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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Devices ; Drug administration ; Drug preparation ; Cost analysis ; Minibag ; Minibag plus ; Parenteral admixtures ; Supplies ; Viaflex®
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The cost of parenteral admixtures has an important impact on the hospital budget. Recently, a Viaflex® with vial adapter (named 'minibag plus' in some countries) has been commercialized in order to facilitate parenteral admixture preparation. In the present study a preparation using Viaflex® with a vial adapter has been economically compared with a preparation with a traditional Viaflex® (without adapter) in a centralized unit or in nursing wards in a unit‐dose drug distribution system. A cost‐analysis was conducted from the hospital point of view. Direct costs were considered: these included supplies and human resources. Differences in the whole process between the two types of Viaflex® were analysed. The process included: purchasing, reception, storage, medical order record, preparation in the Pharmacy Service (PS), delivery from the PS to the nursing unit, preparation by the nurse, return of unused material to the PS. Human resource costs were estimated by time counting and multiplying by the average salary. To estimate wasted material, drug and supplies delivered from the PS and returned to the PS were counted during 26 days. With the new Viaflex® costs are reduced by 30% in comparison with drug dilution using the traditional Viaflex® in a centralized unit of the PS, and by 13.4% in comparison with preparation with the traditional Viaflex® in the nursing ward. In addition it can be estimated that contamination risk with the new Viaflex® is lower than preparation in the nursing ward with the traditional Viaflex®. Therefore, owing to its lower cost we recommend the use of Viaflex® with vial adapter for drug dilution for those vials that are compatible with the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Chemical Technology AND Biotechnology 67 (1996), S. 350-356 
    ISSN: 0268-2575
    Keywords: acid hydrolysis ; pretreatments ; cellulose ; cellulose solubilization ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of temperature (25-40°C), H2SO4 concentration (31-70% (w/v)) and the acid/substrate relationship (1-5 cm3 of H2SO4 per g-1 of cellulose) on the solubilization rate of microcrystalline cellulose and on the glucose production rate have been analysed. The solubilization process was by determining reducing groups present in solution. For acid/substrate relationships of more than 1 cm3 g-1 and H2SO4 concentrations of greater than 62% (w/v), the acid promoted the total solubilization of the cellulose in the form of chains with a low degree of polymerization within 4 h. The solubilization demonstrated zero-order kinetics in which the specific rate and time of total solubilization are a function of the variables in operation. Glucose was produced according to a mechanism of two consecutive first-order pseudo-homogeneous reactions. The values of the kinetic constants k1 and k2 have been correlated with temperature, the H2SO4 concentration and the acid/substrate relationship.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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