Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Acronyms -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: Assessment of Warming Projections and Probabilities for Brazil -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Climate Modelling and Climate Scenarios Used -- 2.3 Region Analysed, Models and Data Used -- 2.4 Long-Term Projections for Brazil: Analysis of Air Temperature Projections -- 2.5 Probabilities of Warming Exceeding the Limits of 2 °C to 4 °C -- 2.6 Probability of Warming Exceeding 4°C or More (RCP 8.5) -- 2.7 Warming Risks for Brazil during the Twenty-First Century -- 2.8 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Assessments and How an Increase in Temperature may Have an Impact on Agriculture in Brazil and Mapping of the Current and Future Situation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.3 Assessment of Possible Impacts Due to Temperature Increase: Projections for 2020, 2050 and 2080 -- 3.4 Assessment of Possible Impacts Due to Temperature Increase: Projections for Different Crops -- 3.4.1 Sugarcane -- 3.4.2 Cotton -- 3.4.3 Rice -- 3.4.4 Potato -- 3.4.5 Cassava -- 3.4.6 Coffee -- 3.4.7 Beans -- 3.4.8 Sunflower -- 3.4.9 Maize -- 3.4.10 Second-Crop Corn -- 3.4.11 Soybean -- 3.4.12 Wheat -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: A Review of the Health Sector Impacts of 4 °C or more Temperature Rise -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Material and Methods -- 4.2.1 Methodological Considerations -- 4.2.2 Data Sources -- 4.3 Analysis of Studies and Presentation of Results -- 4.4 Direct Impacts of Climate Change on the Health Sector as a Response to Exposure to a Warming of 4 °C or More -- 4.4.1 Heat Stress -- 4.5 Extreme Events -- 4.5.1 Mortality by Heat Waves -- 4.5.2 Natural Disasters and their Impacts on Human Health. , 4.6 Indirect Impacts of Climate Change on the Health Sector as a Response to Exposure to a Warming of 4 °C or More -- 4.6.1 Mortality by Heat -- 4.6.2 Vector-borne Diseases -- 4.6.3 Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya -- 4.6.4 Malaria -- 4.6.5 Leishmaniasis -- 4.7 Water-borne and Food-borne Diseases -- 4.7.1 Leptospirosis -- 4.7.2 Diarrhoea -- 4.8 Socio-economic and Health Care Vulnerability for a Warming Above 4 °C -- 4.9 Final Considerations on the Potential Impacts of a Warming Above 4 °C on the Health Sector -- References -- Chapter 5: Biodiversity Sector: Risks of Temperature Increase to Biodiversity and Ecosystems -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Vulnerability -- 5.3 Risk Assessment for Temperature Limits Exceeding 2-4 °C -- 5.4 Adaptation -- 5.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 6: Climate Change and the Energy Sector in Brazil -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Climate Change and the Energy Sector in Brazil: Summary of Impacts -- 6.3 Impact of Global Climate Change on the Brazilian Electricity Sector -- 6.4 Review of Studies on Impacts on Electricity Production: The Case of Wind Power and Solar Energy -- 6.5 Review of Studies on Impacts on Electricity Production: The Case of Hydro Power -- 6.6 Impacts on Water Resources -- 6.7 Impacts on Hydro Power Generation -- 6.8 Vulnerability Assessment of the Brazilian Energy System in a Scenario of Extreme Climate Change -- 6.9 Adaptation Options -- 6.10 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Increase Risk of Drought in the Semiarid Lands of Northeast Brazil Due to Regional Warming above 4 °C -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 History of Droughts in the Region -- 7.3 Climate Change Projections for NEB -- 7.4 A Review of Possible Impacts to be Caused by Regional Warming Exceeding 4 °C in NEB -- 7.5 Impacts of Warming above 4 °C on the Risk of Drought in NEB -- 7.6 Probability of Warming Exceeding 4 °C. , 7.7 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Assessing the Possible Impacts of a 4 °C or Higher Warming in Amazonia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Climate Change and Climate Modelling in the Amazon -- 8.3 Impacts of Climate Change on the Biomes of South America -- 8.4 Exploring Likelihood of Impacts -- 8.5 Hydrologic Change under Climate Change Scenarios -- 8.6 Conclusion Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Final Remarks and Recommendations -- 9.1 Final Remarks -- 9.2 Risk Reduction and Assessment -- Index.