Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Fashion Design for Holistic Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Situating the Research -- 1.2 Synthesis and Analysis -- 1.3 A System Broken into Constituent Parts: A Contextual Review -- 2 Methodology -- 3 The Limits to Growth: The Fashion System as a Subsystem of Our Ecosystem -- 3.1 Disengaged and Disconnected Consumers -- 3.2 Limits to Design: Inward Practice -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 The Need for New Ways of Designing -- 4.2 Fashion Design as Action and Interaction, Forging Empathy and Engagement -- 5 Recommendations -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Composite Material Design for Aircrafts from Sustainable Lignocellulosic Fibers-A Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages and Limits of Natural Fibers -- 2.1 Advantages -- 2.2 Limits [18, 19] -- 3 Sustainable Aircraft Interior: Material Selection -- 4 Sustainable Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Aircraft Components -- 4.1 Radome Applications for Aircraft -- 4.2 Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites for Aircraft Wings and Wing Boxes -- 4.3 Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites for Aircraft Cabin Interior -- 4.4 Latest Developments in Aircraft Industry -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Proposal for the Future -- References -- 3 Sustainability in Textile Design -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sustainability and Sustainable Development -- 3 Sustainability Design -- 3.1 Selection of Materials -- 3.2 Optimization of Production and Distribution Techniques -- 3.3 Reducing Its Impact Using the Utilization -- 3.4 Optimization of Initial and End of Life System -- 4 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) -- 5 Textile Industry -- 6 Demand for Far Vision in the Textile Sector -- 7 Sustainability in Textile Design -- 8 Sustainable Design in Textile Products -- 9 Sustainable Design Approaches -- 10 Case Study-The Borbonese Company -- 11 Conclusion -- References. , 4 Junior Sportspersons Living with Physical Disabilities' [Dis]Satisfaction Level with Selected Active Sportswear Attributes: Implications for Sustainable Apparel Design for Social Inclusion in Kenya -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Statement of the Problem -- 1.2 Objective and Hypothesis -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Physical Disabilities and Participation in Competitive Sports -- 2.2 Active Sportswear Attributes -- 2.3 A Spotlight on Sustainability Elements Applicable to Active Sportswear Product Development -- 3 Research Methodology -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Demographic Characteristics -- 4.2 Active Sportswear for JSLWDs -- 4.3 [Dis]Satisfaction Level with Selected Active Sportswear Attributes -- 4.4 Chi-Square Test for Independence Results for [Dis]Satisfaction Level of Selected Active Sportswear Attributes -- 4.5 Gender Perspective on [Dis]Satisfaction Level of Selected Active Sportswear Attributes -- 4.6 Proposed Design Details to Counter JSLWPDs' Dissatisfaction with Selected Active Sportswear Attributes -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Appendix I -- References -- 5 Use Forecasting: Designing Fashion Garments for Extended Use -- Abstract -- 1 Too Much of a Good Thing -- 2 Clothing Use -- 2.1 Extended Use -- 3 Use Forecasting -- 3.1 The Living Wardrobe -- 3.2 Use Forecasting as a Method -- 3.3 Fashion Design for Reuse -- 3.4 Enabling Extended Use -- 4 Conclusions: Reconceptualizing the Garment Lifetime -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- The Carbon Footprints of Agricultural Products in Canada -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview -- 2.1 Canadian Agriculture -- 2.2 Main Agricultural Sources and Sinks of GHGs -- 2.3 Measurement Techniques -- 2.4 Modeling GHG Emissions -- 3 GHG Emissions from the Agriculture Sector in Canada -- 3.1 Magnitude of the GHG Emissions from the Agriculture Sector -- 3.2 Soil Carbon in Agricultural Soils -- 3.3 The Carbon Footprints of Agricultural Products -- 3.4 GHG Emission Indicator Suite -- 4 Reducing GHG Emissions and Energy Production -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Extreme Inequality and Carbon Footprint of Spanish Households -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Calculation of Gini Coefficients and Palma Ratio -- 2.2 Environmental Footprint of the Extreme Inequality -- 2.3 Regression Analysis -- 2.4 Data Description -- 3 Empirical Results -- 3.1 Relative Measure of the Extreme Inequality in the Carbon Footprint -- 3.2 Inequality and Carbon Footprint: A Regression Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Software for Calculation of Carbon Footprint for Residential Buildings -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 OERCO2 Project -- 2.2 OERCO2 Software Tool -- 3 Case Studies -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Footprints of Agriculture Sector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Components of Agriculture and Their Contribution in Carbon Footprint -- 4 Mitigation