Note: Electron Spin Resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Organic Radical Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bibliography -- 3 General Technique -- 4 Calculations of Hyperfine Coupling Constants -- 5 Radical Cations -- 5.1 Reviews -- 5.2 Experimental Methods -- 5.3 π-Systems -- 5.4 Alkanes -- 5.5 Heteronuclear Radical Cations -- 5.6 Reactivity of Radical Cations -- 6 Radical Anions -- 6.1 Experimental Methods -- 6.2 Carbonyl and Thiocarbonyl Compounds -- 6.3 Alkenes -- 6.4 Radicals Centred on Heteroatoms -- 6.5 Cyclic π-Systems -- 6.6 Counterion Interactions -- 6.7 Quinones -- 6.8 Heteroaromatic Compounds -- 7 References -- Chapter 2 Organic and Organometallic Free Radicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon-centred Radicals -- 2.1 Structure -- 2.2 Rearrangements -- 2.3 Fragmentation, Atom Abstraction and Radical Addition -- 3 Nitrogen-centred Radicals -- 4 Oxygen-centred Radicals -- 5 Nitroxides and Spin Trapping -- 5.1 Nitroxides -- 5.2 Nitroso Compounds -- 5.3 Nitrones -- 5.4 Miscellanea -- 6 Developments in Theory -- 7 Acknowledgement -- 8 References -- Chapter 3 EPR and ENDOR of Metalloproteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Copper -- 2.1 Blue Copper Sites -- 2.2 Type 2 Copper Sites -- 2.3 Binuclear Sites and Multi-centered Copper Proteins -- 3 Iron -- 3.1 Non-heme Iron Proteins -- 3.2 Heme-iron Proteins -- 3.3 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 4 Nickel -- 5 Molybdenum and Tungsten -- 6 Vanadium -- 7 Manganese -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Acknowledgements -- 10 References -- Chapter 4 Spin Labels and Spin Probes in Polymers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of Polymer Coil -- 2.1 Determination of Conformational State and Polymer Chain Sizes of Spin Labelled Macromolecules in Solids -- 2.2 Spatial Organization of Polymer-metal Coils in Liquid Solutions -- 3 Polymer solutions -- 3.1 Segmental Mobility of Spin Labelled Macromolecules -- 3.1.1 Poly(acrylic) and Poly(methacrylic) Acids. , 3.1.2 Poly(octyl isocyanate) -- 3.2 Phase Separation in Polymer Solutions -- 3.3 Segmental Mobility and Conformation of Spin Labelled Macromolecules at the Solid/Liquid Interface -- 3.4 Associative Polymer Systems in Solutions -- 3.4.1 Complexes of Poly(ethylene) Oxide and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate -- 3.4.2 Complexes of Sodium Poly(alkylacrylate)s and Alkyltrimethylammonium Bromides -- 3.4.3 Self-assembling Structure Polymers -- 3.4.4 Starburst Dendrimers -- 4 Swollen Polymers, Gels and Concentrated Solutions -- 5 Solid Polymers -- 5.1 Structural and Dynamic Microheterogeneity of Polymers near the Glass Transition Temperature -- 5.2 Influence of Hydrogen Bonding on the Spin Probe Rotational Mobility in Solid Polymers -- 5.