Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Chromophores with Aminostyryl Quinoxaline Moiety for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications: Synthesis, Linear and -- Nonlinear Optical Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1. D-π-A Chromophores -- Section 2. D-π-A- π-D Chromophores -- Section 3. D-π-A- π-A′ Chromophores -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Importance of the Chemiluminescent System of the Marine Chromophore, Coelenterazine -- Abstract -- 1. The World of Luminescence -- 2. Examples of Chemiluminescent and Bioluminescent Systems -- 3. Coelenterazine and Its Luminous Emission -- 4. Practical Applications for the Coelenterazine Systems -- 4.1. Cancer Plague over the World -- 4.2. Treatments and Their Limitations -- 4.3. Photodynamic Therapy for a Better Future -- 4.4. The Appearance of New Obstacles -- 4.5. Coelenterazine in Photodynamic Therapy for Treatment -- 4.6. Superoxide Anion: Ally and Enemy -- 4.7. Superoxide Anion Sensing Methods -- 4.8. Coelenterazine as a Superoxide Probe for Diagnosis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis for Probing Protein Stability and Protein-Protein Interactions: A Literature Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Free Energy Calculations with Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) -- Free Energy Calculations with Thermodynamic Integration (TI) -- Free Energy Calculations with MM/PBSA and MM/GBSA -- Thermodynamic Cycle -- Computational Alanine Scanning Mutagenesis (ASM) -- Recent Developments and Applications of the Computational ASM with FEP, TI, MM/PBSA, and MM/GBSA -- Therapeutic Implications and Applications of Computational ASM -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. , Investigation of Temperature-Dependent Volumetric, Acoustic, Refractometry, Dielectric Relaxation, Thermodynamic, and DFT Studies of L-Alanine in an Aqueous Medium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Measurements -- 2.3. Volumetric, Ultrasonic, and Dielectric Parameters -- 2.3.1. Volumetric Parameters -- 2.3.2. Ultrasonic Parameters -- 2.3.3. Dielectric Parameters -- 2.4. Computational Details -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 5 -- Synthesis of Indole Containing Chromophores -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Indole Containing Chromophores -- Multi-Step Procedures -- Two-Component Synthesis -- Three-Component Synthesis -- Miscellaneous -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Investigation of the Interaction of Bis[N-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)Aminophenyl-Glyoximato-Κ2n,N′]Nickel(II) Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvate with Some Biomolecules by Computational Chemistry Methods -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Computational Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Optimization of the Molecular Structure of the Title Compound -- Frontier Molecular Orbitals Analysis -- Global Reactivity -- Interaction of the Title Compound with DNA Bases -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 7 -- Interaction between DNA Bases with the Molecular Structure of 1,4-Bis[(Z)-2-(3-Mesityl-3-Methylcyclobutyl)-2-(Thiosemicarbazono)Ethyl]Piperazine Dimethyl Sulfoxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Method -- Results and Discussion -- Geometric Optimization of the Molecular Structure -- Interactions of C38H56N8S2.2C2H6OS with DNA Bases -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8 -- Acetoxylation of Camphene over Activated Carbons with Sulfonic Acid Groups -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Short Oligomeric Molecules Demonstrate Behavior of Bistable Machines -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Role of Capillary Electrophoresis in the Characterization and Determination of Polyphenols and Phenolic Compounds in Food -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capillary Zone Electrophoresis -- Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography -- Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Aggregation-Induced Emission Based Probes for Metal Ion Sensing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- AIE Based Sensors for Mercuric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Cupric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Zinc Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Silver Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Aluminium Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Ferric