Strategies -- 5 Models to Estimate Carbon Footprint -- 6 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Carbon Footprint of Pipe Production Using Waste Plastics -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plastics Pipe Manufacturing -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Case Study Selection -- 2.2 Production of Waste Plastic Pipes -- 2.3 Carbon Footprint Calculation -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Plastic Pipe Production Process -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Enviro-Economic Assessment of Plastic Cell-Filled Concrete Pavement -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Construction Materials -- 2.2 Environmental Assessment -- 2.3 Economic Assessment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Environmental Assessment -- 3.2 Economic Assessment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Footprint and Economic Assessment of LED Bulbs Recycling -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 An Economic LED Recycling Approach -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 LED Bulbs Characterisation -- 2.2 Recycling Process -- 2.3 Carbon Footprint -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Economic Assessment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- An Empirical Investigation of Waste Management and Ecological Footprints in OECD Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Empirical Strategy -- 3.1 Empirical Model and Data -- 3.2 Methodology -- 4 Empirical Findings -- 5 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- References -- Ecological Footprint Assessment of e-Waste Recycling -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Categories of Appliances Generating e-Waste -- 1.2 Life Cycle Stages of e-Waste -- 1.3 Stages of e-Waste Recycling -- 1.4 Generation of e-Waste Globally -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Ecological Footprint of e-Waste Recycling (EFER) -- 2.2 Economic Assessment -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 EF of Electricity Use -- 3.2 EF of Transportation -- 3.3 Water Use -- 3.4 Land -- 3.5 Labour -- 3.6 Economic Assessment -- 3.7 Global Ecological Footprint of e-Waste Recycling -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Ecological Footprint Assessment of Concrete Using e-Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plain Cement Concrete with e-Waste Use -- 1.2 Procedure of Sample Preparation of Plain Cement Concrete -- 1.3 Limitation -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Ecological Footprint of Concrete (EFC) -- 2.2 Economic Assessment -- 2.3 Sustainable Recycling Index (SRI) -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Ecological Footprint of Concrete Manufacturing -- 3.2 Economic Assessment of Concrete -- 3.3 Sustainable Recycling Index (SRI) -- 3.4 Compressive Strength -- 4 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Carbon Footprint: Concept, Methodology and Calculation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A General Overview on Carbon Footprint -- 3 Product Carbon (and Environmental) Footprint -- 4 The Influence of Methodological Choices on CF Results -- 4.1 Selection of Functional Unit -- 4.2 Consequential Versus Attributional Approach -- 4.3 Impact of Land Use Change Emissions -- 4.4 Impact of Temporal Dimension -- 5 Analysis of Available CF Calculation Tools -- 5.1 CFO and CFP Calculation Tools -- 5.2 Other CF Calculation Tools -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Carbon Footprint of Food Waste Management: A Case Study in Rio De Janeiro -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Emissions from Food Waste Management -- 3 Methodology -- 4 A Case Study in Rio De Janeiro -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Footprint of Karnataka: Accounting of Sources and Sinks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 2.1 Study Area -- 3 Method -- 3.1 Estimation of Spatiotemporal Carbon Sequestration Potential -- 3.2 Quantification of Carbon Emission from Various Sectors -- 3.3 Carbon Ratio (CR) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Quantifying Spatiotemporal Land-Use Changes -- 4.2 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Forest Ecosystems in Karnataka -- 4.3 Quantification of Carbon Emissions in Karnataka -- 4.4 Carbon Ratio (CR) or Carbon Status in Karnataka -- 4.5 Strategies for Carbon Mitigation -- 5 Conclusion -- Annexure-I -- Annexure-II -- References -- An Overview on Costs of Shifting to Sustainable Road Transport: A Challenge for Cities Worldwide -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Road Sustainable Transport and the Sustainable Development Goals -- 4 Mitigation Options for Road Transportation -- 4.1 International Aspects of Mitigation Policies for Transportation -- 4.2 Opportunities for Cities Toward a Low Carbon Transport. , 5 An Overview on Cost of Shifting to Road Sustainable Transport -- 5.1 Public Transportation Improvements -- 5.2 Incentive to Active Transportation -- 5.3 Inhibition of Motor Vehicle Use -- 5.4 Land Use Strategies and Road Infrastructure Improvements -- 5.5 System Operations and Management -- 5.6 Vehicle Energy Efficiency and Fuel Switching -- 5.7 Synthesis of Results -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Review of Global Scenario -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Search -- 3 Methodologies for the Estimation of GHG Emission -- 4 Life Cycle Assessment of MSW Management -- 4.