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  • 1
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    Caribbean Current and eddies as observed by surface drifters (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author, 2004. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B. V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 52 (2005): 429-463, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.11.001.
    Description: Recent satellite-tracked surface drifter trajectories were analyzed to describe the mean currents and eddies in the Caribbean Sea. The structure of the Caribbean Current and its variability were determined from high-resolution ½ degree maps of the mean velocity and eddy kinetic energy. Looping drifter trajectories were used to identify discrete cyclones and anticyclones, and their characteristics were described and related to the structure of the mean flow. The translation rate of eddies in different areas was found to be similar to the mean velocity of the local background flow fields suggesting that the eddies were largely advected by the background flow. Ten energetic anticyclones translated westward at 13 cm/sec in the Venezuela and Colombia Basins. These anticyclones tended to lie in two bands, centered near 15ºN and 17ºN, coinciding with two jets of the Caribbean Current. The northern weaker jet contains water primarily from the North Atlantic, the southern stronger jet contains water from the tropical and South Atlantic. The anticyclones are thought to have formed in the eastern Caribbean from the anticyclonic vorticity derived from North Brazil Current rings. The ring vorticity enters the eastern Caribbean through island passages and is probably amplified by the anticyclonic shear on the northern side of the jets. Southwest of Cuba a cyclone-anticyclone pair was observed to slowly (~ 2 cm/sec) translate westward into the Yucatan Current. The cyclone was tracked for 10.5 months with four drifters, making it the longest-tracked of the Caribbean eddies.
    Description: Funding was provided by National Science Foundation grants OCE 97-29765 and OCE 01-36477.
    Keywords: Surface drifters ; Caribbean Current ; Caribbean eddies ; Eddies ; North Brazil Current rings ; Meridional overturning circulation ; Intra-Americas Seas ; Caribbean Sea ; Colombia Basin ; Venezuela Basin ; Yucatan Basin ; Antilles
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 2
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    Gulf Stream ring trajectories (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 10 (1980): 90-104
    Description: During the period 1976-78, the movement of 14 Gulf Stream rings, including two anticyclonic and 12 cyclonic rings, was measured with satellite-tracked free-drifting buoys. The buoys in the cyclonic rings showed a tendency to move out toward the high-velocity region of the ring and to remain there circling the center. One buoy stayed in a ring as long as 8 months and completed 86 loops. Periods of rotation ranged from less than 2 days up to 10 days. The movement of the rings was complicated and appears to be related to the Gulf Stream and strong topographic features such as the New England Seamounts . Rings that were not touching the Stream generally moved westward with typical speeds of 5 cm s-1. Rings that were attached to the Stream generally moved downstream in the Stream with speeds up to 75 cm s-1 . Frequently rings coalesced with the Gulf Stream and one of the following three things seemed to happen: I) the ring turned into an open meander of the Stream and was lost; 2) the ring was advected rapidly downstream in the Stream and was presumably lost; and 3) the ring became attached to the Gulf Stream and then split off again as a modified ring. The results of this study, that frequently strong interactions occur between rings and the Gulf Stream, are in contrast to my original view that rings slowly translate southwestward through the Sargasso Sea and gradually decay there.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 75-08765 and OCE 76-82059.
    Keywords: Buoys ; Eddies
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 3
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    The physical structure and life history of cyclonic Gulf Stream ring, Allen (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Geophysical Research 84 (1979): 7727-7741
    Description: A cyclonic Gulf Stream ring, Allen, was followed over its life from September 1976 to April 1977 in the region north of Bermuda. Conductivity, temperature, and depth; expendable bathythermograph; and velocity profile measurements were made in Allen, and over the last 5 months of its life, satellite buoys were used to track continuously its movement. The measurements indicate that in December 1976 Allen split into two rings, a large one, Allen, and a small one, Arthur. Arthur moved rapidly eastward and coalesced with the Gulf Stream near the New England seamounts. Allen moved in a large clockwise loop; at the end of February 1977 it became attached to the Gulf Stream and reformed into a modified ring, smaller in size and faster in rotation . At the end of April 1977 the modified ring coalesced with the Gulf Stream and disappeared as it was advected downstream in the stream. The principal results of this study are that (I) the New England Seamount chain was a major influence in the genesis of Allen and on the trajectories of nearby rings; (2) while a free eddy, months after its formation, Allen evolved into a bi modal or peanut-shaped structure; (3) the bimodal structure ultimately bifurcated, spawning a new isolated eddy, denoted as Arthur, and a modified remnant, Allen; (4) the velocity field of Allen involved the whole water column, with bottom velocities of 10-15 em s- 1; (5) the barotropic velocity at the center of Allen (6 cm s-1 to NNW) was about equal to its translation velocity (4 cm s-1 to NW); (6) especially energetic inertial motions were seen at the center of Allen, and these may play a role in enhancing the stirring of water properties; (7) Allen survived several close encounters or entrainments with the Gulf Stream, proving that such encounters can be nonfatal to a ring; (8) the encounters appear to result in injections (exchanges) of water (momentum, heat, etc.) into the rings at an estimate rate of 106 m3 s-1 per ring; and (9) the behavior of Allen and Arthur was in contrast to the results of some other studies which have shown that rings generally drift slowly and passively southwestward.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-74-C-0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grants OCE 76-82059, DES 74-02783, and OCE 76-24605.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Oceanographic buoys
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 4
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    Gulf Stream trajectories measured with free-drifting buoys (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Physical Oceanography 11 (1981): 999-1010
    Description: During 1975-78, 35 free-drifting buoys measured surface currents in the Gulf Stream region. The buoy trajectories trace numerous paths of the Stream and show that the Stream is strongly influenced by the New England Seamounts. This influence is manifested as 1) a quasi-permanent, 100 km, southeastward deflection of the Stream and the frequent occurrence of a ring meander over the seamounts; 2) large-amplitude meanders beginning at the seamounts and extending eastward; and 3) small, 20 km diameter eddies which appear to be generated locally by individual seamounts. A chart of the mean temperature field at a depth of 450 m agrees with several of the patterns seen in the buoy trajectories. West of the seamounts, the mean path of the Gulf Stream is eastward; over the seamounts, the path turns sharply northeastward and the isotherms in the Stream abruptly diverge.
    Description: Prepared for the Office of Naval Research under Contract N000 14-74-C- 0262; NR 083-004 and for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 78-18017.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Ocean circulation
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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  • 5
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    Anticyclonic eddies generated near the corner rise seamounts (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Also published as: Journal of Marine Research 38 (1980): 673-686
    Description: During 1977 two freely drifting buoys, originally in the Gulf Stream, looped over and in the lee of the Corner Rise seamounts. The trajectories suggest that by mid-August an anticyclonic eddy was generated over the seamounts, where it remained for six weeks. During the period October-December it left the seamounts and drifted southwestward with a mean speed of 5 em/sec. The eddy was characterized by a clockwise circulation with speeds of 30 em/sec and an overall size of 200 km. An XBT survey showed that the eddy contained a warm core manifested by a depression of the main thermocline; at the center the 15• isotherm was located ·at a depth of 715 m. During the period June-August a third buoy looped in a second anticyclonic eddy which also drifted southwestward in the lee of the Corner Rise. The implication of these measurements is that, every few months, warm core eddies form near the Corner Rise and that they subsequently drift southwestward forming a wake region downstream of the seamounts.
    Description: Prepared for the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE 78-18017, the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-74-C-0262; NR 083- 004 and the United States-France Exchange of Scientists Program sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the Centre National de al Recherche Scientifique.
    Keywords: Eddies ; Buoys
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
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