Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- In-Situ Remediation Approaches for the Management of Contaminated Sites: A Comprehensive Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Selection and Suitability of Remedial Measures -- 3 In-Situ Remediation Technologies for Soil and Groundwater -- 3.1 Heating -- 3.1.1 Injection: Steam/Hot Air -- 3.1.2 Electrical Resistance Heating -- 3.1.3 Electromagnetic Heating: Radio Frequency/Microwave -- 3.1.4 Thermal Conductive Heating/Thermal Desorption -- 3.1.5 Vitrification -- 3.2 Soil Flushing -- 3.3 Fracturing: Pneumatic/Blast-Enhanced/Lasagna™/Hydro -- 3.4 Physical Barriers: Treatment Walls/Permeable Reactive Barriers -- 3.5 Soil Vapor Extraction -- 3.6 Electrokinetic Remediation -- 3.7 Multi 3-Phase/Dual-Phase/Vacuum-Enhanced Extraction/Bioslurping -- 3.8 Air Sparging -- 3.9 Bioventing -- 3.10 Natural Attenuation -- 3.11 Phytoremediation -- 3.12 Bioaugmentation -- 3.13 Biostimulation -- 3.14 Biosorption -- 4 Emerging Technologies -- 4.1 Microbial Fuel Cells -- 4.2 Nanoremediation -- 4.3 Transgenic Plants and Microbes -- 4.4 Microbial Consortia in Photo-Hetero Microbial System -- 5 Challenges and Prospects -- 6 Summary -- References -- Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies for Environmental Pollutants: A Critical Perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ex-Situ vs. In-Situ Remediation -- 3 Existing Ex-Situ Remedial Options for Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: Technology Profile and Recent Advances -- 3.1 Dig-and-Dump (Landfills and Engineered Landfills) -- 3.2 Pump-and-Treat -- 3.3 Incineration -- 3.4 Oxidation -- 3.5 Adsorption -- 3.6 Ion-Exchange -- 3.7 Pyrolysis -- 3.8 Soil Washing -- 3.9 Dehalogenation -- 3.10 Solid-Phase Bioremediation -- 3.10.1 Biopiles -- 3.10.2 Landfarming -- 3.10.3 Composting -- 3.11 Slurry-Phase Bioremediation: Bioreactors -- 3.12 Solidification/Stabilization -- 3.13 Constructed Wetlands. , 4 Ex-Situ Technologies for Air Pollution Control -- 5 Emerging Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies -- 5.1 Ultrasonic Technology -- 5.2 Microbial Fuel Cells, Nanoremediation and Others -- 6 Future Research Needs -- 7 Summary -- References -- Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources and Types of Epidemiological Evidence -- 3 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in the General Population -- 4 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in Occupationally Exposed Populations -- 5 Types and Utility of Biomarkers -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Summary -- Appendix 1: Search Strategy -- References -- Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Stoichiometric Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanostructured Oxides -- 2.1 Oxides of Alkaline Earth Metals -- 2.2 Aluminum Oxide -- 2.3 Zinc Oxide -- 2.4 Titanium Oxide -- 2.4.1 Zr4+ and Hf4+-Doped Titania -- 2.4.2 Ge4+ and In3+ Doped Titania -- 2.4.3 Titania, Iron and Manganese Mixed Oxides -- 2.5 Zero-Valent Iron and Iron Oxides -- 2.6 Zirconium Hydroxide -- 2.7 Manganese Oxide (MnO2) -- 2.8 Vanadium Oxide -- 2.9 Ce3+ and Ce4+ Oxides -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Ecological Recovery Potential of Freshwater Organisms: Consequences for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stressor Types, Case Studies and Recovery Estimates Covered by the Review -- 3 Variability in Recovery Times Among Taxonomic Groups -- 3.1 Algae -- 3.2 Zooplankton -- 3.3 Fish -- 3.4 Macro-invertebrates -- 3.4.1 Diptera -- 3.4.2 Ephemeroptera -- 3.4.3 Oligochaeta -- 3.4.4 Macro-crustacea -- 3.4.5 Plecoptera -- 3.4.6 Trichoptera -- 3.4.7 Heteroptera -- 3.4.8 Odonata -- 3.4.9 Coleoptera -- 3.4.10 Mollusca -- 3.5 Macrophytes -- 4 Contributions of Ecosystem Type, Landscape Characteristics and Community Processes -- 5 Variability in Recovery Times among Stressor Types. , 6 Comparison of Semi-field and Field Recovery Times -- 7 The Role of Effect Size in Recovery Time Estimation -- 8 Limitations for the