Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Reference -- Preface -- Contents -- Diversity and Ecology of Marine Microorganisms -- 1 What is so Special About Marine Microorganisms? Introduction to the Marine Microbiome-From Diversity to Biotechnological Potential -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Marine Ecosystem -- 1.2.1 Gyres, Tides and the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt -- 1.2.2 Oceanic Climate and Zones -- 1.3 Diversity in Life Style-Elements and Cycles -- 1.3.1 Ocean's Stoichiometry -- 1.3.2 Carbon -- 1.4 Taxonomic Diversity -- 1.4.1 The Microbial Ocean -- 1.5 Biotechnological Potential of Marine Microbes -- 1.5.1 Marine Microbes-Treasures of the Ocean -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Marine Bacteria and Archaea: Diversity, Adaptations, and Culturability -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biomass, Diversity and Phylogenetic Composition of Marine Bacterial Communities -- 2.3 Patterns and Potential Drivers of Marine Bacterial Diversity -- 2.4 Life Strategies and Adaptation Mechanisms of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 2.4.1 Environmental Conditions and Canonical Life Strategies of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 2.4.2 Adaptations to Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity -- 2.4.3 Adaptations to Permanently Low Substrate and Nutrient Concentrations -- 2.4.4 Other Types of Adaptations -- 2.5 Microdiversity, Population Genetics and Ecotypes of Marine Bacteria -- 2.6 The Cultivation-Based Approach Towards Marine Microbial Diversity -- 2.6.1 The Current Public Archive of Cultivated Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- 2.6.2 Current Improvements in Cultivation Technology -- 2.6.3 Ex Situ Preservation of Marine Bacteria and Archaea -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Phototrophic Microorganisms: The Basis of the Marine Food Web -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Phytoplankton Biodiversity and the Next Generation Sequencing Revolution. , 3.3 Eukaryotic Phytoplankton -- 3.4 Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.1 Cyanobacterial Origin and Evolution -- 3.4.2 Marine Picocyanobacteria -- 3.4.3 Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria -- 3.4.3.1 Filamentous Marine Diazotrophs -- Trichodesmium, a Diazotroph of Tropical and Subtropical Marine Waters -- Nodularia, a Bloom-Forming Cyanobacterium Specifically Adapted to Salinity Gradients -- Richelia and Calothrix -- 3.4.3.2 Unicellular Marine Diazotrophs -- 3.4.4 Abundance and Contribution of the Different Diazotroph Taxa to the Biogeochemical Cycle -- 3.5 Photoheterotrophy and Phototroph-Heterotroph Interactions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Marine Fungi -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Toward a New Consensual Definition of Marine Fungi? Let's Think Outside the Box! -- 4.3 From Broad-Scale to Habitat Specific Distribution Patterns of Marine Fungal Communities -- 4.3.1 From Culture-Based to Next-Generation Sequencing Methods to Barcode Marine Fungal Life -- 4.3.2 Habitat Specific Community Structure or Over-Dispersion? -- 4.4 Adaptation of Marine Fungi -- 4.5 Inferring Ecological Roles and Dynamics of Marine Fungal Communities Using Omics -- 4.5.1 Secondary Metabolites, a Definition -- 4.5.2 New Methods to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 4.5.2.1 Methods, not Based on Culture, to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 4.5.2.2 Culture-Based Methods to Access the Marine Fungal Metabolome -- 4.5.2.3 Data Mining and Metabolomics -- 4.5.2.4 Valorization of Marine Fungal Natural Products -- 4.5.3 Hints for Ecological Roles Inferred from Secondary Metabolites -- 4.5.4 From Genomes to Bioactive Molecules -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Marine Viruses -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Viral Infection Strategies -- 5.3 Virus Characteristics -- 5.4 Virus and Host Diversity -- 5.5 Ecological Importance. , 5.6 Isolation, Culture, and Characterization of Marine Viruses -- 5.6.1 Detection of Lytic Viral Lysis and Virus Purification -- 5.6.2 Isolation of Temperate Viruses -- 5.6.3 Isolation of Chronic Viruses -- 5.6.4 Maintenance and Storage -- 5.7 Marine Virus-Host Model Systems in Culture -- 5.8 Marine Viruses and Biotechnological Applications -- 5.9 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Marine Habitats, Their Inhabitants, Ecology and Biogeochemical Cycles -- 6 Biogeography of Marine Microorganisms -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Concept of "Microbial Biogeography" -- 6.3 Environmental Factors Shaping Microbial Biogeography -- 6.4 Dominant Groups of Microorganisms in the Ocean -- 6.4.1 SAR11 -- 6.4.2 SAR86 -- 6.4.3 Roseobacter -- 6.5 Alternative Vectors of Marine Microbial Dispersal-The Hitchhikers -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Euphotic