Note: Intro -- Preface: Building on a History of Dual Careers in the Sciences -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Unraveling Microbial Diversity and Their Processes -- Phagotrophic Protists: Central Roles in Microbial Food Webs -- Overview -- Protists as Elemental Recyclers -- Protists as Consumers of Bacteria -- Protists as Consumers of Phytoplankton -- Protists in High Latitude Food Webs -- Looking to the Future -- Evelyn B. Sherr and Barry F. Sherr -- References -- Drivers That Structure Biodiversity in the Plankton -- Plankton Biodiversity -- Alternate Hypotheses That Explain the Paradox of the Plankton -- An Organismal Perspective on the Paradox of the Plankton: A Biodiversity Explosion from Within? -- Linking Individual Level Behaviors with Plankton Ecology -- Pervasive Intra-specific Variability in the Genetic Diversity, Physiological Capacity, and Behavioral Repertoire of Plankton -- Evolution: Generating and Structuring Diversity over the Long Term -- Opportunities for Progress -- Intra-specific Variability and Its Ramifications for Plankton Ecology Need to Be Quantified -- Plankton Ecology, Now and in the Future -- Tatiana A. Rynearson and Susanne Menden-Deuer -- References -- The Elongated, the Squat and the Spherical: Selective Pressures for Phytoplankton Shape -- Introduction -- Effects of Shape on Diffusion -- Other Selective Pressures -- Lee Karp-Boss and Emmanuel Boss -- References -- Crossing the Freshwater/Saline Barrier: A Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacteria Inhabiting Both Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Recent Data on Shared Taxa -- Synthesis of Published Sequence Data -- Future Perspectives -- Mina Bižić-Ionescu and Danny Ionescu -- References -- Approaches and Challenges for Linking Marine Biogeochemical Models with the "Omics" Revolution -- Introduction -- Bridging the Cultural and Structural Divide. , Omics Measurements for the Modeler -- Biogeochemical Models for Microbial Ecologists -- The Structural Divide -- Relating Existing Omics to Current Biogeochemical Models -- Taxonomy and Diversity -- Targeting Genes and/or Pathways -- Near-Term Innovation -- Conclusions -- Victoria J. Coles and Raleigh R. Hood -- References -- Part II: Viewing Growth and Trophodynamics Through a Stoichiometric Lens -- Out of Africa and into Stoichiometry -- Susan S. Kilham and Peter Kilham -- References -- Exploring the Implications of the Stoichiometric Modulation of Planktonic Predation -- Introduction -- Characterising the Predator-Prey Stoichiometric Link -- Elemental Stoichiometry and Commercial Microalgal Production -- Effects of Temperature, Ocean Acidification and Nutrient Excess -- Avoiding Predation -- Stoichiometry and Mixotrophy -- Conclusions -- Aditee Mitra and Kevin J. Flynn -- References -- Part III: Understanding the Mysteries of Light and Nitrogen -- On Saturating Response Curves from the Dual Perspectives of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Metabolism -- Introduction -- Static vs. Dynamic Behavior -- Gradient Signals and Dynamics of Response Curves -- Overall Perspective on Dynamic Kinetics -- Todd M. Kana and Patricia M. Glibert -- References -- Nitrate Reductase: A Nexus of Disciplines, Organisms, and Metabolism -- Introduction -- Why Nitrate Reductase? -- Understanding That Has Emerged from Recent NR Measurements -- Recent Advances and Emerging Challenges -- Conclusion -- Erica B. Young and John A. Berges -- References -- The Ammonium Paradox of an Urban High-­Nutrient Low-Growth Estuary -- High-Nutrient Low-Growth Estuaries and Oligotrophication -- Observation of an Ammonium Paradox -- Ammonium: The Gatekeeper Controlling Access to Nitrate -- Frances Wilkerson and Richard Dugdale -- References. , Why Is Planktonic Nitrogen Fixation So Rare in Coastal Marine Ecosystems? Insights from a Cross-Systems Approach -- Roxanne Marino and Robert W. Howarth -- References -- Where Light and Nutrients Collide: The Global Distribution and Activity of Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers -- At the Confluence of Light and Nutrients -- Distribution of Marine SCMLs -- Phytoplankton Production in SCMLs -- Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers in Lakes -- Greg