Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- CCICED Task Force on Ecosystem Services and Management Strategy (2009-2010) -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1: Introduction to the Task Force's Work -- 1.1 Task Force Structure and Process -- 1.2 Objectives and Methodology -- 1.3 Major Tasks -- References -- Chapter 2: Concept of Ecosystem Services and Ecosystem Management -- 2.1 Definition and Importance of Ecosystem Services -- 2.2 Definition and Importance of Ecosystem Management -- 2.2.1 Developing Management Goals -- 2.2.2 Defining the Temporal and Spatial Scales -- 2.2.3 Selecting the Appropriate Ecosystem Structure -- 2.2.4 Balancing Different Ecosystem Services -- 2.2.5 Monitoring and Assessing the Performance of Management Actions -- 2.2.6 Public Participation in Ecosystem Management -- References -- Chapter 3: Status of Major Ecosystems and Management -- 3.1 Status and Trends of Major Ecosystems and Services -- 3.1.1 Forest Ecosystems -- 3.1.2 Grassland Ecosystems -- 3.1.3 Wetland Ecosystems -- 3.2 Institutional System of National Ecosystem Management -- 3.2.1 Management System and Cooperation Mechanism -- 3.2.2 Analysis of the Legal System of Ecosystem Management -- 3.3 Outputs of National Ecological Programs -- 3.4 International Cooperation on Ecosystem Management -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4: Scenario Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Objectives -- 4.1.2 Research Framework -- 4.1.2.1 Key Concepts -- 4.1.2.2 Three Scenarios -- 4.2 Assessment Methodology -- 4.2.1 Conversion of Land Use Change and Its Effects (CLUE) -- 4.2.2 Ecosystem Service Assessment -- 4.2.2.1 Biodiversity Indicator and GLOBIO3 Approach -- 4.2.2.2 Capacity of Land-Use Types to Provide Ecosystem Services -- 4.2.3 Future Demands and Supplies: Livestock, Timber, and Tourism -- 4.2.3.1 Provisioning Services from Grasslands. , 4.2.3.2 Timber Provisioning Services from Forests -- 4.2.3.3 Forest Tourism Services -- 4.2.3.4 Ecosystem Service Supply -- 4.2.4 Economic Analysis -- 4.2.5 Stakeholder Consultation -- 4.2.6 Data Description -- 4.3 Key Findings and Results -- 4.3.1 Baseline and Probability Maps -- 4.3.2 Future Scenarios: BAU vs. Planned -- 4.3.2.1 Land-Use Change at National Level -- 4.3.2.2 Land-Use Change Crossing Ecological Zones -- 4.3.3 An Alternative (Optimum or Realistic) Scenario -- 4.3.3.1 Issue of Forest Degradation and Forestation -- 4.3.3.2 Zoning Ecological Development -- 4.3.3.3 Planning Inconsistency -- 4.3.3.4 Data Inconsistency -- 4.3.3.5 Scenario Setting -- 4.4 The Results -- 4.4.1 Ecosystem Service (ESS) Assessment -- 4.4.1.1 Translation of MSA Values for Current Land Cover -- 4.4.1.2 MSA Change Matrix -- 4.4.1.3 Capacities of Land-Use Types to Provide Ecosystem Services -- 4.4.1.4 Scenario Assessment -- 4.4.2 Demands, Supplies, and Economics -- 4.4.2.1 Demand Projections -- 4.4.2.2 Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services -- 4.4.2.3 Ecosystem Service "Supplies" -- 4.5 Summary -- 4.6 Major Findings and Conclusions from the Scenarios -- 4.6.1 At National Level -- 4.6.1.1 Sector-Based Recommendations -- 4.6.1.2 Role of Science in Planning and Data -- References -- Chapter 5: Chinese Case Studies -- 5.1 Selection of Chinese Case Studies -- 5.2 Case Study of Poyang Lake and Its Watershed -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Status and Trends of Ecosystem Services -- 5.2.2.1 Wintering Bird Habitats -- 5.2.2.2 Flood Retention Service -- 5.2.2.3 Carbon Sequestration by Wetlands -- 5.2.3 Scenarios Analysis of Land Use Change -- 5.2.4 Lessons Learned in Ecosystem Management -- 5.2.5 Policy Implications -- 5.2.5.1 Strengthen Long-Term Wetland Conservation and Restoration Programs. , 5.2.5.2 Comply with the Guiding Principles Adopted by Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) -- 5.2.5.3 Develop New Mechanisms for Wetland Ecosystem Management -- 5.3 Case Study of Loess Plateau -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Status of and Changes to Ecosystem Services -- 5.3.3 Lessons Learned in Ecosystem Management -- 5.3.4 Major Policy Implications -- 5.4 Case Study of CERN -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.1.1 Needs for Long-Term Ecosystem Monitoring and Research in China -- 5.4.1.2 Introduction to CERN -- 5.4.2 Major Functions of CERN -- 5.4.2.1 