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 4.2 Functional Unit and System Boundaries -- 4.3 Life Cycle Inventories (LCI) -- 4.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Sensitivity Analysis -- 4.5 Life Cycle Interpretation (LCIP) -- 5 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from MSW Management System -- 5.1 GHG Emissions from Waste Collection and Transport Systems -- 5.2 GHG Emissions from Waste Segregation and Material Recycling Facilities -- 5.3 GHG Emissions from Composting and Anaerobic Digestion -- 5.4 GHG Emissions from Incineration and Thermal Treatments -- 5.5 GHG Emissions from Landfill -- 6 Case Studies -- 6.1 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in China -- 6.2 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in the USA -- 6.3 GHG Emissions from MSW Management in India -- 7 Ecological and Sociological Threats of GHG Emissions -- 7.1 Global Warming -- 7.2 Carbon Cycle -- 7.3 Climate Change -- 7.4 Effects on the Aquatic Ecosystem -- 7.5 Effects on the Terrestrial Ecosystem -- 7.6 Socioeconomic Impacts of GHGs -- 8 Mitigation Strategies in GHG Emissions During MSW Management -- 8.1 5-R Principle -- 8.2 Waste Segregation -- 8.3 Improved Landfill Practices -- 8.4 Controlled Composting and Anaerobic Digestion. , 8.5 Utilization of MSW Compost as Manure -- 8.6 State-of-the-Art Incineration -- 8.7 Reclamation of Abandoned Dumpsites by Vegetation -- 9 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Verifiable Water Use Inventory Using ICTs in Industrial Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Case Study Description -- 2.2 Use of ICTs to Measure and Optimize Water Use -- 2.3 Water Footprint Inventory -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Irrigation Management Supported by ICT Applications -- 3.2 Inventory of Orange and Tomato Water Footprint -- 3.3 The Water Footprint of Orange and Tomato Crops in Spain -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Industrial Water Footprint: Case Study on Textile Industries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How Can an Individual Reduce the Water Footprint? -- 2.1 Direct Footprint Reduction -- 2.2 Indirect Footprint Reduction -- 3 Water Footprint Concept -- 4 Cotton Textile Industry -- 5 Conversion of Fiber to Yarn -- 6 Production of Fabrics from Yarn -- 7 Weaving Fabric Manufacture -- 8 Knitting Fabric Manufacture -- 9 Fabric Processing Unit -- 10 Pretreatment Techniques -- 10.1 Singeing -- 10.2 Desizing -- 10.3 Scouring -- 10.4 Bleaching -- 10.5 Mercerising -- 10.6 Dyeing -- 10.7 Printing -- 10.8 Finishing -- 11 Water Footprint Network of Textile Industry -- 12 Agricultural Processes -- 12.1 Blue and Green Water Footprint in Cotton Cultivation -- 12.2 Grey Water Footprint in Cotton Cultivation -- 12.3 Effect of Agricultural Practices on the Water Footprint of Cotton Production -- 13 Industrial Processes -- 13.1 Water Utility: Process Operation -- 13.2 Dry Processing Unit -- 13.3 Intermediate Processing Unit -- 13.4 Wet Processing Unit -- 14 Blue Water Footprint in Textile Industrial Processes -- 14.1 Grey Water Footprint in Textile Industrial Processes -- 14.2 Water Utility: Other Operations -- 15 Future Scope and Limitations -- 16 Conclusion -- References -- A Model for the Assessment of the Water Footprint of Gardens that Include Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). , 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Water Footprint -- 1.2 Economic Evaluation: Budgeting Model -- 1.3 Environmental Evaluation: ArDiTec Model -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Model for Quantifying the Direct Water Footprint -- 2.2 Model for Quantifying the Indirect Water Footprint -- 3 Scenarios -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Future Lines of Research -- References -- From Field to Bottle: Water Footprint Estimation in the Winery Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of the Wine-Making Process -- 3 Water Use and Conservation -- 3.1 Water Usage During Viticulture -- 3.2 Water Usage During Vinification -- 3.3 Other Areas of Water Usage -- 4 Wastewater Generation, Handling and Fate -- 4.1 Wastewater During Viticulture -- 4.2 Wastewater During Vinification -- 4.3 Wastewater in Other Areas -- 4.4 Effluent Disposal and Reuse -- 5 Water Footprint Calculations -- 5.1 Overview and Definitions -- 5.2 Green Water Footprint -- 5.3 Blue Water Footprint -- 5.4 Grey Water Footprint -- 5.5 Considerations and Limitations -- 6 Case Studies -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Water Footprint in Leather Tanning and Steel Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Leather Industry: Concepts and Processing -- 3 Beam House Stage Activities -- 4 Tanning Process -- 5 Post-Tanning Operations -- 6 Pollution Derived from Tanning Process