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  • Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment  (3)
  • Eubalaena glacialis  (3)
  • 1
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    Summer and fall habitat of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) inferred from satellite telemetry (2005)
    National Research Council Canada
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Research Council Canada, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of National Research Council Canada for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62 (2005): 527-543, doi:10.1139/F04-238.
    Description: Satellite-monitored radio tags were attached to North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in Grand Manan Basin of the lower Bay of Fundy during the summer and early fall seasons of 1989–1991 and 2000. Monte Carlo tests were used to examine the distribution of the tagged whales in space and time and with respect to a variety of environmental variables to characterize right whale habitat on their northern feeding grounds. These environmental variables included depth, depth gradient, climatological surface and bottom hydrographic properties, and remotely sensed surface temperature, chlorophyll concentration, and their respective horizontal gradients. Site fidelity in the Bay of Fundy was very low during 1989–1991 and high during 2000. When the tagged animals left the Bay, they did not frequently visit the deep basins of the Gulf of Maine and Scotian Shelf, where abundances of their primary copepod prey, Calanus finmarchicus, are thought to be high. Instead, right whales visited areas characterized by low bottom water temperatures, high surface salinity, and high surface stratification. No evidence was found that the tagged right whales associated with oceanic fronts or regions with high standing stocks of phytoplankton.
    Description: This study was supported by the Office of Naval Research, National Marine Fisheries Service, Oregon State University Marine Mammal Endowment, and the Space Grant and Earth System Science fellowship programs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
    Keywords: North Atlantic right whales ; Eubalaena glacialis ; Distribution ; Habitat
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: 1257938 bytes
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  • 2
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    Coastal mixing and optics moored array experiment (2018)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-05
    Description: This 5 CDROM set contains in-situ and numerical weather prediction model data collected during the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment. These data were analyzed in a manuscript entitled "Evaluation of NCEP regional numerical weather prediction model surface fields over the Middle Atlantic Bight" which can be found in Postscript format on CDROM 1 in the "paper" directory. Three NWP models (the early Eta, meso Eta and RUC-1) were evaluated using in-situ meteorological observations and air-sea flux estimates from the central CMO buoy and six NDBC buoys. Based on these evaluations, gridded air-sea flux fields for use in the CMO experiment were generated from the meso Eta model surface fields. Both the original and adjusted meso Eta model surface fields can be found in this CDROM set. CDROM 1 contains all of the in-situ measurements as well as the model data extracted at each of the moored buoys. CDROM 1 also contains the AVHRR 14 km SST analysis from NCEP, the GCIP incoming surface shortwave product, plots of the 0, 3, 6 and 9 hour adjusted meso Eta forecasts for both the meteorology and air-sea fluxes and two QuickTime animations of the adjusted meso Eta model fields. CDROMs 2 and 3 contain the meso Eta model surface data acquired from NCEP archives and reformatted from GRIB to NetCDF. CDROMs 4 and 5 contain the CMO air-sea flux fields derived from the meso Eta surface fields. The source code of the program used to generate the CMO flux fields is in the "code" directory on CDROM 1.
    Description: The CMO moored array was conceived and designed by co-principal investigators S. Anderson, J. Edson, S. Lentz and A. Plueddemann. Successful field operations were due to the efforts of W. Ostrom, R. Trask, B. Way, the WHOI Upper Ocean Processes Group and the fine crew of the R/V Oceanus under the direction of Captain P. Howland. J. Edson provided sonic anemometer data and R. Pinker provided the GCIP radiation fields. The staff of the NDBC are to be commended for their data collection, quality control and distribution efforts. The CMO moored array experiment was supported by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-95-1-0339.
    Keywords: Ocean-atmosphere interaction ; Numerical weather forecasting ; Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
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  • 3
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    Acquisition, description and evaluation of atmospheric model products for the coastal mixing and optics experiments (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Numerical weather forecasting model products were acquired for use in the Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment to augment in situ observations of meteorological parameters (e.g., wind speed and direction, air temperature and relative humidity) at a moored array of buoys in the Middle Atlantic Bight. In this report, the Eta and Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) regional models are described and the two methods of acquisition via the Internet, the Internet Data Distribution (IDD) system and file transfer (FTP) from the NOAA Information Center's data server, are discussed. Processing and archival of the model data are also addressed. Data from the CMO central mooring and six National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys in the Middle Atlantic bight were used to evaluate the accuracy of the model products. Comparisons between model and in situ wind speed, wind direction, barometrc pressure, air temperature and sea surface temperature were possible for all seven of the buoys. Since no moisture measurement was made from the NDBC buoys, comparisons of relative and specific humidity were only possible at the CMO buoy. Sensible and latent heat fluxes and global (net) radiation from the models were compared to estimates of heat fluxes and net radiation from the CMO central buoy.
