sludge of Tannery Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Biosorbent Preparation -- 2.3 Glyphosate Determination -- 2.4 Sorption Experiments. , 2.5 Biosorbent Surface Characterization -- 2.6 Biosorption Study of Glyphosate in Simulated Municipal Wastewater -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Experimental Variables of Biosorption Process Optimization -- 3.2 Surface Characterization of Biosorbent -- 3.3 Zeta Potential -- 3.4 BET-Surface Area -- 3.5 FESEM Analysis -- 3.6 FT-IR Spectroscopy -- 3.7 XPS Spectroscopy -- 3.8 Glyphosate Removal from Simulated Municipal Wastewater -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Wastewater Treatment Processes with Special Reference to Activated Sludge Process in Indian Conditions for Water Use Sustainability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Activated Sludge Process -- 3 Factors Affecting Activated Sludge Process -- 3.1 Advantage of Aerobic Treatment Systems -- 3.2 Disadvantages of Aerobic Treatment Systems -- 4 Evaluation of Activated Sludge Process Based Sewage Treatment Plant at Okhla, New Delhi -- 5 Result and Discussion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Water Resources in Development of Rajasthan -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Demand for Water in Rajasthan -- 2 Ground Water Resource Management -- 2.1 Groundwater System Monitoring -- 2.2 Monitoring of Water Level -- 2.3 Water Quality Monitoring -- 2.4 Control of Groundwater Development -- 2.5 Control and Equity -- 2.6 Options for Conjunctive Use -- 2.7 Hand Dug Wells -- 2.8 Small Capacity Tube Wells -- 2.9 Large Capacity Tube Wells -- 3 Water Resource Exploitation -- 4 Water Pollution -- 5 Water Supply: Approaches and Issues -- 6 Water Supply: Problems -- 6.1 Affordability -- 6.2 Privatisation -- 6.3 Technological Options -- 6.4 Application of Duckweed for Disposal of Municipal Waste -- 7 Case Study -- 7.1 Udaipur -- 7.2 Jaipur -- 7.3 Jodhpur -- 8 Precautions -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Recommendations -- References -- Waste and Sustainability. , Sustainable Construction Practices for Residential Buildings to Reduce the Water Footprint -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review of Literature -- 2.1 Direct and Indirect Water Footprint in Building Construction -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Stages of Building Construction -- 4.2 Schedule of Construction Stages -- 4.3 Water Consumption in Different Construction Stages -- 4.4 Water Resource Management and Optimization -- 4.5 Water Consumption -- 4.6 Water Wastage and Recycling [25, 26] -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Water Resources Availability and Its Teleconnection with Large Scale Climatic Oscillations Over Godavari River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Streamflow and Large Scale Climatic Oscillation -- 3 Study Area and Data Used -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Wavelet Analysis: Background -- 4.2 Wavelet Coherence Analysis -- 4.3 Flow Duration Curve -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Association Between Monthly Streamflow and SST -- 5.2 Association Between Monthly Streamflow and IOD -- 5.3 Association Between Monthly Streamflow and ISMI -- 5.4 Water Availability Over Godavari River -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Update, Conclusions and Recommendations for "Wastewater Assessment, Treatment, Reuse and Development in India" -- 1 Background -- 2 Update -- 2.1 Monitoring and Assessment of Polluted Water -- 2.2 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse -- 2.3 Wastewater Remediation -- 2.4 Waste and Sustainability -- 3 Conclusions -- 3.1 Monitoring and Assessment of Polluted Water -- 3.2 Wastewater Treatment and Reuse -- 3.3 Wastewater Remediation -- 3.4 Waste and Sustainability -- 4 Recommendations -- References.