of Leather -- 7 Wastewater Treatment Processes in the Leather Tanning Industry -- 8 Toxicity of Some Chemicals Used During Leather Processing -- 9 Water Footprint Assessment in Leather Tanning Processes -- 10 Waterless Chrome Tanning Technology: A Breakthrough to Reduce Water Footprint from the Leather Industry -- 11 Steel Production in the World -- 12 Production Chain of Steel -- 13 System Boundary in Steel Industry -- 14 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Method -- 15 Impacts of Water Footprint on Steel Industry -- 16 Water Footprint Based on LCA. , 16.1 Water Footprint Notions, Methodology, and Formulation -- 17 Water Footprint Measurement and Recommendations -- 18 Conclusion -- References -- Employing Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of Energy System -- 1 Introduction: Water Crisis Induced by Energy System -- 2 Water Footprint -- 2.1 Water Footprint Assessment -- 2.2 Water Footprint Assessment Based on Bottom-Up Method (LCA) -- 2.3 Water Footprint Assessment Based on Top-Down Method (IO Model) -- 3 Input-Output (IO) Model -- 3.1 The Emergence of IO Method -- 3.2 The Features of IO Method -- 3.3 Applying IO Model to Perform Environmental Analysis -- 3.4 Performing an Input-Output Analysis -- 3.5 Constructing the Input-Output Table -- 3.6 Mathematical Models for Input-Output Analysis -- 3.7 Basic Assumptions of the Input-Output Model -- 4 Case Study 1: Using Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of China's Coal-Fired Power Generation -- 4.1 Methodology -- 4.2 Results -- 4.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- 5 Case Study 2: Using Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of China's Fossil Fuels Production -- 5.1 Methodology -- 5.2 Results -- 5.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- 6 Case Study 3: Using Input-Output Model to Assess the Water Footprint of Energy Consumption by Chinese Households -- 6.1 Methodology -- 6.2 Results -- 6.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 A Review of Social Life Cycle Assessment Methodologies -- Abstract -- 1 The Development of SLCA -- 2 SLCA Methodology -- 2.1 Norris's SLCA -- 2.1.1 Norris's Endpoint SLCA Case Study -- 2.1.2 Notes on Norris's SLCA -- 2.2 Dreyer et al.'s (2010) SLCA -- 2.2.1 Dreyer et al.'s (2010) Multi-Criteria Indicator-Assessing Model Case Study -- 2.2.2 Notes on Dreyer et al.'s (2010) SLCA -- 2.3 Hunkeler's SLCA -- 2.3.1 Hunkeler's Geographically Specific Method Case Study -- 2.3.2 Notes on Hunkeler's SLCA -- 2.4 Weidema's SLCA -- 2.4.1 Weidema's Damage-Oriented Case Study -- 2.4.2 Notes of Weidema's SLCA -- 3 Case Studies -- 3.1 Palm Oil Biodiesel -- 3.2 The Tourism Industry in Italy -- 3.3 Recycling Systems in Low-Income Countries -- 3.4 Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles (PET) -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Socioeconomic LCA of Milk Production in Canada -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Social and Socioeconomic Life Cycle Assessment: Definition and Approach -- 2.1 Boundaries and Assumptions -- 2.2 The Specific Analysis -- 2.2.1 Stakeholder Categories -- 2.2.2 Issues of Concern or Impact Subcategories -- 2.2.3 Impact Assessment Methodology -- 2.2.4 Data Collection Process -- 2.3 The Potential Hotspot Analysis: The Generic Part of the Study -- 2.3.1 Impact Subcategories -- 2.3.2 Data Collection Process -- 2.3.3 Impact Assessment Method -- 2.3.4 Sectorial Data -- 2.3.5 Data Collected from a Sample of Businesses -- 2.3.6 Country Level Data -- 3 SLCA Results -- 3.1 Socioeconomic Performance at the Dairy Farm Level -- 3.2 The Potential Hotspots Analysis Results -- 4 Discussion: Advantages, Limitations and Challenges Faced -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Social Life Cycle Assessment in the South African Sugar Industry: Issues and Views -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Summary of the Study. , 1.1.1 Goal and Scope of the Study -- 1.1.2 SLCA Inventory Analysis -- 1.1.3 Impact Assessment -- 1.1.4 Interpretation -- 2 Goals and Scope of the Study -- 2.1 Background and Justification -- 2.2 Objectives of the Study -- 2.3 Goal of the Study -- 2.4 Assumptions -- 2.5 Scope of the Study -- 2.6 System Boundaries -- 3 Inventory Analysis -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.1.1 Field Research -- 3.1.2 Historical Comparative Research -- 3.1.3 Interviews -- 3.1.4 Questionnaires -- 3.2 Data Analysis -- 3.2.1 Statkon -- 4 Case Study -- 5 Impact Assessment -- 5.1 Characterization -- 5.2 Wages -- 5.2.1 Minimum Wage -- 5.2.2 Wage-Related Incentives -- 5.2.3 Workers' Expenses -- 5.3 Gender Equality -- 5.3.1 The Ratio of Employed Men to Women -- 5.3.2 Unequal Treatment of Workers in the Workplace -- 5.3.3 Areas of Inequality Among Sugar Workers -- 5.4 Health and Safety -- 6 Interpretation -- 6.1 Wages -- 6.1.1 Minimum Wage -- 6.1.2 Wage-Related Incentives -- 6.1.3 Worker's Expenses -- 6.2 Gender Equality -- 6.2.1 Ratio of Men to Women Employed -- 6.2.2 Unequal Treatment of Workers in the Workplace -- 6.3 Health and Safety -- 6.4 Limitation of the Study -- 7 Conclusion -- A.x(118). Appendix A: Workers' Questionnaire -- References -- 4 Social Life Cycle Assessment Application: Stakeholder Implication in the Cultural Heritage Sector -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Comes Towards Social Pillar -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Social Impacts Evaluation -- 4 The Theoretical Framework for the Application of SLCA in the Cultural Heritage Sector -- 4.1 Local Community -- 4.2 Employees -- 4.3 Customer -- 4.4 Society -- 4.5 Value Chain Actor -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Assessment of Social Impacts of Chemical and Food Products in the Czech Republic -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Czech Chemical and Food Industry in the Context of the EU Area. , 2.1 The Chemical Industry -- 2.1.1 EU Space Challenges -- Energy Demands -- Qualified Manpower -- Innovations -- Chemical Notifications -- Green and Sustainable Chemistry -- 2.1.2 The Chemical Industry in the Czech Republic -- 2.2 The Food Industry -- 2.2.1 EU Space Challenges -- Animal Health and Welfare -- Food Labeling -- Food Quality -- Genetically Modified Food and Feed -- Chemical Safety of Foods -- 2.2.2 The Food Industry in the Czech Republic -- 3 Understanding Product Social Impacts Along the Products' Life Cycle -- 3.1 Social Impacts of Chemical Products -- 3.1.1 Local Community -- 3.1.2 Value Chain Actors -- 3.1.3 The Consumer -- 3.1.4 The Workers -- 3.1.5 Society -- 3.2 Social Impacts of Food Products -- 3.2.1 Local Community -- 3.2.2 Value Chain Actors -- 3.2.3 The Consumer -- 3.2.4 The Workers -- 3.2.5 Society -- 4 The Assessment of Products' Social Impacts: SLCA Methodology -- 4.1 Local Community -- 4.2 Value Chain Actors -- 4.3 The Consumer -- 4.4 The Workers -- 4.5 The Society -- 5 Research on Czech Chemical and Food Products -- 5.1 Assumptions and Theoretical Backgrounds -- 5.2 Research Methodology -- 5.2.1 Choice of Respondents -- 5.3 Research Topics According to SLCA Phases -- 6 Social Life Cycle Assessment of Chemical Products -- 6.1 The Scope of Social Life Cycle Assessment of Chemical Products -- 6.2 Setting Boundaries -- 6.3 Selecting Indicators and Collection of SLCA Data -- 6.4 Sources of Uncertainty and Limitations -- 7 Social Life Cycle Assessment of Food Products -- 7.1 Scope of SLCA of Food Products -- 7.2 Setting Boundaries -- 7.3 Selecting Indicators and the Collection of SLCA Data -- 7.4 Sources of Uncertainty and Limitations -- 8 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- 6 Partial Organization and Social LCA Development: The Creation and Expansion of an Epistemic Community -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 1.1 Social Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for CSR -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.3 The Life Cycle Initiative as a CSR Multi-stakeholder Initiative -- 1.4 The Life Cycle Initiative Social LCA Project Group -- 2 Social Shaping and Institutionalization of LCA -- 2.1 LCA as a Scientific Method and a Management Tool -- 2.1.1 LCA as a Management Tool -- 3 Organizing for Social LCA Development -- 3.1 Who Has Been Involved in Social LCA Development? -- 3.2 Social LCA Project Group Organization -- 4 Epistemic Communities as Interactive Processes -- 5 The Growth of the Epistemic Community, the Development of the SHDB -- 6 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Social Life Cycle Assessment in a Managerial Perspective: An Integrative Approach for Business Strategy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Social Life Cycle Assessment Framework, Methodology and Tools -- 4 CSR Tools for Social Business Evaluation -- 5 Stakeholder Management Tools: The Stakeholder Engagement and the Stakeholder Analysis -- 6 The Global Reporting Initiative -- 7 The Risk Management Tools -- 8 Social Attention and Greenwashing Risks -- 9 Discussion and Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Effect of Textile Parameters on Microfiber Shedding Properties of Textiles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microfiber Shedding Mechanism -- 3 Microfiber Generations in Different Phases of Life Cycle -- 3.1 Production Stage -- 3.2 Consumption Stage -- 3.3 Disposal Stage -- 4 Effect of Textile Parameters in Microfiber Shedding -- 4.1 Effect of Fiber Properties -- 4.2 Effect of Yarn Parameters -- 4.3 Effect of Fabric Parameters and Properties -- 4.4 Effect of Surface Finishes -- 4.5 Effects of Aging -- 5 Summary and Recommendations -- References -- Current State of Microplastics Research in SAARC Countries-A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Knowledge of Microplastics Research in SAARC Nations -- 3 India -- 3.1 Coastal Environment -- 3.2 Riverine Environment -- 3.3 Lacustrine Environment -- 3.4 Groundwater -- 3.5 Biota -- 3.6 Salt -- 3.7 Dust/Atmospheric Deposition -- 4 Pakistan -- 5 Maldives -- 6 Bangladesh -- 7 Sri Lanka -- 8 Nepal -- 9 Recommendations for Future Studies -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Distribution and Impact of Microplastics in the Aquatic Systems: A Review of Ecotoxicological Effects on Biota -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review Methods and Data Treatment -- 3 The Occurrence of Microplastics in Aquatic Biota -- 4 Interaction and Uptake Mechanism of Microplastics by Aquatic Biota -- 5 Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic Biota -- 5.1 Toxicity Effect at Subcellular, Cellular, and Organ Level of Biota -- 5.2 Toxicity Effects on the Behavioral Pattern -- 6 Microplastics Associated Contaminants Effects on Biotas -- 7 Conclusion, Future Research, and Recommendation -- References -- Microplastic Pollution in Marine Environment: Occurrence, Fate, and Effects (With a Specific Focus on Biogeochemical Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Concept and Composition of Microplastics. , 1.2 Sources of Microplastics -- 2 Environmental Fate and Transport of Microplastics -- 2.1 The Transport of Microplastics in the Marine Environment -- 2.2 The Fate of Microplastics in the Marine Environment -- 3 The Impact of Microplastics on Ecosystems -- 3.1 Impacts on Marine Phytoplankton and Zooplankton -- 3.2 Impacts on Marine Benthic Communities -- 3.3 Effects of Microplastics on Microbial Diversity, Community Structure, and Function -- 4 Effects on Biogeochemical Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles -- 4.1 Effect of Microplastics on Carbon Cycles -- 4.2 Effect of Microplastics on Nitrogen Cycles in Sediments -- 5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Domestic Laundry and Microfiber Shedding of Synthetic Textiles -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microfiber Shedding and Laundry -- 2.1 Effect of Detergent/Detergent Concentration on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.2 Effect of Laundry Temperature on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.3 Effect of Laundry Cycle/Time on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.4 Effect of Softener Treatment on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.5 Effect of Washing Machine Type/Method on Microfiber Shedding -- 2.6 Other Influencing Parameters Influencing Microfiber Shedding -- 3 Summary and Recommendation -- References -- Microplastics in Dentistry-A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Dental Materials and Microplastics -- 2.1 Poly Methyl Methacrylate Based Denture Base Materials -- 2.2 BIS Phenol A from Orthodontic Appliances -- 2.3 BIS Phenol A from Composites and Pit and Fissure Sealants -- 2.4 Toothpastes and Microplastics -- 3 Polymer Degradation and Impacts -- 3.1 Saliva Components -- 3.2 Masticatory Forces -- 3.3 Thermal and Chemical Changes -- 3.4 Oral Microbes -- 4 Environmental Impact -- 5 Impact on Human -- 6 Recommendations for Future Studies -- 7 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Prospective Assessment of the Carbon Footprint of a National Power Generation System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 The ESM + LCA Approach -- 2.2 Energy Scenarios -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Techno-Environmental Evolution Under Scenarios on the Retirement of Non-Renewable Technologies -- 3.2 Techno-Environmental Evolution Under Scenarios on Novel Energy Policies -- 3.3 Techno-Environmental Evolution Under Cross-Sectoral Scenarios -- 3.4 Lessons Learned -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Energy Valorization of Bio-glycerol: Carbon Footprint of Co-pyrolysis Process of Crude Glycerol in a CHP Plant -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Pyrolysis of Crude Glycerol -- 1.2 Description of the Plant -- 1.3 Life-Cycle Assessment of Biomass Pyrolysis -- 2 LCA Methodology -- 2.1 Goal and Scope Definition -- 2.2 System Boundaries -- 2.3 Life-Cycle Inventory -- 2.4 Allocation -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Decarbonisation of Electricity Generation: Efforts and Challenges -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Electricity Trends -- 3 Electricity and Greenhouse Gases -- 4 Decarbonisation of the Power Industry -- 4.1 GEP, Environmental Issues and Climate Change -- 4.2 Environmental Considerations in GEP Studies -- 4.3 Emission Reduction Handling in GEP -- 4.4 GEP and Intermittent Renewable Energy -- 5 Green Policies for Power Generation Decarbonisation -- 5.1 Carbon Tax -- 5.2 GEP and FIT System -- 5.3 Emission Trading -- 5.4 Auctions and Tendering Schemes -- 6 Emission Reduction Capabilities -- 7 Decarbonisation: Both Sides of the Story -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Carbon Footprint of Brazilian Highway Network -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Brazilian National Traffic Counting Plan -- 2.1 Permanent Traffic Counting -- 2.2 Origin and Destination Survey -- 3 Brazilian Road Transport -- 4 Carbon Footprint Methodology. , 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Water Footprint of Fruits in Arid and Semi-arid Regions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Source and Methodology -- 2.1 Calculation of Water footprint components -- 2.2 Economical Value of Water Footprint -- 3 Water footprint components in date palm -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Cultivation Area, Crop Yield, Production, and Chemical Fertilizer Consumption -- 3.3 Water Footprint (WF) and Water