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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Androgen receptor ; Chromogranin A ; Double label methods ; Prostate ; Prostate cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Neuroendocrine differentiation is a frequent occurrence in common prostatic adenocarcinomas and may have prognostic implications in prostatic malignancies. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical double label methods to evaluate the nuclear androgen receptor (AR) status in endocrine-paracrine (EP) cells of normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic prostate including tumours that recurred after hormonal and radiation therapy. In normal and hyperplastic glands, EP cells characterized by the panendocrine marker chromogranin A (Chr A) did not reveal AR-positivity. This may indicate that prostatic EP cells represent an androgen-indepenent cell population whose regulatory functions are not influenced by circulating androgens. Unequivocal co-expression of Chr A and AR was very rarely detected in subsets of endocrine differentiated tumour cells in treated and untreated specimens. The widespread absence of nuclear AR in neuroendocrine tumour cells suggests that this phenotype belongs to those cell clones in prostate cancer which are initially androgen-independent and refractory to hormonal therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 19 (1998), S. 21-32 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Prostatakarzinom ; Diagnostische Kriterien ; Key words Prostate cancer ; Diagnostic criteria ; Histological features
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The histological diagnosis of prostate cancer relies on a combination of structural and cytological findings. Structural features are assessed at low power magnification. Malignant glands are recognised by their abnormal size, shape and location in relation to the surrounding benign glandular structures. The presence of pathological intraluminal secretions (pink amorphous secretions, crystalloids, blue-tinged mucinous secretions) is always suspicious, but not diagnostic for prostate cancer. Cytological criteria including nuclear and nucleolar enlargement, hyperchromasia and cytoplasmic changes have to be evaluated in comparison with the cytological features of surrounding benign glands. The presence of prominent nucleoli is neither diagnostic for malignancy nor represents an absolute requirement for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The basal cell layer is absent in invasive adenocarcinoma, an important feature that has to be evaluated with care since benign glands may also lack detectable basal cells. The immunohistochemical demonstration of basal cells with high molecular weight cytokeratins excludes invasive cancer. This article reviews the histological criteria for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, including variants of common adenocarcinoma and therapy-induced changes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die histologische Diagnose des Prostatakarzinoms basiert auf einer Kombination histoarchitektonischer und zytologischer Kriterien. Die gestörte Histoarchitektur erkennt man in der Übersicht und ergibt sich aus der Form und Lage der Tumordrüsen in Bezug zu vorbestehenden duktulo-azinären Strukturen. Pathologische Sekretionen (eosinophiles Sekret, Kristalloide, luminale, basophile Schleimbildung) sind immer suspekt, aber selbst nicht beweisend für ein Karzinom. Zytologische Kriterien (Kerngröße, Hyperchromasie, Nukleolen, Zytoplasmaveränderungen) müssen stets im Vergleich zu vorbestehenden benignen Drüsen evaluiert werden. Die diagnostisch wichtigen prominenten Nukleolen sind für die Diagnose eines Prostatakarzinoms weder absolut notwendig noch beweisend. Ein obligates, ebenfalls nicht beweisendes Kriterium ist das Fehlen der Basalzellschicht. Der immunhistochemische Befund mit basalzellspezifischen Zytokeratinen muß in jedem Fall kritisch beurteilt werden und kann eine Krebsdiagnose bestenfalls bestätigen oder (bei positivem Nachweis von Basalzellen) sicher ausschließen. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit werden die verschiedenen diagnostischen Kriterien zusammengetragen und ihre Wertigkeit für die Routinediagnostik evaluiert. Darüber hinaus werden diagnostische Kriterien seltener Varianten des Prostatakarzinoms und therapieinduzierter Veränderungen besprochen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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