Derivation of Recovery Times -- 9 Risk Assessment, Ecological Recovery and Legislation -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Aluminium Toxicity to Plants as Influenced by the Properties of the Root Growth Environment Affected by Other Co-Stressors: A ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanisms of Aluminium Toxicity -- 3 Morphological Changes in Roots -- 4 Aluminium and Channel Interactions -- 5 Aluminium-Induced Changes at the Cell Wall -- 6 DNA Damage Under Aluminium -- 7 Plant Mechanisms of Al Tolerance -- 7.1 External Mechanisms -- 7.2 Internal Mechanisms -- 8 Aluminium Toxicity to Plants as Affected by Soil Environment Properties -- 8.1 Aluminium and Drought Interaction -- 8.2 Aluminium and Oxidative Stress -- 8.3 Aluminium Interaction with Heavy Metals -- 8.4 Aluminium Interaction with Soil Nutrients -- 8.5 Aluminium and Nitrogen Interaction -- 8.6 Aluminium and Calcium Interaction -- 8.7 Aluminium and Magnesium Interaction -- 8.8 Aluminium and Phosphorus Interaction -- 8.9 Aluminium and Silicon Interaction -- 8.10 Aluminium and Boron Interaction -- 9 Conclusion -- 10 Summary -- References -- ARSENIC: A Review on Exposure Pathways, Accumulation, Mobility and Transmission into the Human Food Chain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pathways of Exposure -- 3 Transmission and Mobility of Arsenic in Environment -- 4 Transfer from Soil-Water to Plants -- 5 Arsenic in Plants -- 6 Arsenic in Rice and Effect of Processing -- 7 Conclusion -- 8 Summary -- References -- Modelling the Release, Transport and Fate of Engineered Nanoparticles in the Aquatic Environment - A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Overviews and Critical Publications -- 3 Small-Scale Modelling -- 3.1 Population Balance Models -- 3.2 Mass Concentrations -- 3.3 Dissolution -- 3.4 Chemical and Physical Reactivity -- 3.5 DLVO Theory -- 3.6 Particle Dynamics -- 4 Intermediate Scale: Environmental and Technical Compartments -- 4.1 Groundwater and Soil. , 4.2 Surface Waters -- 4.3 Wastewater Treatment Plants and Other Technical Compartments -- 4.4 Probabilistic Methods -- 5 Large-Scale Modelling -- 5.1 Multimedia Models -- 5.2 Material Flow Analysis and Exposure Modelling -- 5.3 GIS Approaches -- 6 Conclusions and Summary -- 6.1 Data on Use, Production and Emission -- 6.2 Modelling Processes in the Environment -- 6.3 Open Questions and Guidelines -- A Mathematical Details -- A.1 Population Balance Theory -- A.2 DLVO Theory -- A.3 Transport and Adsorption in Groundwater -- References -- Impact of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals on the Agricultural Environment: A Re-inspection -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Antibiotics and Anti-parasitic Pharmaceuticals: Presentation and Production -- 1.2 Occurrence of VPS in Manure and Soil -- 2 Stability of VPs in Manure and Soil -- 2.1 Biodegradation in Soil -- 2.2 Abiotic Degradation in Soil -- 2.3 Half-Lives in Manure -- 3 Leaching from Soil to Groundwater -- 3.1 Literature Data on VP Leaching -- 3.2 Occurrence of VPs in Ground Waters and Comparison to Leaching Data -- 4 VPs vs. Soil Microorganisms -- 4.1 Toxicity Toward Soil Bacteria and Fungi -- 4.2 Resistance of Bacteria -- 5 VPs vs. Plants -- 5.1 Uptake and Translocation -- 5.2 Metabolism -- 5.3 Toxicity -- 6 Current Legislation and Regulation -- 7 Conclusion and Summary -- References -- Cadmium Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Oligochaetes Using a Biodynamic Model: A Review of Values of Physiological Parameters and M... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiological Parameters: A Review -- 2.1 Ingestion Rates -- 2.2 Assimilation Efficiencies -- 2.3 Biokinetic Parameters in Cd Bioaccumulation by Aquatic Oligochaetes -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Physiological Parameters -- 3.2 Application of the Biodynamic Model to Laboratory Cd Spiked-Sediment Bioassays with Tubifex tubifex. , 3.3 Application of the Biodynamic Model to Field-Collected Aquatic Oligochaetes or those Exposed to Field Sediments in Laborat... -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Gene Expression Profiling in Fish Toxicology: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Use of Northern Blotting in Fish Toxicology -- 3 Use of DDRT-PCR in Fish Toxicology -- 4 Use of SSH in Fish Toxicology -- 5 Use of RT-qPCR in Fish Toxicology -- 5.