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding and Probe Size Effects in Linear Epoxy Polymers -- 5.2.2 Hydrogen Bonding in Silica-filled Polyethylene -- 5.3 Features of the Spin Probe and Spin Label Dynamics in Polymer Blends and Polyblock Copolymers -- 5.3.1 Blends of the Miscible Pairs of Polymers -- 5.3.2 Blends of the Immiscible Pairs of Polymers -- 5.3.3 Polyblock Copolymers with Soft and Rigid Blocks -- 5.4 The Polymer Surface Characterization by Using Nitroxide Radicals -- 5.5 Influence of Chemical Transformations of Polymers on the Molecular Dynamics of Spin Labels and probes -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 References -- Chapter 5 Applications of EPR to Fullerene Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radical Ions of C60 -- 2.1 The C60- Radical -- 2.2 The EPR Spectrum of C602- -- 2.3 The EPR Spectrum of C603- -- 3 Endohedral Fullerenes -- 4 Muonium-containing C60 and C70 Radicals -- 4.1 MuC60 and the Mu/H Hyperfine Anomaly -- 4.2 13C Hyperfine Interactions in MuC60 -- 4.3 Muon Addition to C70 -- 5 Free Radical Adducts of C60 and C70 -- 5.1 Addition of Alkyl Radicals to C60 -- 5.2 Addition of other Free Radicals to C60 -- 5.3 Free Radical Adducts of C70. , 6 The Excited Triplet State of C60 -- 7 Summary -- 8 Acknowledgements -- 9 References -- Chapter 6 EPR Imaging -- 1 Introduction -- 2 EPR Imaging Techniques -- 2.1 Gradients -- 2.2 Localized Detection -- 2.3 Pulsed Experiments -- 2.4 Double Resonance -- 2.5 Image Reconstruction -- 3 Instrumentation -- 3.1 Gradients -- 3.2 Frequencies Lower than X-band -- 4 Applications -- 4.1 Diffusion -- 4.2 Low Frequency and In Vivo -- 4.3 Geosciences and Material Science -- 5 Summary -- 6 Acknowledgment -- 7 References -- Chapter 7 Time Domain EPR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ESEEM -- 2.1 S=1/2, I=1/2 -- 2.1.1 1H, 15N -- 2.1.2 31P, 117,119Sn, 29Si -- 2.2 S=1/2, I=1, 14N -- 2.2.1 Qualitative Analysis -- 2.2.2 Quantitative Analysis using Approximate Equations -- 2.2.3 Quantitative Analysis - Numerical Simulations -- 2.3 S=1/2, I=1, 2H -- 2.3.1 Frequence Domain Analysis without the Quadrupole Interaction -- 2.3.2 Quantitative analysis using Approximate Equations -- 2.3.3 Time Domain Analysis -- 2.4 S=1/2, I> -- 1, 17O, 27Al, 79,81Br, 35Cl, 7Li -- 2.5 S> -- 1/2, I> -- 1/2 -- 2.5.1 Qualitative Analysis -- 2.5.2 Quantitative Analysis -- 2.6 Coherent Raman Beats -- 2.7 Electron-Electron Interactions -- 2.8 Theory -- 3 2D ESEEM -- 3.1 S=1/2, I=1/2 -- 3.2 S=1/2, I=1 -- 4 Pulsed ENDOR -- 4.1 1H, 2H -- 4.2 17O, 55Mn, 57Fe -- 4.3 19F -- 4.4 High Field -- 5 Echo Detected EPR, Relaxation and Nutation Measurement -- 5.1 ED-EPR -- 5.2 Relaxation Measurements -- 5.3 Nutation Experiments -- 6 FT-EPR -- 6.1 1D FT-EPR -- 6.2 2D FT-EPR -- 6.3 Nutation Experiments -- 7 New Methods -- 7.1 Measuring Nuclear Frequencies Without RF Pulses -- 7.2 Pulsed ENDOR -- 7.3 FT-EPR and Others -- 7.4 Instrumentation-High Field -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- 9 References -- Chapter 8 Recent Computer Applications in EPR Spectroscopy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Computers in Data Acquisition and Data Analysis. , 2.1 Data Acquisition -- 2.1.1 CW EPR -- 2.1.1.1 Varian Systems -- 2.1.1.2 Bruker Systems -- 2.1.1.3 JEOL Systems -- 2.1.1.4 Other Systems -- 2.1.2 EPR Imaging -- 2.1.3 ENDOR, ELDOR and Pulsed