M. Silsbe and Sairah Y. Malkin -- References -- Part IV: Looking in the Rear View Mirror: The Long View on Changing Ecosystems -- An Ecosystem in Transition: The Emergence of Mixotrophy in the Arabian Sea -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Arabian Sea Cruises and Sample Collection -- Phytoplankton Cell Counts -- Photosynthetic Rate Measurements -- Autotrophy Versus Heterotrophy in Noctiluca -- Salp Grazing Experiments -- Lipid Accumulation in Noctiluca -- Statistical Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Emergence of Noctiluca and Shift in Phytoplankton Biodiversity in the Arabian Sea -- Environmental Factors Associated with Outbreaks of Noctiluca Blooms -- Noctiluca and Mixotrophy -- Socioeconomic and Global Significance of Noctiluca Blooms -- Joaquim I. Goes and Helga do R. Gomes -- References -- The Saint Lawrence Island Polynya: A 25-Year Evaluation of an Analogue for Climate Change in Polar Regions -- Introduction -- Synthesis Results and Discussion -- Overview for Synthesis -- Summer Sampling in SLIP (July-September 1990-2015) -- Spring (April-June 1999-2007) -- Winter (March 2008-2010) -- The Northern Bering Sea: Interannual Variability and Change -- Time Series Stations Within the "Western" Cluster Group Under Anadyr Water -- Benthivores -- Overall Summary -- Jacqueline M. Grebmeier and Lee W. Cooper -- References. , Ecological Processes and Nutrient Transfers from Land to Sea: A 25-Year Perspective on Research and Management of the Seine River System -- Introduction -- 1850-1990: Organic Pollution and Oxygen -- 1990-2000: Eutrophication and Algal Blooms -- 2000-2015: Agricultural Pollution and Nitrate Contamination -- Conclusion: From Microbial Ecology to Territorial Biogeochemistry -- Josette Garnier and Gilles Billen -- References -- A Historical Perspective on Eutrophication in the Pensacola Bay Estuary, FL, USA -- Introduction -- Pensacola Bay Physical Setting -- Human Colonization of Pensacola Bay -- River and Estuarine Water Quality -- Controls on Primary Production, Organic Matter, and Nutrient Cycling -- Summary -- Jane M. Caffrey and Michael C. Murrell -- References -- Unpublished Reports -- Websites -- Meeting in the Middle: On the Interactions Between Microalgae and Their Predators or Zooplankton and Their Food -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Karen H. Wiltshire and Maarten Boersma -- References -- Lake Transparency: A Window into Decadal Variations in Dissolved Organic Carbon Concentrations in Lakes of Acadia National Park, Maine -- Introduction -- Methods -- Model Description and Development -- Results -- Discussion -- Collin Roesler and Charles Culbertson -- References -- Part V: Focusing on Unique Systems, Processes and Dynamics -- Phytoplankton Biodiversity in the Oligotrophic Northwestern Sargasso Sea -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- James L. Pinckney and Tammi L. Richardson -- References -- Biological Oceanography of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia: A Review -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Currents and Hydrography -- Phytoplankton and the Role of Nutrients -- Zooplankton -- Penaeid Prawn Larval Ecology -- Larval Dispersal Mechanisms -- Summary Points. , Peter C. Rothlisberg and Michele A. Burford -- References -- Discerning the Causes of Toxic Cyanobacteria (Lyngbya majuscula) Blooms in Moreton Bay, Australia -- Introduction -- Nutrient Interactions -- Light Interactions -- Conceptual Model -- Broader Significance -- Judith M. O'Neil and William C. Dennison -- References -- Copepod, Ctenophore, and Schyphomedusae Control in Structuring the Chesapeake Bay Summer Mesohaline Planktonic Food Web -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- General Patterns in the Summer Mesohaline Chesapeake Bay -- Top-Down Controls and Thresholds -- Bottom Up Controls in Summer Mesohaline Stations -- Implications -- Kevin G. Sellner and Stella G. Sellner -- References -- Microbiogeochemical Ecophysiology of Freshwater Hydrothermal Vents in Mary Bay Canyon, Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park WY -- Introduction -- Methods -- Big Picture Outcomes -- Closing Remarks -- Carmen Aguilar and Russell Cuhel -- References -- Index.