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) -- 5.2 Metals, Metallic Nanoparticles and Organometals -- 5.3 Pesticides and Herbicides -- 5.4 Miscellaneous -- 6 Use of Microarrays in Fish Toxicology -- 6.1 Metals, Metallic Nanoparticles and Organometals -- 6.2 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals -- 6.3 Miscellaneous -- 7 Use of NGS in Fish Toxicology -- 8 Toxicogenomics Databases and Bioinformatics -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Review of the Ecotoxicological Properties of the Methylenedianiline Substances -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical-Chemical Properties -- 3 Environmental Behavior -- 4 Ecotoxicological Properties -- 4.1 Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms -- 4.1.1 Tests with Bacteria -- 4.1.2 Tests with Algae -- 4.1.3 Tests with Crustacea -- 4.1.4 Test with Vertebrates (Fish) -- 4.1.5 Tests with Mollusca -- 4.2 Toxicity to Benthic Organisms -- 4.2.1 Tests with an Oligochaete -- 4.2.2 Tests with an Insect Larvae -- 4.2.3 Test with an Amphipod -- 4.2.4 Additional Tests on Feeding Mode and Ammonia Formation -- 4.3 Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms -- 4.3.1 Tests with Soil Bacteria -- 4.3.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants -- 4.3.3 Toxicity to the Earthworm Eisenia fetida -- 4.3.4 Toxicity to the Collembolan Species Folsomia candida -- 4.3.5 Acute Toxicity to Birds -- 4.4 Potential for Endocrine-Modulating Effects and Brief Overview of the Toxicity to Mammalia -- 5 Summary -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Cadmium Bioavailability, Uptake, Toxicity and Detoxification in Soil-Plant System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Use of Cadmium -- 3 Behavior of Cd in Soil. , 3.1 Cd Level and Sources in Soil -- 3.2 Bioavailability of Cd in Soil -- 3.3 Effect of Soil Chemical Properties on Cd Bioavailability -- 3.3.1 Effect of Soil pH on Cd Bioavailability -- 3.3.2 Effect of Soil Organic Matter on Cd Bioavailability -- 3.4 Influence of Soil Microbial Activity on Cd Behavior in Soil -- 4 Soil-Plant Transfer of Cd -- 4.1 Molecular Understanding of Cd Uptake by Plants -- 4.2 Competition Between Cd and Cations for Uptake -- 4.3 Cadmium Sequestration in Plant Roots -- 4.4 Cadmium Translocation to Shoots -- 4.5 Cadmium Accumulation in Edible Plant Parts -- 4.6 Foliar Uptake of Cd -- 5 Toxic Effects of Cd on Plants -- 5.1 Effects of Cd on Seed Germination and Plant Growth -- 5.2 Cadmium Genotoxicity -- 5.3 Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation -- 6 Cadmium Detoxification in Plants -- 6.1 Vacuolar Compartmentalization -- 6.1.1 Phytochelatins -- 6.1.2 Glutathione -- 6.2 Antioxidant Enzymes -- 6.3 Salicylic Acid (SA) -- 7 Hormetic Effect of Cadmium Toxicity -- 8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Radionuclides: Accumulation and Transport in Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Occurrence and Exposures -- 3 Use of Green Plants for Restoring Balance and Its Applications -- 4 Rhizosphere, Rhizobacteria and Metal Transporters Used in Remediation Purposes -- 5 Radio-Phytoremediation: An Approach to Decontaminate Radionuclides Using Plants -- 6 Bioavailability of Radionuclides -- 7 Radionuclide Exposure and Plant Responses -- 8 Phytoremediation of Selected Radionuclides -- 8.1 Caesium -- 8.2 Uranium -- 8.3 Radium -- 9 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Prospective Environmental Risk Assessment for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals: A Proposal for Tiered Effect Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Benthic Ecology -- 3 Ecosystem Functions and