Systems -- 2.1.4 High-field EPR -- 2.2 Processing EPR Data -- 2.2.1 Correcting for Field Inhomogeneity -- 2.2.2 Base-line correction -- 2.2.3 Imaging -- 2.2.4 Stochastic ENDOR -- 3 Spectral Simulation -- 3.1 Least-squares Simulations of Inhomogeneously Broadened EPR Spectra -- 3.2 Examples -- 3.2.1 Measurement of Oxygen Concentration by EPR -- 3.2.2 Measurement of Nitroxide Metabolism and Oxygen Consumption in Baby Hamster Kidney Cells and Transformed Hamster Cells by EPR -- 4 Computers in Communication and Information Exchange -- 4.1 Anonymous FTP Sites Associated with EPR -- 4.2 The Worldwide Web -- 4.2.1 EPR Centers -- 4.2.1.1 http://ierc.scs.uiuc.edu/epr.html -- 4.2.1.2 http://www.biophysics.mcw.edu//BRI-EPR/ -- 4.2.1.3 http://spin.aecom.yu.edu/ -- 4.2.2 Database Sites -- 4.2.2.1 http://www.rad.nd.edu -- 4.2.2.2 http://alfred.niehs.nih.gov:80/LMB/stdb/ -- 4.2.2.3 http://emrs.chm.bris.ac.uk/emr/EMR.html -- 4.2.3 Conference Sites -- 4.2.3.1 http://www.du.edu/~seaton/eprsym.html -- 4.2.4 Commercial Sites -- 4.2.4.1 http://www.bruker.com/ and http://www.bruker.de/ -- 4.2.4.2 http://www.jeol.com/ -- 4.2.4.3 http://www.wwnet.com/~sss/ -- 4.2.4.4 http://www.wilmad.com -- 4.2.5 Educational Sites -- 4.2.5.1 http://www.chem.vt.edu/chem-ed/spec/spin/epr.htm -- 4.2.6 Other Related Sites -- 4.2.6.1 http://endorl.chem.nwu.edu/endor/html -- 4.2.6.2 http://biosci.cbs.umn.edu/biophys/biophys.html -- 4.3 Future Prospects -- 4.3.1 Running EPR Spectrometers through the Worldwide Web -- 4.4 Electronic Mail Addresses -- 4.4.1 Manufacturers of EPR Equipment -- 4.4.2 EPR-related Supplies -- 4.4.3 EPR-related Repair and Design Services, and Software -- 4.5 List and News Servers. , 4.6 Data Bases on the Internet -- 4.6.1 Data Bases Maintained by Individuals -- 4.6.2 Spin Trap and Magnetic Resonance Data Base at the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at the National Institute of Enviornmental Health Science -- 4.6.3 Notre Dame Radiation Chemistry Data Center -- 4.6.4 Richard Cammack's Data Base on EPR Software -- 4.7 Examples -- 4.7.1 An Anonymous FTP Session with xenon.ch.ilstu.edu -- 4.7.2 Joining the EPR-list and Sending a Message to the list -- 4.7.3 Searching the Notre Dame Radiation Chemistry Data Center -- 5 Acknowledgments -- 6 References -- Author Index.

Note: Electron Spin Resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Organic Radical Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bibliography -- 3 Radical Cations -- 3.1 Experimental Methods -- 3.2 π-Systems -- 3.2.1 Hydrocarbons -- 3.2.2 Non-hydrocarbons -- 3.3 Alkanes -- 3.4 Heteronuclear Radical Cations -- 4 Radical Anions -- 4.1 Formation of Radical Anions -- 4.2 π-Systems -- 4.2.1 Predominantly C-Centred -- 4.2.2 Quinones -- 4.2.3 Heteronuclear Radical Anions -- 4.3 Ion Pairs and Solvent Effects -- 4.4 Reactions Involving Radical Anions -- References -- Chapter 2 Time Resolved ESR Studies of Free Radicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Methods -- 2.1 Continuous-wave Sampling Techniques -- 2.2 Pulse Techniques -- 2.3 Comparison of the Methods -- 2.4 Other