Ions -- AIE Based Sensors for Other Metal Ions -- Summary and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Hydroxymethylfurfural: A Versatile Intermediate for Value-Added Chemicals from Biomass -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources and Production of HMF -- Dehydration -- Hydrogenation -- Hydrodeoxygenation -- HMF Production from Edible Biomass -- Nonedible Lignocellulosic Biomasses -- Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- The Importance of Organic Acids and the Relevance of a Sustainable Production: A Mini-Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biological Pathway -- Fermentation by Chemiotrophic Microorganisms -- Fungi -- Bacteria -- Fermentation by Photossynthetic Microorganisms (Photofermentation) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Effects of Replacing Water Molecules with Sodium-Chloride in a Typical Protein in Aqueous Solution under Exposure to Microwaves -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Hemoglobin Samples -- Experimental Design -- Infrared Spectroscopy -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. , Oxidative Decarboxylation: Conversion of (-Arylacetic Acids to One-Carbon Dehomologated Aldehydes by Persulfate and UV Irradiation in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Results and Discussion -- Summary -- Experimental Synthesis -- Materials and Method -- General Procedure for the Oxidative Decarboxylation of Carboxylic Acid Using Radicals of Persulfate under UV Irradiation -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Understanding Polymer Electrolytes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.1. Based on Physical State and Composition -- 2.1.1. Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) -- 2.1.2. Gel Polymer Electrolyte (GPE) -- 2.1.3. Composite Polymer Electrolyte (CPE) -- 2.1.4. Ion-Conducting Polyelectrolytes -- 2.2. Based on Polymer Sources -- 2.2.1. Natural Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.2.1.1. Chitosan -- 2.2.1.2. Starch and Cellulose -- 2.2.1.3. Cellulose Derivatives -- 2.2.1.4. Other Polymers -- 2.2.2. Synthetic Polymer Electrolytes -- 2.2.2.1. Poly(Ethylene Oxide) (PEO) -- 2.2.2.2. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) -- 2.2.2.3. Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) -- 2.2.2.4. Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) -- 2.2.2.5. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) -- 2.2.2.6. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) -- 2.2.2.7. Poly(Acrylonitrile) -- 2.2.2.8. Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) -- 3. Membrane Preparation Techniques -- 3.1. Preparation of Dense Membranes -- 3.2. Preparation of Porous Membranes -- 3.2.1. Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.2. Thermally Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.3. Vapor-Induced Phase Separation -- 3.2.4. Electrospinning -- 4. Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Polymer Electrolytes -- 5. Approaches to Improve Polymer Electrolytes Performance -- 5.1. Polymer Blends -- 5.2. Copolymers -- 5.3. Crosslinked Polymer Electrolytes -- 5.4. Nanocomposites -- 6. Characterization Techniques -- 6.1. Ionic Conductivity -- 6.2. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 6.3. Interfacial Compatibility -- 6.4. Electrochemical Stability -- 6.5. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 6.6. X-Ray Diffraction -- 6.7. Thermal Characterizations -- 6.8. Microscopic Analysis -- 6.8.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 6.8.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). , 7. Applications of Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.1. Batteries -- 7.1.1. Solid Polymer Electrolyte Used in Li-Ion Batteries -- 7.1.1.1. Mechanism of Lithium-Ion Conducting in SPEs -- 7.1.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.1.3. Composite Polymer Electrolytes Used in Lithium-Ion Batteries -- 7.2. Fuel Cells -- 7.3. Chlor-Alkali Industries -- 7.4. Supercapacitors -- 7.4.1. Solid Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.4.2. Gel Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.4.3. Composite Polymer Electrolytes -- 7.5. Electrochromic Devices -- 7.5.1. Polymer Electrolytes Used for ECDs -- 7.5.2. Polymer Electrolyte: New Types -- 7.5.3. Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid EC Materials -- 7.5.3.1. Conjugated Polymer-Based Hybrid EC Nanocomposites -- 7.5.3.2. Interfacial Chemical Bonds-based Hybrid EC Nanocomposites -- 7.6. Sensors and Actuators -- 7.6.1. Piezoionic-Powered Graphene Strain Sensor -- 7.6.2. Miniaturized and Disposable Electrochemical Sensor -- 7.6.3. Polymer Electrolyte Actuators for Medical Applications -- 7.7. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Advances in Physicochemical Techniques to Distinguish Fullerene C60 Regioisomeric Multiadducts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Structure Elucidation of Fullerene C60 Bis-Cycloadducts -- Tris-Functionalized Fullerene C60 Cycloadducts -- Other Multi-Cycloadducts of Fullerene C60 -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Electrochemical Sensors for Identification of Types of Diabetes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Diabetes -- 1.1.1. Synthesis of Insulin -- 1.1.2. Structure of Insulin -- 1.1.3. Secretion of Insulin -- 1.1.4. Diabetes Management -- 1.2. Biosensor -- 1.2.1. Affinity-Based Sensors -- 1.2.1.1. Structure of Antibody -- 1.2.1.2. Production of Antibodies -- 1.2.1.3. Immunoassay -- 1.2.1.4. Formats of Immunoassay -- 2. Methods. , 2.1. Electrochemical Detection Techniques -- 2.2. Voltammetry -- 2.2.1. Cyclic Voltammetry -- 2.2.2. Square Wave Voltammetry -- 2.2.3. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 3. Electrochemical Insulin Sensors -- Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Contemporary Applications of Computational Modeling Approaches in Analysis of Antimicrobial Compounds of Potential Biomedical Significance -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biologically Active Molecules Recently in the Spotlight -- The Recent Implementations of Molecular Docking and QSAR Methods in Analysis of Biologically Active Compounds -- Software for Computational Modeling of Biologically Active Compounds -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Recent Updates on Some Synthetic Metal-Porphyrin Complexes and their Catalytic Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Manganese Porphyrins and Applications -- Cobalt Porphyrins and Applications -- Vanadium Porphyrins and Applications -- Chromium Porphyrins -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Phthalates in Food and Beverages -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Extraction and Sample Preparation Methods -- 3. Analytical Methodologies for the Determination of Phthalates -- 3.1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Methods -- 3.2. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Methods -- 3.3. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Biosensors for Catecholamines: The Determination of Neurotransmitters in Body Fluids -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neurotransmitters -- 2.1. Catecholamines -- 2.2. The Electrochemistry of Catecholamines -- 3. Electrochemical Sensors for Catecholamines -- 3.1. Modifications of Electrodes Used in Sensors' Fabrication -- 3.2. Electrochemical Sensor for Dopamine (DA) -- 3.3. Electrochemical Sensor for Adrenaline (ADR) and Noradrenaline (NA) -- 4. Optical Sensors for Catecholamines -- 5. Trends in Analysis of Neurotransmitters in Biological Fluids -- 6. Overview of the Application of Biosensors for Clinical Analysis of Neurotransmitters -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Ruthenium Thin Film Growth Kinetics Under Thermally-Activated Pulsed Chemical Vapor Deposition Conditions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- 2.1. Pulsed CVD Tool and Process Methodology -- 2.2. Pulsed CVD Process Parameters -- 2.3. Ruthenium Thin Film Analysis -- 3. Kinetics of Ruthenium Film Deposition -- 3.1. Ruthenium Thin Film Appearance -- 3.2. Ruthenium Thin Film Growth Features -- 3.3. Ruthenium Thin Film CVD Temperature Dependencies -- 3.4. Ruthenium Thin Film Nucleation Features -- 4. Generalization of Ruthenium Film Deposition Kinetics Study -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments. , References -- About the Author -- Chapter 4 -- Catechol Electrochemical Behavior and Its Determination -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Carbon Based Material for Catechol Electrochemical Detection -- Conductive