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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amphetamine, cocaine, and dizocilpine enhance performance on a lever-release, conditioned avoidance response task in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 118 (1995), S. 324-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Cocaine ; Conditioned avoidance response task ; Dizocilpine ; Haloperidol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A lever-release version of the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) task was used to assess the behavioral effects of several psychomotor stimulants in rats. The indirect dopamine agonists,d-amphetamine (0.1 and 0.25 mg/kg) and cocaine (7.5 and 15 mg/kg), enhanced performance on this task. Both drugs incre ased percent avoidance responses and decreased avoidance latency. A higher dose of amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) also decreased avoidance latency but failed to improve percent avoidance. Similar effects were seen at low (0.01 and 0.025 mg/kg) and high (0.05 mg/kg) doses of dizocilpine (MK-801), a stimulant that acts as a noncompetitive antagonist ofN-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors. When combined with haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), a dopamine antagonist, amphetamine (0.25 mg/kg) and dizocilpine (0.025 mg/kg) had differential effects on the lever-release CAR task. Thus, amphetamine-haloperidol was significantly better than haloperidol alone on percent avoidance but not on avoidance latency, whereas dizocilpine-haloperidol had the opposite effect: significantly better than haloperidol alone on avoidance latency but not on percent avoidance. Taken together, these results provide further support for dopaminergic mechanisms in CAR performance but suggest an opposing glutamatergic influence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245962
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action of phosphatidylcholine in protecting ram sperm from cold shock (1986)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 15 (1986), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: calcium ; ultrastructure ; motility ; respiration ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rapid cooling (cold shocking) of washed ejaculated ram sperm to 0°C irreversibly reduced motility, tail beat frequency, and respiration and increased the uptake of 45Ca2+. The plasma membranes were removed from the sperm head, and the acrosomes were detached from the nuclei. The plasma membranes of the middle piece were removed, and the mitochondria contained pale and expanded cristae, similar in appearance to ATP-deprived mitochondria in the “condensed” configuration. The presence of 2.0 mg/ml phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) in the medium prevented ultrastructural damage on cold shock, and the motility, tail beat frequency, respiratory rate, and calcium uptake were maintained at levels similar to washed sperm. As the “protective” effect of phosphatidylcholine against cold shock was maintained to a certain extent after rewashing and centrifuging the sperm prior to cold shock, the interaction of phosphatidylcholine with ram sperm membranes may be fairly “tight” and not easily disrupted.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120150106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Susceptibility of epididymal boar sperm to cold shock and protective action of phosphatidylcholine (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Gamete Research 17 (1987), S. 355-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0148-7280
    Keywords: motility ; respiration ; calcium ; ultrastructure ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Rapidly cooling (cold shocking) washed cauda boar sperm irreversibly reduced motility and respiration and greatly increased the uptake of 45Ca2+; the plasma membranes were removed and the acrosomes detached from nuclei. The motility, respiration, and calcium uptake of the less mature caput sperm were largely unaffected; and there was little damage to the ultrastructure. This indicates that boar sperm becomes less resistant to cold shock as they mature in the epididymis.The oxygen uptake, glucose breakdown, and lactic acid production of control caput sperm was less than that of cauda sperm. This suggest that the maturation of sperm in the epididymis of the boar involves an increase in both the glycolytic and oxidative phases of glucose metabolism.The presence of 2.0 mg/ml phosphatidylcholine (lecithin) in the medium prevented ultrastructural damage to cauda sperm on cold shock, and motility and respiration were maintained at levels similar to those of control sperm. Although the presence of phospholipid reduced the large calcium influx following cold shock, it was still greater that that of control sperm.The “protective” effect against cold shock was not maintained after rewashing the sperm free of phosphatidylcholine prior to cold shock, indicating a fairly “loose” interaction of the phospholipid with boar sperm membranes that was easily disrupted.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1120170408
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