Footprint Economic Value (WFEV) -- 3.4 Volume of WFCs in Each Cultivars -- 4 Water Footprint in Almond -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Cultivation Area, Crop Yield, Production, and Chemical Fertilizer of Almond Production -- 4.3 Almond Water Footprint in Iran -- 4.4 Economic Values of Water Footprint (WFEV) in Almond -- 4.5 Volumes of Water Footprint Components in Almond Production -- 5 Water Footprint in Walnuts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Sown Area, Total Production, and Yield of Walnut Production -- 5.3 Walnut Water Footprint in Iran -- 5.4 Economic values of water footprint (WFEV) in walnut -- 5.5 Volumes of Water Footprint Components in Walnut Production -- 6 Conclusion and Summary -- References -- Appraising the Water Status in Egypt Through the Application of the Virtual Water Principle in the Agricultural Sector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Calculating the Virtual Water for Agricultural Crops -- 2.2 Calculation of the Virtual Water for Agricultural Products -- 2.3 Water Footprint and Its Indicators -- 2.4 Food Security and Food Self-sufficiency in Egypt -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Virtual Water for Agricultural Crops -- 3.2 The Virtual Water for Agricultural Products -- 3.3 Indicators of Water Footprint -- 3.4 Food Security and Food Self-sufficiency -- 3.5 The Volume of Virtual Water Required for Self-sufficiency -- 4 Conclusion -- Appendices. , Appendix 1: The Virtual Water Volume for Selected Crops -- Appendix 2: Consumption and Food Gap for Wheat, Rice and Maize Crops -- Appendix 3A: Self-sufficiency Ratio SSR for the Wheat Crop -- Appendix 3B: Self-sufficiency Ratio SSR for the Maize Crop -- Appendix 4: Required Water Needed for Crops (million m3) -- References -- Cereal Water Footprint in Arid and Semi-arid Regions: Past, Today and Future -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Water Resources Management -- 1.2 Importance of Cereals for Food Security -- 1.3 Importance of Water Footprint -- 2 Arid and Semi-arid Regions -- 3 Water Footprint (WF) Calculation -- 4 Cereal Water Footprint in Past and Today -- 4.1 Cereal Water Footprint in Different Regions of the World -- 4.2 Cereal Water Footprint in Iran -- 4.3 Cereal Water Footprint in Qazvin Plain -- 5 Cereal Water Footprint in the Future -- 5.1 Climate Change Scenarios -- 5.2 Cereal Water Footprint in Different Regions of the World in Future -- 5.3 Maize Water Footprint in Qazvin Plain in Future -- 5.4 Wheat Water Footprint in Qazvin Plain in Future -- 6 Cereal Water Footprint Improvement -- 7 Water Shortage: Management and Consequences -- References -- Environmental Footprints of Hydrogen from Crops -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of the Current Hydrogen Industry -- 3 Hydrogen from Crops: Thermochemical Processes -- 3.1 Steam Reforming -- 3.2 Dry Reforming -- 3.3 Partial Oxidation and Autothermal Reforming -- 3.4 Pyrolysis -- 4 Hydrogen from Crops: Biological Processes -- 5 Electrolysis as an Alternative for Green Hydrogen Production -- 6 Environmental Footprints of Hydrogen Production -- 6.1 Gray, Blue, and Green Hydrogen -- 6.2 Hydrogen from Biomass -- 6.3 Biological Hydrogen -- 7 Conclusions and Key Challenges for a Greener Hydrogen Matrix -- References. , Designing an Energy Use Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of Conservation Agriculture Wheat Farming in Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Site, Design, and Soil Sampling -- 2.2 Soil Tillage and Agronomic Management Practices -- 2.3 LCA Modeling -- 2.4 Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Energy Use Analysis -- 3.2 Energy Indicators in Wheat Farming -- 3.3 Assessment of Life Cycle GHG Emission and Carbon Footprint -- 3.4 Net Life Cycle GHG emission -- 4 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- About the Authors, Reviewers, Editors, and Their Contributions -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Creating a Green Circular Entrepreneurship Mindset in Students -- 1 Entrepreneurship and Its Evolution -- 2 Does Entrepreneurship Incentivize the Growth of Economies? -- 3 Entrepreneurship in Education -- 4 New Business Models: Circular and Green Entrepreneurship -- 5 Education and the Circular and Green Entrepreneurship Mindset -- 6 Closing Remarks -- References -- Green Entrepreneurship-Added Value as a Strategic Orientation Business Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Entrepreneurship Traditional Approach -- 3 Technology and Green Entrepreneurship Business Models -- 3.1 Sustainable Innovation and Green Technological Opportunities -- 4 Classification of GreenTech Business Models -- 5 Business Model Archetypes -- 5.1 Energy Efficinnovator -- 5.2 Efficiency Energizer -- 5.3 Energy Efficreator -- 5.4 Material Efficinnovator -- 5.5 Efficiency Material Enhancer -- 5.6 Material Efficreator -- 5.7 Recyclinnovator -- 5.8 Recyclenhancer -- 5.9 Green Technolooper -- 5.10 Greenew Substituter -- 5.11 Greenhanced Substituter -- 5.12 Greentech Substituter -- 6 The 4 Gs and Green Entrepreneurship -- 6.1 Green Product -- 6.2 Green Design -- 6.3 Green