Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Accounting for Climate Change: Introduction -- Uncertainties of a Regional Terrestrial Biota Full Carbon Account: A Systems Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Definitions -- 3 Uncertainties of the Regional Full Carbon Account -- 4 Requirements for the Terrestrial Biota Regional Full Carbon Account -- 5 Assessing Uncertainties -- 6 Some Practical Implementations and Results from Case Studies -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Understanding Uncertainties versus Potential for Improving Reliability -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology: How to Assess the Uncertainty of National Emission Inventories -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Excluding Sources with High Uncertainty -- 4.2 Covariance and the Definition of Adequate System Boundaries -- 4.3 Significance of Subjective Interpretation of Uncertainty -- 4.4 Rigid Accounting as a Method of Assessing Emissions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Practical Policy Applications of Uncertainty Analysis for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Using Uncertainty Estimates to Adjust Inventories -- 2.1 Two Possible Adjustment Mechanisms -- 2.2 Characteristics of the Adjustment Factor and Implications for the Uncertainty Analysis -- 3 Adjustments to Emissions Trading Ratios Based on the Uncertainty of Emissions -- 3.1 Trading Ratios: Upper Bound Emissions are Unchanged -- 3.2 Trading Ratios: Probabilities of Exceeding Emissions Commitments are Unchanged -- 3.3 Characteristics of the Trading Ratio and Uncertainty Analysis -- 3.3.1 Fulfilling Environmental Goals: The Impacts of Trading on Environmental Quality -- 3.3.2 Administrative Complexity -- 3.3.3 Implications for Trading Ratios in Practice -- 4 Uncertainty Analysis as a Tool for Inventory Improvement -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Modeling Afforestation and the Underlying Uncertainties -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Model and Experiment -- 2.1 Description of the Model -- 2.2 Submodel of Available Water in an Ecosystem -- 2.3 Calibration and Testing of the Model -- 2.4 Modeling of the Parameter Uncertainties -- 2.5 Numerical Experiment -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Spatial GHG Inventory: Analysis of Uncertainty Sources. A Case Study for Ukraine -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Approach -- 2.1 National Level -- 2.2 Regional Level -- 2.3 Plot Level -- 3 A Geoinformation Technology for Distributed GHG Inventories -- 4 Inventory at the Regional Level: Energy Sector -- 5 Spatial Analysis of GHG Emissions -- 6 Results of Spatial Inventory and Uncertainty Reduction -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Prior to Economic Treatment of Emissions and Their Uncertainties Under the Kyoto Protocol: Scientific Uncertainties That Must Be Kept in Mind -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Setting the Stage for Working within a Consistent FGA-Uncertainty-Verification Framework -- 2.1 A Brief Science-Theoretical Discourse: Plausibility, Validation, and Verification -- 2.2 Accounting Versus Diagnostic and Prognostic Modeling -- 2.3 Uncertainty Concept -- 3 Bottom-Up Versus Top-down Accounting: Verification of Emissions -- 4 Bottom-Up/Top-Down Verification of Emissions and Temporal Detection of Emissions Signals -- 5 Temporal Detection of Emission Signals -- 5.1 Detectability Versus Statistical Significance -- 5.2 No Credibility Without Uncertainty -- 5.3 Different Techniques-Different Endings -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Processing National CO2 Inventory Emissions Data and their Total Uncertainty Estimates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Notation Used -- 3 A Nonparametric Method -- 3.1 Basic Assumptions and Simplifications -- 3.2 Smoothing and Uncertainty Analysis. , 3.2.1 Smoothing Splines -- 3.2.2 Uncertainty Analysis -- 3.2.3 Application to Real Data -- 4 Empirical Parametric Models -- 4.1 Estimation of the Parameter gi -- 4.2 Piecewise Exponential Model -- 5 Geometric Brownian Motion -- 5.1 Geometric Brownian Model for the Emissions -- 5.2 Arithmetic Brownian Model for the Logarithm of the Emissions -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Extension of EU Emissions Trading Scheme to Other Sectors and Gases: Consequences for Uncertainty of Total Tradable Amount -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Uncertainties in Different Emissions Trading Schemes -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Compliance and Emissions Trading under the Kyoto Protocol: Rules for Uncertain Inventories -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Notation and Problem Formulation -- 3 The Interval Type of Uncertainty -- 3.1 Compliance Proving -- 4 Adjustment of the Basic Committed Level -- 5 Uncertainties in Emissions Trading -- 6 Tradable Permits Under Uncertainty -- 6.1 Compliance with Undershooting -- 6.2 Compliance with Adjustment of the Commitment Level -- 6.3 Compliance Proving and Trading Mechanism -- 7 Simulation of a Carbon Market with Effective Permits -- 7.1 Database -- 7.2 No Uncertainty Market -- 7.3 Market with Uncertainties -- 7.3.1 Effective Emission Permits -- 7.3.2 Market with Undershooting -- 7.3.3 Market with Adjustments -- 7.4 Simulation Results -- 7.4.1 Trading with Effective Permits Under Undershooting -- 7.4.2 Trading with Effective Permits Under Adjustment -- 8 The Stochastic Type of Uncertainty -- 8.1 Compliance Proving -- 8.2 Adjustment of the Basic Committed Level -- 8.3 Uncertainties in Emissions Trading -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- The Impact of Uncertainty on Banking Behavior: Evidence from the US Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Allowance Trading Program -- 1 Introduction. , 2 The Sulfur Dioxide Market, Uncertainty, and Banking -- 3 A Model of Emissions Trading under Uncertainty -- 4 The Data -- 5 Estimation and Empirical Findings -- 5.1 Allowances Banking Behavior -- 5.2 Uncertainty -- 5.3 Estimation -- 5.4 Findings -- 6 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Tradable Permit Systems: Considering Uncertaintyin Emission Estimates -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Modeling Framework -- 3 The Data -- 4 Results of Simulations -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References.