Ecological Monitoring -- 5.4.2.2 Scientific Research -- 5.4.2.3 Ecosystem Restoration and Management -- 5.4.2.4 Data Management and Sharing -- 5.4.2.5 Capacity Building -- 5.4.3 Best Practices in Ecosystem Management Based on CERN -- 5.4.3.1 Evidence-Based Ecosystem Management -- 5.4.3.2 Good Examples of Ecosystem Management Practices Based on CERN -- 5.4.3.3 Perspectives of Ecosystem Management Practices in CERN -- 5.4.4 Experiences and Lessons Learned from CERN -- 5.4.4.1 Conducting Monitoring, Research, and Demonstration in Line with the Needs of the Central Government -- 5.4.4.2 Establishing a Standardized Monitoring System and Conducting Data Quality Control and Sharing -- 5.4.4.3 Highlighting the Application of the Latest Technologies and Tools -- 5.4.4.4 Building Good Partnerships with Domestic and International Organizations and Networks -- 5.4.5 Policy Implications -- 5.4.5.1 Develop Good Practices for Ecosystem Restoration and Sustainability -- 5.4.5.2 Build the Capacity for National Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment to Provide Scientific Support for Sustainable Ecosystem Management -- 5.4.5.3 Share the CERN Experiences and Lessons Learnt with Other Developing Countries -- 5.5 Case Study in Baoxing County -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 Major Ecosystem Services -- 5.5.2.1 Provisioning Services. , 5.5.2.2 Regulating Services -- 5.5.2.3 Cultural Services -- 5.5.3 Best Practices on Ecosystem Management -- 5.5.3.1 Established Ecosystem Management Committee -- 5.5.3.2 Cross-Sector Decision-Making and Coordination -- 5.5.3.3 Information Sharing and Public Participation -- 5.5.4 Experiences and Lessons Learned on Ecosystem Management -- 5.5.5 Policy Implications -- References -- Chapter 6: International Experience -- 6.1 Development of the Ecosystem Services Concept and Its Adoption by Key Institutions -- 6.2 Relationships to Existing Agreements -- 6.3 International Case Studies -- 6.3.1 Integrated River Basin Management in Europe: The Rhine and the EU Management Framework -- 6.3.1.1 Importance -- 6.3.1.2 Status and Trends -- 6.3.1.3 Lessons Learned -- 6.3.1.4 Policy Implications -- 6.3.2 Costa Rica's Pago por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) -- 6.3.2.1 Importance -- 6.3.2.2 Status and Trends -- 6.3.2.3 Lessons Learned -- 6.3.2.4 Policy Implications -- 6.3.3 Ecosystem Services and Management by Local Municipalities in Japan -- 6.3.3.1 Importance -- 6.3.3.2 Status and Trends -- 6.3.3.3 Lessons Learned -- 6.3.3.4 Policy Implications -- 6.3.4 Payments for Improved Watershed Management Practices in France -- 6.3.4.1 Importance -- 6.3.4.2 Status and Trends -- 6.3.4.3 Lessons Learned -- 6.3.4.4 Policy Implications -- 6.4 Lessons Learned from International Experience -- 6.5 Global Lessons of Relevance to China -- References -- Chapter 7: Major Findings -- 7.1 Some Advances Have Been Made in Ecosystem Conservation and Restoration -- However the Capacity of China's Ecosystems to Generate Multiple Services Is Too Low -- 7.2 Low Awareness of Ecosystem Services and Poor Ecosystem Management Remain as Great Challenges. , 7.3 Less Land Is Left in China for the Expansion of Forests, Grasslands, and Wetlands, so China Now Needs to Enhance the Quality of Ecosystems and Their Capacity to Generate a Range of Services -- 7.4 Cross-Sectoral Coordination and Public Participation Mechanisms Are Crucial for Improving Ecosystem Management -- 7.5 Scientific Support and Capacity Building Needs to Be Strengthened for Better Ecosystem Management -- References -- Chapter 8: Policy Recommendations -- 8.1 Adopt a New National Plan on Ecological Conservation and Development to Guide and Integrate Sectoral and Regional Measures -- 8.2 Improve Generation of Ecosystem Services from Forests, Grasslands, and Wetlands Through Sustainable Management in Priority Regions -- 8.3 Establish Effective Coordination Institutions for Sustainable Ecosystem Management at Central, Provincial, and County Levels and to Increase Public Participation -- 8.4 Promote the Establishment of Eco-Compensation Mechanisms and Long-Term Investment in Ecosystem Conservation and Management -- 8.5 Strengthen Ecosystem Monitoring, Long-Term Research, and Training for Better Knowledge-Based Support of Ecosystem Management -- Reference.

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