Services Provided by Benthic Organisms -- 3.1 Dealing with Vulnerable Key Species -- 4 Specific Protection Goals for Sediment Risk Assessment -- 5 Triggers for Prospective Sediment Risk Assessment in European Regulatory Frameworks -- 6 Data Requirements for Effect Assessment -- 6.1 Toxicity Data Requirements in European Regulatory Frameworks -- 6.2 Main Differences Between Existing OECD, ASTM and US-EPA Guidelines -- 6.3 Recommendation for a Suite of Benthic Test Species -- 7 Factors Affecting the Exposure of Sediment-Dwelling Organisms -- 7.1 Chemical Factors -- 7.2 Biological Factors -- 7.3 Spatial Factors -- 7.4 Temporal Factors -- 8 Exposure Concentration in Sediment ERA -- 8.1 The Ecotoxicologically Relevant Concentration for Sediment-Dwelling Organisms -- 8.2 Overview of Fate and Exposure Models -- 8.3 Linking Exposure to Effects in Sediment ERA -- 9 Tiered Effect Assessment for Benthic Test Species and Spiked Sediments -- 9.1 Tiered Approach -- 9.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 9.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment Based on Protocol Tests for Benthic Invertebrates and Macrophytes -- 9.4 Tier-2 Approach on Basis of Laboratory Toxicity Data for Standard and Additional Benthic Invertebrates and/or Rooted Macro... -- 9.4.1 Geometric Mean Approach -- 9.4.2 Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Approach -- 9.5 Tier-3 Approach Based on Semi-Field Experiments -- 9.6 Tier-4 Approach Based on Field Studies -- 9.7 Effect Models to Supplement the Experimental Tiers -- 9.7.1 Individual Level Models -- 9.7.2 Population-Level Models -- 9.7.3 Ecosystem Level Models. , 9.7.4 Spatially Explicit Models -- 9.8 Effect Assessment for Vertebrates -- 9.9 Effect Assessment for Microorganisms -- 10 Sediment Effect Assessment: Case Studies -- 10.1 The Pharmaceutical Ivermectin -- 10.1.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Ivermectin -- 10.1.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Ivermectin on Basis of Equilibrium Partitioning -- 10.1.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Ivermectin -- 10.1.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Standard and Additional Test Species for Ivermectin -- Geometric Mean Approach -- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach -- 10.1.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments for Ivermectin -- 10.1.6 Conclusions from the Ivermectin Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms -- 10.2 The Insecticide Chlorpyrifos -- 10.2.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Chlorpyrifos -- 10.2.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Chlorpyrifos Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 10.2.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Chlorpyrifos -- 10.2.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Standard and Additional Test Species for Chlorpyrifos -- Geometric Mean Approach -- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach -- 10.2.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments -- 10.2.6 Conclusions from the Chlorpyrifos Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms for Chlorpyrifos -- 10.3 The Biocide Tributyltin -- 10.3.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Tributyltin -- 10.3.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Tributyltin Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 10.3.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Tributyltin -- 10.3.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Standard and Additional Test Species for Tributyltin -- Geometric Mean Approach. , Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach -- 10.3.