Note: Advances in Global Change Research -- Foreword -- References -- Tree Rings and Natural Hazards: An Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Hazards, Disasters and Risk: Some Definitions -- 3 Tree Rings and Natural Hazards -- 3.1 Basic Patterns of Tree Growth -- 3.2 How Do Natural Hazards Affect Tree Growth? -- 3.2.1 Wounding of Trees (Scars) and Resin-Duct Formation -- 3.2.2 Tilting of Trunks -- 3.2.3 Trunk Burial -- 3.2.4 Decapitation of Trees and Elimination of Branches -- 3.2.5 Root Exposure and Damage -- 3.2.6 Elimination of Neighboring Trees -- 3.2.7 Colonization of Landforms After Surface-Clearing Disturbances -- 3.3 Sampling Design and Laboratory Analyses -- 3.3.1 Field Approach and Sampling Design -- 3.3.2 Laboratory Procedures: Sample Preparation and Analysis -- 4 The Organization of This Book -- References -- Dendrogeomorphology and Snow Avalanche Research -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature of Snow Avalanches -- 3 Location and Distribution -- 4 Evidence of Avalanche Activity -- 5 Developing Avalanche Chronologies -- 6 Final Remarks -- References -- Tree-Ring Dating of Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glacier National Park Study Area -- 3 Tree-Ring Features Analyzed for Dating Snow Avalanches -- 4 Tree-Ring Analysis of Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park -- 5 Implications for the Avalanche Climatology of the Region -- 6 Initial Observations on Traumatic Resin Ducts and Their Use for Dating Snow Avalanches in Glacier National Park -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Tracking Past Snow Avalanches in the SE Pyrenees -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Reconstruction of Past Snow Avalanche Events and Risk Assessment in Northern Gaspé Peninsula (Québec, Canada) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Site Selection, Sampling Design and Laboratory Analysis -- 3.1.1 Site Selection. , 3.1.2 Sampling -- 3.1.3 Laboratory Analysis -- 3.2 Statistical Treatments of Tree-Ring Data Sets -- 3.2.1 Scree Slopes in Low-Elevated Coastal Valleys -- 3.2.2 Highlands of the Chic-Chocs Mountains -- 3.3 Return Interval and Annual Probability -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Low-Elevation Coastal Valleys -- 4.1.1 Snow-Avalanche Regime on Active Scree Slopes -- 4.1.2 Snow-Avalanche Activity on Treed Slopes After Fire and Logging Disturbances -- 4.2 Snow-Avalanche Regime in the Highlands of the Chic-Chocs Range -- 4.2.1 Reconstructed Tree-Ring Local Avalanche Record -- 4.2.2 Chronology of Regional Snow Avalanche Activity -- 4.3 Risk Assessment -- 4.3.1 Scree Slopes in Coastal Valleys -- 4.3.2 Alpine-Subalpine Avalanche-Prone Areas -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Comparison of Snow-Avalanche Regime Between Scree-Slopes in Low-Elevated Coastal Valleys and Alpine-Subalpine Highlands -- 5.2 Methodological Issues and Quality of the Data -- 5.2.1 Tree-Ring Reconstruction of High-Magnitude Snow Avalanches or Extreme Events? -- 5.2.2 What Are the Best Indicators of Past Snow Avalanche Activity? -- 5.2.3 What Are the Optimum and Minimum Sample Sizes? -- 5.2.4 What Is the Minimum Number of Tree-Ring Responses for Past Avalanche Event Identification? -- 5.3 Risk Assessment: The Contribution of Dendrogeomorphology -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Using Dendrochronology to Validate Numerical Simulations of Snow Avalanches in the Patagonian Andes -- References -- Dating Landslides with Trees -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landslides -- 3 Dating Landslides with Trees -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Dendrogeomorphological Analysis of a Landslide near Lago, Calabria (Italy) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Dendrochronological Analysis -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Stem Tilting -- 4.2 Tree-Growth Curves and Growth Suppression. , 4.3 Visual Analysis of Growth Anomaly -- 4.4 Correlation Between Growth Anomaly Events and Geological Causes -- 5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Tree-Ring Analysis and Rockfall Avalanches: The Use of Weighted Samples -- References -- Age of Landslides Along the Grande Rivière de la Baleine Estuary, Eastern Coast of Hudson Bay, Quebec (Canada) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Landslides from the Upstream Sector -- 4.2 Landslides from the Downstream Sector -- 4.3 Tree Regeneration in Landslides E, F, and G -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Recent Landslides -- 5.2 Ancient Landslides -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Rainfall Up, Mountain Down? -- References -- Rockfalls and Their Hazard -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Mechanics of Rockfalls -- 3 Rockfall Modelling and Hazard Assessment -- 4 Research Needs and the Potential Contribution of Tree-Ring Analysis -- References -- Assessing Rockfall