Supply Chain -- 6.4 Green Production -- 7 Green Value-Added Process for Entrepreneurship -- 7.1 Primary Activities -- 7.2 Internal Support Activities -- 7.3 External Support Activities -- 8 Closing Remarks -- References -- Effectiveness of Renewable Energy Policies in Promoting Green Entrepreneurship: A Global Benchmark Comparison -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Entrepreneurship -- 2.1 Factors of Green Entrepreneurship -- 2.2 Factors to the Development of Renewable Energy -- 2.3 Green Entrepreneurship Cases Linked to Renewable Energy -- 3 Renewable Energy Policies. , 3.1 Renewable Energy Policies' Contribution to the Accomplishment of SDGs -- 3.2 Top 10 Countries that Apply Renewable Energy Policies -- 3.3 Top 10 Developed Countries Based on Their GDP -- 4 Closing Remarks -- References -- Theory of Sustainable Paths for Entrepreneurship Associated with Fashion and Practical Examples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fast Fashion and Sustainable Fashion -- 3 Slow Fashion and Sustainable Entrepreneurship -- 4 Theory of Sustainability in Business -- 4.1 Triple Income Statement Model -- 4.2 Business Model Triangle -- 4.3 The Theory of Social Practices (TPS) -- 5 Cases -- 5.1 Pigments that Are Produced by Microorganisms -- 5.2 Fish Leather -- 6 Pineapple Leaf Fibers -- 7 Recycled Fibers -- 8 Co-creation -- References -- Strategies in Small Businesses to Combat Plastic Overproduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Problem of Plastic Before the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 3 Evolution of the Plastic Problem During the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 4 Intermediate Solutions to Reduce Overproduction of Plastics -- 4.1 Circular Economy -- 4.2 GloLitter Project -- 4.3 Peru Case: Restricting the Use of Tecnopor (Expanded Polystyrene) -- 5 Green Small Businesses and Their Initiatives on Sustainability -- References -- Redefining Entrepreneurship: The Incorporation of CSR and Positive Corporate Image as Business Strategies in Green Entrepreneurialism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traditional Entrepreneurship to Green Entrepreneurship -- 2.1 Theoretical Consideration of CSR -- 2.2 Differences Between Social Entrepreneurship and CSR -- 2.3 Theoretical Consideration of CI -- 3 Implementing CSR in Green Entrepreneurialism -- 4 Business Cases that Incorporate CSR as a Strategy in the World -- 5 Green Corporate Image (GCI) -- 6 Business Cases that Use GCI as a Strategy in the World -- 7 Closing Remarks -- References. , Creation of Sustainable Enterprises from the Female Directionality -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Entrepreneurship and Sustainable Entrepreneurship Gender and Sustainable Development (SDG) -- 3 Motivators and Barriers of Female Entrepreneurship -- 4 Key Factors for the Success of Female Entrepreneurs: The Family and Business Legitimacy -- 5 Closing Remarks -- References -- Growing the Green Entrepreneurial Intention Among Youth-A Worldwide Comparative Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Traditional Entrepreneurship to Green Entrepreneurship -- 3 Green Entrepreneurship Intention among Students -- 3.1 Students and Entrepreneurship -- 3.2 Green Entrepreneurship Intention -- 4 Green Entrepreneurship Intention Promotion Worldwide -- 4.1 Higher Education Cases -- 4.2 Institutions Cases -- 5 Closing Remarks -- References -- Green Marketing and Entrepreneurship -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Marketing in Today's Market -- 3 Opportunities and Challenges of Green Marketing for Entrepreneurship -- 3.1 Opportunities of Green Marketing -- 3.2 Challenges of Green Marketing -- 4 Closing Remarks -- References -- Sustainable Entrepreneurship: How Create Firms and Support SDG -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Origin of Sustainable Entrepreneurship -- 3 The SDGs -- 4 SDG of the Environmental Dimension -- 5 SDG of the Social Dimension -- 6 SDG of the Economic Dimension -- 7 Closing Remarks -- References -- FinTech: An Innovative Green Entrepreneurship Model -- 1 Introduction -- 2 FinTech: Theoretical Framework -- 3 Types of FinTech -- 3.1 Payments (PayTech) -- 3.2 Lending (LendTech) -- 3.3 Trading (TradeTech) -- 3.4 Insurance (InsurTech) -- 3.5 Personal Finance (WealthTech) -- 4 FinTech as a Green Entrepreneurship -- 5 Evolution of FinTech in the Global Commerce -- 6 FinTech in the COVID-19 Context -- 7 FinTech as a Solution on Actual Bank System -- 8 Future Research -- 9 Closing Remarks. , References -- Intention of Green Entrepreneurship Among University Students in Colombia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Studies -- 3 Theoretical Framework -- 3.1 Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) -- 3.2 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) -- 4 Hypothesis -- 5 Model to Test -- 6 Methodology -- 6.1 Sample -- 6.2 Data Collection, Questionnaire and Analysis -- 7 Outcomes -- 7.1 Reliability -- 7.2 Validation with SEM-PLS -- 7.3 Discriminant Validity Using SEM-PLS -- 7.4 Bootstrapping -- 7.5 Test of Hypothesis -- 8 Discussion -- 9 Conclusions -- References.