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments for Tributyltin -- 10.3.6 Conclusions from the Tributyltin Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms -- 10.4 Main Outcomes from the Case Studies -- 11 Main Recommendations for Prospective ERA for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals and Outlook -- 11.1 Specific Protection Goals -- 11.2 Triggers for Prospective Sediment ERA -- 11.3 Linking Exposure to Effects -- 11.4 The Tiered Approach in Effect Assessment -- 12 Summary -- Appendix 1: List of Workshop Participants -- Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations -- References -- How Important Is Research on Pollution Levels in Antarctica? Historical Approach, Difficulties and Current Trends -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Presence of Pollutants in Antarctica´s Environment -- 2.1 Abiotic Environment -- 2.1.1 Air -- 2.1.2 Snow and Ice -- 2.1.3 Soil and Permafrost -- 2.1.4 Catchment Areas -- 2.1.5 Ocean, Seas and Bottom Sediments -- 2.2 Biotic Environment -- 2.2.1 Plants -- 2.2.2 Crustaceans, Benthic Organisms and Fishes -- 2.2.3 Seabirds -- 2.2.4 Marine Mammals -- 3 Types of Pollutants Present in Antarctica´s Environment -- 4 Detailed Information Pertaining to Analytical Research in Antarctica -- 4.1 History of Research on the Chemical Composition of Samples from Antarctica -- 4.2 Pollution Concentration Levels Over Decades -- 4.3 Analytical Techniques in the Study of the Antarctic Environment -- 4.4 Impact of Research Station Activities on Pollution Levels -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Important Issues in Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Earthworms in Soil Ecosystems -- 3 Advances in Earthworm Ecotoxicology -- 4 Biomarker Responses and Issue of Linkage to Higher Level Responses -- 4.1 Biomarkers. , 4.2 Changes at Different Levels of Biological Organization -- 4.3 Establishing the Link Between Responses at Different Levels of Biological Complexity -- 5 Effects of Mixtures -- 5.1 Environmental Pollutants as Mixtures -- 5.2 Effects of Mixtures on Earthworms -- 5.3 Assessment of Effects of Mixtures -- 6 Occurrence of Hormetic Effect -- 6.1 Hormesis -- 6.2 Hormetic Effect in Earthworms -- 6.3 Hormetic Effect in Ecotoxicological Investigations -- 7 Inclusion of Microcosmic Systems in Ecotoxicological Investigations -- 7.1 Characteristics of Soil Microcosm -- 7.2 Soil Microcosm in Ecotoxicological Studies -- 8 Effects of Temperature Change on Toxic Effects of Pollutants and Biomarker Responses in Earthworms -- 8.1 Effects of Temperature Change -- 8.2 Interactions Between Temperature Change and Pollutant Toxicity to Earthworms -- 8.3 The Need for Further Assessment of the Effect of Temperature on Pollutant Toxicity to Earthworms -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Microplastics in the Food Chain: Food Safety and Environmental Aspects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plastic Material -- 2.1 Top 5 Plastics Found in Waste -- 2.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 2.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) -- 2.1.3 Polyphthalamide (PPA) -- 2.1.4 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 2.1.5 Polyethylene (PE) -- 3 Degradation of Plastic Polymers -- 3.1 Biodegradable Plastic -- 4 Plastic Waste Disposal -- 4.1 Burying in Landfill -- 4.2 Incineration -- 4.3 Recycling -- 5 EU Legislation Regarding Plastic Waste -- 5.1 Circular Economy Action Plan -- 5.1.1 Make Recycling Profitable for Business -- 5.1.2 Curb Plastic Waste -- 5.1.3 Stop Littering at Sea -- 5.1.4 Drive Investment and Innovation -- 5.1.5 Spur Change Across the World -- 6 Environmental Aspects -- 6.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem -- 6.2 Marine Ecosystem -- 6.3 Freshwater Ecosystem -- 6.4 Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms of Commercial Interest -- 7 Food Safety Aspects -- 7.1 Adverse Effects -- 7.2 Potential Effects on Humans -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Toxicity of Graphene: An Update -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiochemical Properties Determine the Fate and the Toxicity of Graphene -- 3 In Vitro Toxicity -- 4 In Vivo Toxicity -- 5 Simulation Studies on Graphene Toxicity -- 6 Environmental Toxicity -- 7 Toxicity Is Beneficial in the Context of Cancer and Microbiology! -- 8 How to Reduce the Toxicity? -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-Level Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress in Aquatic Invertebrate Chironomids: Potential Applications in... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chironomids as Bioindicator Species in Aquatic Ecosystem -- 3 Molecular Genetic Research on Environmental Stress in Chironomids -- 3.1 Gene Responses to Physical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.1.1 Heat Shock -- 3.1.2 Temperature. , 3.2 Gene Responses to Chemical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.2.1 UV Filters -- 3.2.2 Heavy Metals -- 3.2.3 Nanoparticles -- 3.2.4 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) -- 3.2.5 Insecticides -- 3.2.6 Antibiotics -- 3.2.7 Herbicides -- 3.2.8 Fungicides and Biocides -- 3.2.9 Carcinogenic Substances and Synthetic Estrogen -- 3.2.10 Mixture and Field Exposure -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Role of Structural Morphology of Commodity Polymers in Microplastics and Nanoplastics Formation: Fragmentation, Effects and As... -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plastics, Microplastics and Nanoplastics -- 2 Sources and Behaviour -- 2.1 Properties of Commodity Polymers -- 2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 3 Fragmentation Pathways -- 4 Common Commercial Plastics and Their MP/NP Derivatives -- 4.1 Thermoplastics -- 4.1.1 Polyethylene -- 4.1.2 Polypropylene -- 4.1.3 Polystyrene -- 4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 4.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 4.2 Thermosets -- 4.2.1 Polyurethane -- 4.2.2 Epoxy Resins -- 4.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) -- 4.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 5 Toxicity of Commodity Polymer MPs and NPs -- 5.1 Thermoplastics -- 5.1.1 Polyethylene -- 5.1.2 Polypropylene -- 5.1.3 Polystyrene -- 5.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 5.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 5.2 Thermosets -- 5.2.1 Polyurethanes -- 5.2.2 Epoxy Resins -- 5.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) -- 5.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 5.2.5 Interactions with Other Contaminants -- 6 Detection -- 7 Regulations and International Initiatives -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Scope of the Review -- 2.2 Identification of Pesticides of Top Concern for Aquatic Biota -- 3 Pesticides in the Canadian Aquatic Environment. , 3.1 National Results and Regional Contexts -- 3.2 Top-Priority Active Ingredients -- 3.3 Review of Top-Priority Active Ingredients -- 3.3.1 Herbicides -- Atrazine -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Diquat -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- S-Metolachlor -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.2 Insecticides -- Chlorpyrifos -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Clothianidin -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Permethrin -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.3 Fungicides -- Chlorothalonil -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 4 General Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations -- 4.1 Baseline Fish and Fish Habitat Data -- 4.2 Pesticide Monitoring Data -- 4.3 Marine and Sediment Benchmarks -- 4.4 Mixture Toxicity -- 4.5 Study Design and Analytical Methods for Compounds with Low Benchmarks -- 4.6 Habitat and Food Web-Mediated Effects on Fish -- 4.7 Current-Use and Legacy Pesticides in the Arctic -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Correction to: Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowl.