Realm -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Light -- 7.3 Subsurface Chlorophyll Maximum Layers -- 7.4 UV Light -- 7.5 Biogeochemical Cycling -- 7.5.1 Carbon -- 7.5.2 Nitrogen -- 7.5.3 Phosphorus -- 7.6 The Microbial Loop -- 7.7 The Carbon Pump -- 7.8 The Microorganisms in the Euphotic Realm -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Exploring the Microbiology of the Deep Sea -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 What are the Technical Limits of Isolation and Culturing Piezophiles? -- 8.3 Piezophilic Microorganisms from the Cold Ocean -- 8.3.1 Bacteria -- 8.3.1.1 Actinobacteria -- 8.3.1.2 Firmicutes -- 8.3.1.3 Proteobacteria -- 8.3.1.4 Colwellia Genus -- 8.3.1.5 Psychromonas Genus -- 8.3.1.6 Moritella Genus -- 8.3.1.7 Shewanella Genus -- 8.3.1.8 Photobacterium Genus -- 8.3.1.9 Profundimonas Genus -- 8.3.1.10 Piezophilic Bacteria and Archaea from Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents -- 8.3.1.11 Proteobacteria -- 8.3.1.12 Firmicutes -- 8.3.1.13 Thermotogales -- 8.3.2 Archaea. , 8.4 Adaptations to HHP -- 8.5 Conclusions and Trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Extreme Marine Environments (Brines, Seeps, and Smokers) -- Abstract -- 9.1 Extreme Marine Environments: Hot Spots of Microbial Diversity Possessing Biotechnological Potential -- 9.2 Environmental Challenges and Microbial Diversity in Extreme Marine Habitats -- 9.2.1 Vent Environments -- 9.2.1.1 Hot Environments: Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents -- 9.2.1.2 Cold Environments: Seeps and Mud Volcanoes -- 9.2.2 Hypersaline Environments -- 9.2.2.1 Deep Anoxic Hypersaline Lakes -- 9.2.2.2 Mud Volcanoes Brine Lakes -- 9.2.2.3 Sea Ice Brines -- 9.2.3 Low Water Extreme Marine Environments: Life in Oil -- 9.3 Biotechnological Exploitation of Marine Extremophile Microorganisms: Products and Perspectives -- 9.3.1 Extremolytes -- 9.3.2 Extremozymes -- 9.3.3 Extremophiles Potential in Bioenergy Processes -- 9.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Coastal Sediments: Transition from Land to Sea -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Intertidal Mudflats -- 10.3 Microbial Mats and Stromatolites -- 10.4 Mangroves -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Photosymbiosis in Marine Pelagic Environments -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Symbioses Between Phytoplankton and Cyanobacteria -- 11.2.1 Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation -- 11.2.2 Symbioses Between Cyanobacteria and Diatoms -- 11.2.3 Symbioses Between Cyanobacteria and Haptophytes -- 11.2.4 Symbioses Between Cyanobacteria and Dinoflagellates -- 11.2.5 Ecological Relevance of Symbioses Involving Diazotrophs -- 11.3 Symbioses Between Phytoplankton and Heterotrophic Bacteria -- 11.3.1 Diversity and Dynamics of Microalgal-Bacterial Interactions -- 11.3.2 Parasitic Interactions -- 11.3.3 Mutualistic Interactions -- 11.4 Mutualistic Photosymbioses Between Eukaryotes -- 11.4.1 Radiolarian Hosts. , 11.4.2 Foraminiferal Hosts -- 11.4.3 Ciliate Hosts -- 11.4.4 Dinoflagellate Hosts -- 11.4.5 Metazoan Hosts -- 11.5 Parasitic Photosymbioses Between Eukaryotes -- 11.5.1 Heterotrophic Parasites Infecting Microalgae -- 11.5.2 Microalgal Parasites Infecting Larger Organisms -- 11.5.3 Detection of Parasites in Environmental Genetic Surveys -- 11.6 Methods for Studying Pelagic Symbioses -- 11.6.1 Microscopy and Related Approaches -- 11.6.2 Ex Situ Laboratory Culture -- 11.6.3 Molecular Approaches -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Marine Resources-The Hidden Treasure -- 12 Marine Microbial Systems Ecology: Microbial Networks in the Sea -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing -- 12.3 Metagenomics -- 12.4 Metatranscriptomics -- 12.5 Metaproteomics -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Screening Microorganisms for Bioactive Compounds -- Abstract -- 13.1 The Need for Novel Bioactive Compounds -- 13.1.1 Bioactive Compounds from the Marine Environment -- 13.2 Bioprospecting for Bioactive Compounds -- 13.3 Isolation of Microorganisms -- 13.4 Culture and Extract Preparation -- 13.5 Construction of Metagenomic Libraries -- 13.6 Screening for Bioactivity -- 13.6.1 Sequence-Based Screening -- 13.6.1.1 Genome Mining -- 13.6.2 Function-Based Screening -- 13.6.2.1 Screens for antibacterial activity -- 13.6.2.2 Antiviral Drug Screening with CPE Inhibition Test -- 13.6.2.3 Screening for Antitumor Activity -- 13.6.2.4 Screens for Novel Drug Candidates for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease -- 13.7 Chemical Dereplication, Compound Purification, and Structure Elucidation -- 13.8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Metagenomics as a Tool for Biodiscovery and Enhanced Production of Marine Bioactives -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.2 Mining the not yet Cultured Microorganisms: Metagenomics.