Methods -- 3 Chemically Induced Dynamic Electron Polarization -- 3.1 Polarization in the Triplet State -- 3.2 The Triplet Mechanism -- 3.3 The ST0 Radical Pair Mechanism -- 3.4 ST-1 RPM Polarization -- 3.5 Polarization in the Spin-correlated Pair -- 3.6 Interpretation of Spectra Which Exhibit Both TM and RPM Polarization -- 3.7 The Radical-Triplet Pair Mechanism -- 3.8 Polarization by Cross-relaxation -- 4 Polarization in Secondary Radicals -- 4.1. Polarization in Nuclearly-correlated Secondary Radicals -- 4.1.1 Proton-transfer Reactions -- 4.2 Polarization in Nuclearly-uncorrelated Secondary Radicals -- Electron Transfer Reactions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 High-field ESR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Techniques -- 2.1 Magnetic Field -- 2.2 Microwave Equipment and Probe Heads -- 2.3 Pulsed ESR Experiments -- 2.4 ENDOR Experiments -- 2.5 ESR Imaging -- 3 Applications: Molecular Structure -- 3.1 Free Radicals -- 3.2 Paramagnetic Ions, Triplets, and Solid State Defects -- 3.3 Delocalized Electron Centers, Organic Semiconductors, Metals, etc. -- 3.4 Spin Probes and Spin Labels -- 4 Applications: Dynamics Studies. , 4.1 Fast Motion Regime -- 4.2 Dynamics Studies in Slow Motion Regime -- 4.3 Chemical Reactivity vs Molecular Mobility -- 5 Thermal Spin Polarization Effects -- 5.1 VHF ESR of Triplet Radical Pairs -- 5.2 Signs of Spin-Spin Coupling -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Transition Metals in Inorganic Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Books and Reviews -- 3 EPR Techniques and Their Applications -- 4 Spectrum Simulation Methods -- 5 The Calculation of Spin-Hamiltonian Parameters -- 6 Monomeric Compounds -- 6.1 Single Crystals -- 6.2 Powders and Frozen Solutions -- 6.3 Matrix Isolated Species -- 7 Discrete Polymeric Species -- 7.1 Dimers -- 7.2 Trimers -- 7.3 Higher Oligomers -- 8 Extended Lattices -- 9 Microporous Materials -- References -- Chapter 5 Radiation Damage in DNA -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of This Report -- 1.2 The Primary Workers in the Field -- 1.3 Symbols Used -- 2 DNA Constituents -- 2.1 Pyrimidines -- 2.1.1 Aqueous Solution at Room Temperature -- 2.1.2 Single Crystal Studies -- 2.1.3 Frozen Aqueous Solutions and Glasses -- 2.2 Purines -- 2.2.1 Single Crystals -- 2.2.2 Glasses -- 2.3 Redirection of Anion Protonation by Small Cations -- 2.4 Summary -- 3 DNA -- 3.1 The Radicals Present in DNA -- 3.1.1 Identification of DNA Ion Radicals at Low Temperatures -- 3.1.2 Ion Radical Stabilization by Proton Transfer between Complementary Bases -- 3.1.3 Effects of Added Salts on Radical Yields -- 3.1.4 Questions about Deconvolution of Complex Spectra -- 3.1.5 Other Primary and Secondary Radicals Formed in DNA -- 3.1.6 The Fate of the Electron Adduct in DNA -- 3.2 Hydration and Absolute Yields of Radicals in DNA -- 3.2.1 Hydration and Yields of Total Primary Radicals -- 3.2.2 The Destruction Constant k and Models for DNA Damage -- 3.2.3 Volume of a Trapped Radical Ion Cluster. , 3.2.4 Yields of Individual Ion Radicals as a Function of