Note: Intro -- Special Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Atmospheric Perfluorinated Acid Precursors: Chemistry, Occurrence, and Impacts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanisms of Atmospheric Formation of Perfluorinated Acids -- 2.1 Perfluorocarboxylic Acids -- 2.1.1 Mechanisms for Atmospheric Formation of Perfluoroacyl Halides -- 2.1.2 Mechanisms for Direct Atmospheric Formation of PFCAs -- 2.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acids (PFSAs) -- 3 Chemistry of Perfluorinated Acid (PFA) Precursors -- 3.1 Volatile Anesthetics -- 3.1.1 CF3 (CF2) x CHClBr -- 3.1.2 CF3 (CF2) x CHClOCHF 2 -- 3.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) -- 3.2.1 CF3 (CF2) x CHFCl -- 3.2.2 CF3 (CF2) x CHCl 2 -- 3.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, Non-telomer Based) -- 3.3.1 Saturated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) -- 3.3.2 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) -- 3.4 Fluorotelomer and Related Compounds -- 3.4.1 Perfluorinated Aldehyde (PFAL) Hydrates -- 3.4.2 Perfluorinated Aldehydes (PFALs) -- 3.4.3 Fluorotelomer Aldehydes (FTALs) -- 3.4.4 Odd Fluorotelomer Alcohols (oFTOHs) -- 3.4.5 Even Fluorotelomer Alcohols (FTOHs) -- 3.4.6 Fluorotelomer Olefins (FTOs) -- 3.4.7 Fluorotelomer Iodides (FTIs) -- 3.4.8 Fluorotelomer Acrylate (FTAc) -- 3.5 Perfluoroalkanesulfonamides -- 3.5.1 N -Alkyl-perfluoroalkanesulfonamides (NAFSA) -- 3.5.2 N -Alkyl-perfluoroalkanesulfamidoethanols (NAFSE) -- 4 Atmospheric Sources and Levels -- 4.1 Volatile Fluorinated Anesthetics -- 4.2 Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) -- 4.2.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere -- 4.2.2 Atmospheric Concentrations -- 4.3 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, Non-telomer Based) -- 4.3.1 Saturated Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) -- 4.3.2 Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) -- 4.4 Fluorotelomer Compounds -- 4.4.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere -- 4.4.2 Atmospheric Concentrations -- 4.5 Perfluorosulfonamides -- 4.5.1 Potential Sources to the Atmosphere. , 4.5.2 Atmospheric Concentrations -- 5 Impact of Precursors on Environmental Perfluorinated Acid (PFA) Levels -- 5.1 Trifluoroacetic Acid (TFA) -- 5.2 Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS), Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) -- 5.3 Long-Chained Perfluorocarboxylic Acids (PFCAs) -- 6 Summary -- References -- Isomer Profiling of Perfluorinated Substances as a Tool for Source Tracking: A Review of Early Findings and Future Applications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Isomer Nomenclature -- 3 Historical and Current Manufacturing Sources of Perfluoroalkyl Isomers -- 4 Isomer-Specific Analytical Methodologies -- 4.1 Current Analytical Separation Methods -- 4.2 Analytical Quantification Bias -- 4.3 Strategies for Isomer Separation by LC--MS/MS -- 5 Influence of PhysicalChemical Properties on Environmental Fractionation of Perfluoroalkyl Isomers -- 6 Characterization of Perfluoroalkyl Isomer Profiles in the Environment -- 6.1 PFOA Isomer Profiles -- 6.2 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate and Sulfonamide Isomer Profiles -- 6.3 Perfluorocarboxylate Isomer Profiles Other than PFOA -- 7 Differences in Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of PFA Isomers -- 8 Summary -- References -- Biodegradation of Fluorinated Alkyl Substances -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Persistence of Perfluorinated Surfactants -- 3 Understanding the Complex Biodegradation of Fluorotelomer-based Chemicals -- 4 Biodegradation of N-Alkyl Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide Derivatives -- 5 The Role of Fluorinated Polymers -- 6 On the Way to Mineralization Biodegradation of Organic Molecules that Have Low Fluorine Content -- 7 Summary -- References -- Perfluorinated Substances in Human Food and Other Sources of Human Exposure -- 1 Introduction -- 2 PFCs in Edible Fish and Seafood -- 3 Contamination of Food -- 3.1 Indirect Contamination of PFCs in Food Items. , 3.2 Direct Contamination of PFCs in Commercial Food Items -- 4 PFCs in Drinking Water -- 5 Safety Limits and Tolerable Daily Intakes -- 6 Perfluorinated Compounds in House Dust and Air -- 7 Correlation Between PFCs -- 8 Outlook -- 9 Summary -- References -- Index.