Polymer Based Material for Catechol Electrochemical Detection -- Noble Metal Based Material for Catechol Electrochemical Detection -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- A Multi Residue Analysis of 47 Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Mango (Mangiferae indica) Samples by GC-MS/MS Using a Modified QuEChERS Extraction Method -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Details -- 2.1. Reagents -- 2.2. Preparation of Reference Standard Solutions -- 2.3. GC- MS/MS Equipment -- 2.4. Preparation of Sample -- 2.5. Validation Study -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Optimization of GC Oven Programming -- 3.2. Optimization of MS/MS -- QuEChERs Procedure for Extraction -- Selection of Extraction Solvent -- 3.3. Optimization Sample Preparation Method -- 3.4 Matrix Effect -- 3.5. Method Performance -- Applicability of the method -- Sampling -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Novel Alumina-Based Nanocomposite Ceramics Applied to High Performance Heat Sinks -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preparation and Characteristics of Alumina-Based Nanocomposite Ceramics -- 2.1. Sintering of Alumina Under Carbothermal Nitridation Reduction -- 2.2. Characteristics of Alumina-Based Nanocomposite Ceramics -- 3. Thermal Dissipative and Other Characteristics of Novel Alumina-Based Nanocomposite Ceramics -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 -- The Difference in Deformation Characteristics due to the Various Dopants in KCl Single Crystals -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Relation between the Temperature and (p1, (p2, and Yield Stress (y -- Critical Temperature. , Activation Energy for the Interaction between a Dislocation and the Divalent Impurity -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results and Discussion -- 3. Experimental -- 3.1. Synthesis of β-Acetamido Ketones using KHSO4: General Procedure -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mannose as a Component of Glycans: Structure, Dynamics and Interaction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basis of Oligosaccharide NMR -- 3. Oligomannose Structure -- 4. Oligomannose Dynamics -- 5. Oligomannose-Lectin Interaction -- References -- Chapter 2 -- PEGylation of -Interferon: Biochemical, Clinical, Analytical and Stability Aspects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Properties of PEG -- 1.2. PEGylation -- 1.3. PEGylation Chemistry -- 1.4. Factors Affecting on PEGylation -- 1.4.1. Effect of pH -- 1.4.2. Effect of Temperature -- 1.4.3. Effect of PEG Moiety -- 1.4.4. Effect of Site Specific PEGylation -- 1.4.5. Effect of Incubation Period -- 2. Interferons (IFNs) -- 2.1. Types of IFNs -- 2.2. Mode of Action -- 2.3. Indications -- 2.4. Side Effects of IFNs -- 3. PEG-IFNs -- 3.1. Chemistry of PEGylation of IFNs-α -- 3.2. Pharmacokinetics of PEG-α-IFNs -- 4. Combination Therapy with PEG-α -IFNs -- 4.1. Ribavirin (RBV) -- 4.2. Telaprevir (TPV) -- 4.3. Entecavir (ETV) -- 4.4. Tenofovir (TFV) -- 4.5. Adefovir (AFV) -- 4.6. Sofosbuvir (SFV) -- 5. Separation and Purification -- 5.1. Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) -- 5.2. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) -- 5.3. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) -- 5.4. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 5.5. Gel Electrophoresis -- 5.6. Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 6. Stability of IFN and PEG-IFN -- 7. Future Prospects on PEG-IFNs -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Anthracene Based Ligands: Synthesis and Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Schiff Bases -- Amines -- N-Heterocycle Bearing Ligands -- Phosphorous Donors -- Carbenes -- Chalcogen Bearing Ligands -- Oxygen Donor Bearing Ligands -- Organometallic Compounds -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Effect of Centric Germanium Perturbation on Anthracene -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Method of Calculation -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Structures -- 3.2. Bond Lengths and Bond Angles -- 3.3. Charges -- 3.4. IR Spectra -- 3.5. Molecular Orbital Energies and UV Spectra -- 3.6. Electrostatic Potential and LUMO Maps -- 3.7. NICS -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Solutions of Formaldehyde in Water and Alcohols -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Addition of 1-Hydroxyalklyl Free Radicals with Two or More Carbon Atoms -- Addition of Hydroxymethyl Free Radicals -- Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 6 -- Application of Luminol as Solvatochromic Probe and Fluorescent Biomarker for Heterogeneous Media -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Steady State Spectral Properties and Fluorescence Solvatochromism -- 3.2. Identification of the Important Hydrated Species: DFT Calculation -- 3.3. Modulation of Luminol Fluorescence in Micellar Media -- 3.4. Fluorescence Behavior in (-Cyclodextrin (CD) and Mixed CD-Surfactant System -- 3.5. Fluorescence Modulation in Presence of Serum Albumin Proteins -- 3.6. Interaction of LH2 with DNA Nucleotide Bases -- 3.7. Luminol Fluorescence Behavior at Nano-Bio Interface: An Efficient Model for Energy Transfer -- 3.7.1. Characterizing LH2 - NP Interaction in Aqueous Buffer Medium -- 3.7.2. Binding of LH2 - NP Conjugate with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) -- 3.7.3. Quenching of LH2 Fluorescence Bound Inside BSA Cavity by MNPs -- 3.7.4. LH2 - NP Assembly as a Super-Efficient Energy Transfer System in Presence of BSA -- Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Role of Polyphenols and Polyphenolic Fingerprinting Profiles in the Characterization and Authentication of Natural Food Products -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chromatographic Separation and Related Techniques -- 2.1. Liquid Chromatography Techniques -- 2.2. Capillary Electrophoresis Techniques -- 3. Low Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods -- 3.1. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Techniques -- 3.2. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Techniques -- 3.3. Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry Techniques -- 4. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Methods -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Synthesis and Application of Poly(Malic Acid)s with Ordinary and Unusual Co-Monomers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Malic Acid -- General Description, Characterization -- Synthesis of Malic Acid -- Reactions of the Malic Acid -- Poly(Malic Acid)s -- Syntheses of Homo-Polyesters -- Biotechnological Approach -- Chemical Synthetic Routes -- Synthesis through Ring Opening Reaction -- PMA Production by Direct Polycondensation -- Synthesis of Copolymers -- Synthesis of Copolymers via Ring Opening -- Block Copolymerization -- β-Cyclodextrin in Poly(Malic Acid-co-β-Cyclodextrin) -- Nanoparticles Prepared from Poly(Malic Acid)s or from Poly(Malic Acid-Co-Monomer)s -- Characterization of Polyesters -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- Thermal Analysis -- Specific Optical Rotation -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) -- Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) -- Zeta Potential Analysis -- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) -- Biocompatibility, Hemocompatibility -- Biodegradability -- In Vitro Drug Release -- In Vitro Cytotoxicity -- Nanoparticle Analysis -- Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). , Application Fields of Polyesters -- Nanoconjugates, Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery -- Special Application of Poly(Malic Acid) Derivatives -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- The Influence of Water Vapor on Growth Stresses Developed during the Zircaloy-4 Oxidation between 500 and 850 C -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Methods -- 2.1. Material -- 2.2. X-Ray Diffraction in Wet Environment -- 2.3. In Situ Stress Determination -- 2.4. Grain Size Determination -- 2.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Kinetic Results -- 3.2. Determination of the Stress Evolution in the m-ZrO2 Oxide Scale at 500 C and during Cooling to Room Temperature in Dry Air -- 3.3. Determination of the Stress Evolution in the M-Zro2 Scale at 500 C and During Cooling to Room Temperature in Wet Air (15 Vol. % H2O) -- 3.4. In Situ Stress Determination in the Alloy -- 3.5. Effect of Water Vapour on the Zirconia Grain Size at 500 C -- 3.6. Effect of Water Vapour on the Zirconia Scale Morphology -- 3.7. Effect of Water Vapour on the Zirconia Scale Morphology and Composition -- 3.8. Influence of Water Vapour on the Pre-Transition Step at 500 C -- 3.9. Determination