    Description: Funding provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. NOO014-95-1-0339.
    Keywords: Air-sea interaction ; Moored data ; Numerical weather forecasting models ; Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 11996943 bytes
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  • 4
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    Coastal mixing and optics experiment : mooring deployment cruise report R/V Oceanus cruise number 284 31 July-11 August 1996 (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: An array of moorings at four sites at a mid-shelf location in the mid-Atlantic Bight was deployed for a period of 10 months beginning in August 1996 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics Experiment (CMO), funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The purpose of this array is to gather information to help identify and understand the vertical mixing processes influencing the evolution of the stratification over the shelf. The observations from this moored array will be used to investigate changes in the stratification in response to atmospheric forcing, surface gravity wave variabilty, surface and bottom boundary layer mixing, current shear, internal waves, and advection. This report describes the primary mooring deployments carried out by the Upper Ocean Processes (UOP) Group on the R/V Oceanus, sailing out of Woods Hole during July, August, and September of 1996.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research through Grant No. N00014-95-1-0339.
    Keywords: North Atlantic ; Meteorology ; Oceanography ; Moored instrument measurements ; Oceanus (Ship : 1975-) Cruise OC284 ; Coastal Mixing and Optics (CMO) Experiment
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 4040681 bytes
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  • 5
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    Visual predation during springtime foraging of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) (2017)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 33 (2017): 991–1013, doi:10.1111/mms.12417.
    Description: To assess the role that vision plays in the ability of the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) to detect its primary prey species, the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus, we have compared the absorbance spectrum of the E. glacialis rod visual pigment, the transmittance spectra of C. finmarchicus carotenoid pigments, as well as the downwelling irradiance and horizontal radiance spectra collected during springtime at three locations in the western Gulf of Maine. The E. glacialis rod visual pigment absorbs light maximally at 493 nm, while microspectrophotometric measurements of the C. finmarchicus carotenoid pigments reveal transmission spectra with minima matching very well with the E. glacialis rod visual pigment absorbance spectra maximum. Springtime spectral downwelling irradiance and horizontal radiance values from the surface waters of Cape Cod Bay and at all depths in Great South Channel overlap the E. glacialis rod absorbance spectrum, allowing C. finmarchicus to appear as a high-contrast dark silhouette against a bright background space-light, thus facilitating visually-guided contrast foraging. In contrast, spectral downwelling irradiance and horizontal radiance at depth in Cape Cod Bay, and all depths in Wilkinson Basin, do not overlap the E. glacialis rod absorbance spectrum, providing little if any useful light for contrast vision.
    Description: This work was supported by Wildlife Bycatch Reduction at the New England Aquarium under U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA Award #NA09NMF4520413 (J.I.F.). T.W.C. was supported by the National Science Foundation (IOS0721608) and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-09-1-0149). Additional support comes from NIH grant 2RO1EY009514 (D.D.Oprian).
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; Vision ; Foraging ecology ; Calinus finmarchicus ; Downwelling irradiance spectrum ; Horizontal radiance spectrum
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 6
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    North Atlantic right whale foraging ecology and its role in human-caused mortality (2017)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 581 (2017): 165-181, doi:10.3354/meps12315.
    Description: Endangered North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis suffer from unacceptably high rates of ship strikes and fishing gear entanglements, but little is known of the role that diving and foraging behavior plays in mediating human-caused mortality. We conducted a study of right whale foraging ecology by attaching tags to whales for short periods of time (hours), tracking their movements during daytime, and repeatedly sampling oceanographic conditions and prey distribution along the whales’ tracks. Right whales were tagged from late winter to late fall in 6 regions of the Gulf of Maine and southwestern Scotian Shelf from 2000 to 2010. The diving behavior of the tagged whales was governed by the vertical distribution of their primary prey, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. On average, right whales tagged during spring spent 72% of their time in the upper 10 m (within the draft of most large commercial vessels), indicating the need for expanded ship speed restrictions in western Gulf of Maine springtime habitats. One out of every 4 whales dove to within 5 m of the sea floor during the short time they were tagged, spending as much as 45% of their total tagged time in this depth stratum. Right whales dove to the sea floor in each habitat studied except for one (where only 1 whale was tagged). This relatively high incidence of near-bottom diving raises serious concerns about the continued use of floating ground lines in pot and trap gear in coastal Maine and Canadian waters.
    Description: Support for this research was provided by the NOAA Right Whale Grants Program, Northeast Consortium, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, NOAA Northeast Fisheries Science Center, and the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Eubalaena glacialis ; Calanus finmarchicus ; Diving behavior ; Entanglement ; Ship strike
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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