Activity in a Mountain Forest - Implications for Hazard Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Tree-Ring Analysis of Trees Damaged by Rockfall -- 3.3 Assessing Rockfall Rates -- 3.4 Seasonality of Rockfall -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Age Structure of the Forest Stand -- 4.2 Visible Defects and Growth Reactions to Rockfall Impacts -- 4.3 Spatial Distribution of Growth Disturbances -- 4.4 Rockfall Magnitudes and Frequencies -- 4.5 Decadal Variations in Rockfall Activity -- 4.6 Seasonality of Rockfall -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Tree-Ring Based Rockfall Reconstruction and Accuracy Assessment of a 3D Rockfall Model -- References -- Assessment of the Rockfall Frequency for Hazard Analysis at Solà d'Andorra (Eastern Pyrenees) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Study Site -- 2.1 Setting -- 2.2 Historical Record of Rockfalls -- 2.3 Forest Characteristics -- 3 Tree Sampling Strategies. , 3.1 Defining a Basic Strategy for Effectively Developing a Complete Record -- 4 Frequency Assessment: Interpretation of the Chronology of Tree Damage -- 4.1 Determining the Number of Rockfall Events -- 4.2 Determining the Time Interval -- 5 Rockfall Frequency Down the Talus -- 6 Are the Sampled Strips Wide Enough? -- 7 Probability of Falling Rocks Impacting Trees -- 7.1 Approach to the Impact Probability -- 7.2 Calculation of CIP of the Alzina Talus -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Reconstruction and Spatial Analysis of Rockfall Frequency and Bounce Heights Derived from Tree Rings -- References -- State of the Art in Debris-Flow Research: The Role of Dendrochronology -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What are Debris Flows? -- 2 A Brief Summary of the State of Debris Flow Science -- 2.1 Debris Flow Mechanics -- 2.2 Scour in Colluvial Channels/Fans -- 2.3 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 2.4 Debris Flow Forecasting and Warning Systems -- 2.5 Debris Flows and Wildfire -- 2.6 Debris Flow Mitigation -- 2.7 Debris Flows and Climate Change -- References -- Using Event and Minimum Age Dating for the Assessment of Hazards on a Debris-Flow Cone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Geomorphic Mapping and Sampling Strategy -- 3.2 Dating of Debris-Flow Events -- 3.3 Minimum Age Dating -- 3.4 Determination of Last Date of Activity in a Channel -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Geomorphic Mapping -- 4.2 Growth Disturbances and Debris-Flow Frequency -- 4.3 Approximation of Last Moment of Past Activity -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Dendrogeomorphic Applications to Debris Flows in Glacier National Park, Montana USA -- References -- Frequency-Magnitude Relationships, Seasonality and Spread of Debris Flows on a Forested Cone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Geomorphic Mapping of Debris-Flow Channels and Deposits. , 3.2 Sampling Design -- 3.3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Timing of Events -- 3.4 Dating of Deposits and Spatial Spread of Events -- 3.5 Magnitude-Frequency Relationships of Debris Flows -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Debris-Flow Features and Deposits -- 4.2 Age and Growth Disturbances in Trees -- 4.3 Debris-Flow Frequency and Timing of Events -- 4.4 Dating of Deposits and Spatial Spread of Events -- 4.5 Frequency-Magnitude Relationships -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- High-Precision Dating of Debris-Flow Events Within the Growing Season -- 1 Introduction -- References -- Tree Rings as Paleoflood and Paleostage Indicators -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Flood Evidence in Tree Rings -- 3 Strengths, Limitations and Future Directions -- References -- The Effects of Hydroelectric Flooding on a Reservoir's Peripheral Forests and Newly Created Forested Islands -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 4.1 The Reservoir's Effects on the Temperature and Wind Regime -- 4.2 Effects of the Reservoir on Tree Growth and Ring Density -- 4.3 Frost Rings and the Phenological Delay of Tree Growth on the Islands -- 4.4 Trees Destabilized by the Wind -- 4.5 The New Insular Nival Regime and MechanicalDamage to Pre-established Trees -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Spring Water Levels Reconstructed from Ice-Scarred Trees and Cross-Sectional Area of the Earlywood Vessels in Tree Rings from -- References -- A 100-Year History of Floods Determined from Tree Rings in a Small Mountain Stream in the Tatra Mountains, Poland -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Site -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Dendrohydrology and Extreme Floods Along the Red River, Canada -- References -- Part VII -- Weather and Climate Extremes: Where Can Dendrochronology Help? -- 1 Introduction. , 2 What Are Extreme Events, Where Do They Come from, and Why Are They Important?.