of the Stress Evolution in the M-Zro2 Oxide Scale at 700 C and During Cooling to Room Temperature in Dry and Wet Air -- 3.10. Determination of the Stress Evolution in the m-ZrO2 Oxide Scale at 850 C in Dry and Wet Air -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Stress Level in the Oxide -- 4.2. Influence of Water Vapour -- 4.3. Effect of Water Vapour on the Zirconia Grain Size -- 4.4. Effect of Water Vapour on the Kinetic and Scale Morphology at 500 C -- 4.5. Role of Water on Tin Oxidation -- 4.6. Role of Water on Iron and Chromium Oxidation -- 4.7. Residual Stresses -- 4.8. Relaxation Phenomena -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. , Synthesis, Complexation and Applications of Chalcone Related Compounds -- Abstract -- 1. Chalcone and Its General Biological Activities -- 2. Chalcone Synthesis -- 3. Complexation of Chalcone Compounds and Their Applications -- 3.1. Application of 2'-Hydroxychalcone Complexes -- 4. The Photophysical Properties of Bis-Chalcone Derivatives -- 5. The Influence of Push-Pull and π-Conjugated Effect on Bis-Chalcone Derivatives in the Conversion Efficiency of DSSC -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Enzymatic Strategies for Cleaving Glycosidic Linkages -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Glycoside Hydrolases -- Unique Catalytic Residues -- Substrate-Assisted Catalysis -- NAD+-Dependent Glycoside Hydrolases -- Glycoside Phosphorylases -- Lyases -- Polysaccharide Monooxygenases -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- The Role of Tartaric Acid in Grapes and Wines -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tartaric acid in Grapes -- 3. Tartaric Acid in Wine -- 4. Influence of Tartaric Acid on Wine Sensory Characteristics -- 4.1. How to Taste Acidity in Wine -- 4.2. Tartaric Acid Taste/Flavor -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Malic Acid as a Factor in Wine Quality Shaping: From Grapevines to Wine -- Abstract -- Introduction -- L-Malic Acid Formation in Grape Berries -- Strategy of L-Malic Acid Control in Wine-Making -- Biological Deacidification by L-Malic Acid Fermentation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- End-User Procedure for the Calibration of an X-Rays Fluorescence Spectrometer -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mass Spectrometric and Quantum Chemical Treatments of Molecular and Ionic Interactions of a Flavonoid-O-Glycoside: A Stochastic Dynamic Approach -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Flavonoids -- Figure-of-Merits -- Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation Paths of Apigenin-O-Glucoside under Collision Induced Dissociation Operation Modes -- Mass Spectrometric Kinetics and Thermodynamics: An Overview and Analysis of Apigenin -- Mass Spectrometric Diffusion Methods: An Overview -- Mass Spectrometric Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Method and Its Application to Study Quantitatively Apigenin -- Theoretical Quantum Chemical Data -- Brief Description of Theoretical Diffusion Theory by Arrhenius and Its Application to Purpose of the Chapter -- Correlative Analysis between Theoretical Quantum Chemical Diffusion Data and Experimental Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Parameters -- Correlative Analysis between Theoretical Solvation Free Gibbs Energy Data and Experimental Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Parameters -- Discussion -- Experimental -- Materials and Method -- Theory and Computations -- Statistical and Mathematical Methods (Chemometrics) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Ethical Compliance -- References -- Supporting Information -- Chapter 2 -- Fabricating High Performance of Natural Polysaccharides-Based Products via a Radical Polymerization Process for Potential Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Natural Polysaccharides Backbone -- Grafting Methodologies -- Why Free Radical Polymerization (FRP) Is Paramount? -- UCRP and CRP Technique for Natural Polysaccharides -- Alginate -- UCRP Technique of Alginate -- CRP Technique of Alginate -- Cellulose -- UCRP Technique of Cellulose -- CRP Technique of Cellulose -- Chitosan -- UCRP Technique of Chitosan. , CRP Technique of Chitosan -- Starch -- UCRP Technique of Starch -- CRP Technique of Starch -- Application of Grafted Natural Polysaccharides -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- Excess