Hydration -- 3.3 Radical Transfer in DNA and DNA Complexes -- 3.3.1 Electron Transfer Distances in DNA -- 3.3.2 Long Range Hole Transfer -- 3.3.3 Hole Transfer from Backbone to Base -- 3.3.4 Hole Transfer from Hydration Layer to DNA -- 3.3.5 Radical Transfer from Histones and Protein Complexes with DNA -- 3.4 Spin Trapping of DNA Radicals -- 3.5 ESR of High LET Irradiated DNA Components -- References -- Chapter 6 Spin Labelling in Biological Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Progressive CW Saturation and Saturation Transfer Intensities -- 3 Saturation with Spin Exchange -- 4 Accessibility to Paramagnetic Relaxation Agents -- 5 Site-directed Spin Labelling -- 6 Dipolar Induced Paramagnetic Relaxation -- 7 Molecular Dynamics and Saturation -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7 EPR Studies of Photosynthesis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 EPR on Photosynthetic Systems -- 2.1 Plant Photosynthesis -- 2.1.1 Primary Donor and Acceptors of PS I -- 2.1.2 Donor Side of PS II -- 2.1.3 Mn Water Splitting Complex of PS II and Mn Model Clusters -- 2.1.4 Acceptor Side of PS II -- 2.1.5 Cytochromes -- 2.2 Bacterial Photosynthesis -- 2.2.1 Primary Donor in Bacterial RC's -- 2.2.2 Quinone Acceptors in Bacterial RC's -- 2.2.3 Correlated Radical Pairs in Bacterial RC's -- 2.2.4 Cytochromes -- 2.3 Model Systems -- 2.3.1 Carotenoids -- 2.3.2 Chlorophylls, Porphyrins, and Novel Porphyrinoids -- 2.3.3 Quinones -- 2.3.4 Porphyrin-Quinone Donor-Acceptor Systems -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Biological Spin Trapping -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Superoxide -- 3 Hydroxyl Radical -- 3.1 Iron -- 3.2 Copper -- 3.3 Vanadium -- 3.4 Chromium -- 3.5 Cobalt -- 3.6 Nickel -- 3.7 HOC1 -- 3.8 Peroxynitrite -- 3.9 Quinones -- 3.10 Hydroxyl Radical Scavengers -- 4 Hydroperoxides -- 4.1 Organic Hydroperoxides. , 4.2 Lipid Hydroperoxides -- 5 Thiyl Radicals -- 6 Hydrazines -- 7 Lignin Peroxidase -- 8 Alcohol -- 9 Sulfur Dioxide, Bisulfites, and Sulfites -- 10 Halocarbons -- 11 Smoke- and Ozone-mediated Free Radicals -- 12 Protein Radicals -- 12.1 Myoglobin -- 12.2 Hemoglobin -- 12.3 Other Proteins -- 13 Arene Diazonium Compounds -- 14 DNA, RNA, and Sugars -- 15 Reperfusion Injury -- 15.1 Heart -- 15.2 Brain -- 15.3 Kidney -- 15.4 Transplant -- 15.5 Models -- 16 Nitrones as Drugs -- 16.1 Radical Scavengers -- 16.2 Shock Effects -- 16.3 Heart Effects -- 16.4 Brain Effects -- 16.5 Miscellaneous Effects -- 17 Spin Trap Decomposition -- 18 New Instrumental Techniques -- 18.1 State of the Art Instrumentation -- 18.1.1 Mass Spectroscopy/EPR -- 18.1.2 Loop Gap Resonator EPR -- 18.2 Instrumental Conditions -- 18.3 Interpretation of Hyperfine Coupling Constants -- 18.4 Fluorescence Detection -- 18.5 Microdialysis -- 18.6 Microcarrier Beads -- 18.7 Low Frequency EPR -- 18.8 Designer Spin Traps -- 18.9 Ex Vivo Radical Adduct Formation -- 19 Radical Adduct Impostors, Misidentifications, and Artifacts -- 20 Reviews on Spin Trapping -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Author Index.