Physical and Thermodynamic Properties as Means for Predicting Molecular Interactions in Binary Liquid Mixtures -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Determinations of Excess Properties -- Experimental Methods -- FTIR Spectral Analysis Depicting Molecular Interaction -- Molecular Simulations -- Theoretical Approaches -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Appendix: Explanation of Terms Used in Table 1 and Equations 1-5. -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Closed-Loop Productivity Analysis of Continuous Chemical Reactors under Different Tuning Rules in a PI Controller -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bioreactor Modeling -- Reactor Identification -- Characteristic Time -- Steady-State Gain -- Time Delay -- Results and Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Ferrocene Functionalized Copper Complex as a Catalyst: A Lesser-Known Story -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Ferrocene Copper Complex in Polymerization -- Catalytic C-H Functionalization by CuFc Complex -- Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide by CuFc Catalysts -- Click Chemistry by Efficient CuFc Catalysts -- Conclusion and Future Aspect -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Porphyrins Luminescent Based Dyes for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Porphyrin Dyes for Oxygen Measurement -- Fluorinate the Porphyrin -- Fluorinate the Polymer -- Near Infrared Porphyrin Dyes -- Application: Continuous Oxygen Measurement of Cell Growth for Drug Toxicity Testing -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 7 -- Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based Sensors for Biomedical Analysis -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Analytical Framework -- Types of Amperometric Sensors and Working Principle -- The Working Principle of the Stochastic Sensors -- Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Recent Advancements of Efficient Blue Emitters for Organic Light Emitting Diodes -- Abstract -- 1.0. Introduction -- 2.0. Results and Discussion -- 2.1. OLEDs Efficiency Enhancement -- 2.1.1. Phosphorescent Emitters -- 2.1.2. TADF Emitters -- 2.1.3. HLCT Emitters -- 2.1.4. Bipolar Emitters -- 2.1.5. Bis Phenanthroimidazoles -- 2.1.6. Phenanthrimidazole with Hydrocarbons -- 2.1.7. Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives with C6 and C9 (C5/C10) Substituents -- 2.1.8. Imidazole Derivatives as Hosts -- 3.0. White Organic Light Emitting Diodes (WOLEDs) -- 3.1. Hybrid WOLEDs with Single-Molecular Bipolar Interlayers -- 3.2. Hybrid WOLEDs with Codoping Bipolar Interlayers -- 3.3. Hybrid WOLEDs with p, n-type Interlayers and without Interlayers -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Cottonseed Oil and Cottonseed Oil Biodiesel's Fuel Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Properties of the Cottonseed Oil -- Transesterification -- Effect of Free Fatty Acid and Moisture -- Effect of Catalyst Type and Concentration -- Effect of Molar Ratio of Alcohol to Oil and Type of Alcohol -- Effect of Reaction Time and Reaction Temperature -- Mixing Intensity (Stirring Speed) -- Cottonseed Oil Biodiesel -- Characterization of Fuel Properties of the Cottonseed Oil Methyl Ester -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Recent Developments of Covalently Modified Organobentonites for Heavy Metal Uptake -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Organoclays -- Direct Synthesis of Organoclays for Heavy Metal Uptake -- Multistep Synthesis of Organoclays for Heavy Metal Uptake -- Adsorptive Properties of Organoclays to Heavy Metal Ions -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 4 -- Therapeutic Potentials of Superoxide Dismutase: Current Status and Future Prospects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. SOD Pathways -- 3. SOD as a Therapeutic Agent -- 3.1. Inflammatory Disorder -- 3.1.1. Chronic Inflammation -- 3.2. Ischemia and Heart Diseases -- 3.3. Ageing -- 3.4. Rheumatoid Arthritis -- 3.5. Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 3.6. Diabetes Mellitus -- 3.6.1. Breast Cancer -- 3.6.2. Bladder Cancer -- 3.6.3. Colorectal Cancer -- 3.6.4. Lung Cancer and Prostate Cancer -- 3.6.5. SOD as Promising Therapeutics Agent in Cancer -- 4. SOD Limitation -- 5. Future Perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- The Strong Correlation Effects in Plexcitonic Nanojunctions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Optical Absorption -- Quantum Transport -- The EntropyCurrent -- The Electron-Phonon Coupling -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 6 -- Using Cottonseed Biodiesel as Fuel in a Diesel Engine and Its Combustion, Performance and Emission Characteristics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Combustion Characteristics -- Performance Characteristics -- Exhaust Emissions -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Electrochemistry of Triphenylamine Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Electrochemical Behaviour of Triphenylamines -- 2.1. Electrochemical Behaviour of Unsubstituted Triphenylamine -- 2.2. Electrochemical Behaviour of Substituted Triphenylamines -- 2.2.1. Mono -Para- Substituted Triphenylamine Derivatives -- 2.2.2. Ortho-Substituted Triphenylamines -- 2.2.3. Meta-Substituted Triphenylamines -- 2.2.4. Di -Substituted Triphenylamine Derivatives -- 2.2.5. Tri -Substituted Triphenylamine Derivatives -- 3. Conjugated Oligomers to Polymers Electrosynthesis -- 3.1. Electrochemical Characterization of Linear and Star-Shaped Oligomers -- 3.2. Anodic Electropolymerization and Solid-State Processes -- 3.2.1. Oligomerization and Nucleation -- 3.2.2. Deposition, Growth and Solid-State Processes -- 4. Grafted and Cross-Linked Poly(Triphenylamine)s -- 5. Limitations of Cyclic Voltammetry of Conjugated Oligomers/Polymers -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters as Biomarkers of Alcohol Consumption -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. FAEEs as Alcohol Biomarkers -- 2.1. FAEEs Formation, Structure and Chemical Properties -- 2.2. Historic Perspective -- 3. Biological Specimens -- 3.1. Blood, Plasma and Serum -- 3.1.1. Analytical Considerations of Blood, Serum and Plasma Analysis of FAEEs -- 3.1.2. Practical Considerations -- 3.1.3. Practical Applications -- 3.2. Hair -- 3.2.1. Incorporation into Hair -- 3.2.2. Analytical Considerations of Hair Analysis for FAEEs -- 3.2.2.1. Hair Decontamination -- 3.2.2.2. FAEEs Extraction -- 3.2.2.3. Clean-Up Procedure -- 3.2.2.4. Analytical Techniques -- 3.2.3. Practical Considerations -- 3.2.4. Practical Applications -- 3.3. Meconium -- 3.3.1 Incorporation into Meconium. , 3.3.2. Analytical Considerations of Meconium Analysis for FAEEs -- 3.3.3. Practical Considerations -- 3.3.4. Practical Applications -- 3.4. Skin Surface Lipids (Sebum) -- 3.4.1. Analytical Techniques -- 3.4.2. Practical Considerations and Application -- 3.5. Other Biological Specimens -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Bioactive Compounds from the Leaves of Sicilian Liquorice -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Phytochemical Investigation of Liquorice Extracts -- Polyphenols from Sicilian Liquorice -- Isolation and Characterization of the Main Polyphenols from the Leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra -- Ethyl Acetate Extract -- Butanol Extract -- Methanol Extract -- Non Preparative Instrumental Analyses of the Leaves of Glycyrrhiza glabra -- Biological Properties of Extracts and Pure Stilbenoids from Sicilian Liquorice Leaves -- Role of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Pathological Conditions -- Bioactivities of Extracts from Sicilian Liquorice Leaves -- Bioactivities of Pure Stilbenoids Isolated from Sicilian Liquorice Leaves -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- The Structural Aspects of Thio-Ligands in Dimeric Pt(II) Complexes -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dimeric Pt(II) Complexes -- 2.1. With Pt-Pt Interaction -- 2.2. Without Pt-Pt interaction -- 2.2.1 With Pt(X)2Pt Type Bridges -- 2.2.2. With Different Type of Bridges -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Four Coordinated Mononuclear Pt(II) Complexes of Seleno - and Silyl - Ligands -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mononuclear Pt(II) Complexes -- 2.1. Seleno-Complexes -- 2.2. Silyl-Complexes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Mildronate (Meldonium): First, Do No Harm -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Physiological Effects of Carnitine -- Reported Effects of Mildronate. , Potential Adverse Effects of Mildronate -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.