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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 1043-1060 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the absence of emulsifying agents, vinyl acetate polymerization in aqueous media was carried out at 50°C over a wide range of initial initiator and monomer concentrations to clarify the effect of reaction conditions on the kinetic behavior of the polymerization system. It was shown that the rate of polymerization was proportional to reaction time and initiator concentration and independent of the number of polymer particles present. The rate could also be successfully explained by the Smith and Ewart theory for emulsion polymerization when the dissolved monomer in water and the Trommsdorff effect were taken into consideration. A set of equations which could account for the effect of dissolved monomer in water on the rate of polymerization is proposed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 36 (1998), S. 1919-1928 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: emulsion polymerization ; vinylidene chloride ; kinetics ; sodium lauryl sulfate ; potassium persulfate ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Emulsion polymerization of vinylidene chloride was carried out at 50°C using sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and potassium persulfate as initiator, respectively. Contrary to the results so far reported, the stirring rate did not affect the progress of the polymerization and such an abnormal kinetic behavior as the rate of polymerization suddenly drops in the course of polymerization was not observed. The number of polymer particles produced was proportional to the 0.7 power of the concentration of emulsifier forming micelles and to the 0.3 power of the initial initiator concentration, respectively, and was independent of the initial monomer concentration. The rate of polymerization was in proportion to the 0.3 power of the concentration of emulsifier forming micelles, to the 0.5 power of the initial initiator concentration, to the 0.2 power of the initial monomer concentration, and to the 0.45 power of the number of polymer particles, respectively. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1919-1928, 1998
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to clarify the general kinetic behavior of emulsion polymerization initiated by oilsoluble initiators, the emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile was as a typical example, investigated thoroughly. The variations of the polymerization rate and the number of polymer particles produced with changes in emulsifier (sodium lauryl sulfate), initiator, and monomer concentrations initially charged and the reaction temperature were determined. It is shown from these experimental results that the kinetic behavior of this emulsion polymerization system is quite similar to that of styrene emulsion polymerization initiated by the water-soluble initiator, potassium persulfate despite the difference in the principal loci of radical production in both systems.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35 (1997), S. 2689-2695 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: kinetics ; mechanism ; emulsion copolymerization ; acrylamide ; styrene ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The seeded emulsion copolymerizations of styrene and acrylamide were carried out at 50°C using polystyrene latex particles as the seed and potassium persulfate as the initiator, respectively. It was found that the change in the number of seed particles initially charged causes a drastic change in the kinetic behavior of this seeded emulsion copolymerization system: when the number of seed particles initially charged was less than a certain critical value, both styrene and acrylamide started polymerization from the beginning of the reaction. However, when the number of seed particles was higher than this critical value, an apparent induction period suddenly emerged only for acrylamide polymerization, that is, acrylamide did not start polymerization until the styrene conversion exceeded around 75%, while the styrene polymerization started and continued very smoothly from the beginning of the reaction. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 2689-2695, 1997
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 26 (1988), S. 385-390 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993), S. 2103-2113 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: emulsion polymerization ; particle nucleation ; oil-soluble initiator ; kinetic model ; styrene ; AIBN ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: To explain the kinetic features of particle formation and growth in unseeded emulsion polymerization initiated by oil-soluble initiators, a mathematical kinetic model is proposed, based on the assumption that when initiator radicals or monomer radicals in the water phase enter monomer-solubilized emulsifier micelles, initiate polymerization, and propagate to a chain length which is long enough not to desorb from the micelles, the micelles are regarded to be transformed into polymer particles. It is demonstrated by comparing the experimental results obtained in the emulsion polymerization of styrene initiated by the oil-soluble initiator, 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile, with sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier that the proposed kinetic model satisfactorily explains the kinetic features such as the effects of initial emulsifier, initiator, and monomer concentrations on both the number of polymer particles produced and the monomer conversion versus time histories. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 51 (1994), S. 21-31 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: On the basis of the so-called two-films theory for mass transfer, a mathematical model for transfer of chain transfer agents from monomer droplets to polymer particles, where chain transfer agent molecules are consumed by the chain transfer reaction, is developed for an emulsion polymerization system. It is shown by the model that the concentration of chain transfer agent in the polymer particles during the polymerization is decreased to a value much less than that which would be attained if thermodynamic equilibrium for chain transfer agent were reached between the polymer particles and the monomer droplets, due mainly to the resistance to transfer of chain transfer agent molecules across the diffusion films at the interface between the monomer droplets and the water phase. The validity and utility of the model developed for predicting the diffusion and consumption rates for chain transfer agent are demonstrated experimentally using five normal aliphatic mercaptans from n-C7 to n-C12 as chain transfer agents in the seeded emulsion polymerization of styrene. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2723-2729 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sorption, permeation, and diffusion behaviors of poly(γ-methyl glutamate) were examined in the light of superstructure including conformation. Highly crystalline PMG, chloesteric twisted structure, low crystalline PMG, which are all composed of α helix, and β form PMG were prepared using cast solvent of chloroform, dichloromethane-dimethylformamide, and dimethylformamide and treating by formic acid, respectively. The large amount sorbed and the sorption capacity were interpreted by an existence of a microvoid in PMG cast film from chloroform. On the other hand, β form PMG had small amount sorbed. The sorption behavior was remarkably influenced by superstructure as well as conformation, while the effect of only conformation on the permeation behavior was recognized. A peculiar permeation was detected around 100°C for all the samples.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 27 (1982), S. 2483-2501 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The rate coefficient for radical desorption from the polymer particles is derived for an emulsion copolymerization system, assuming, for simplicity, that only monomer radicals can desorb from the particles. The effect of free radical desorption on the rate of emulsion copolymerization and the copolymer composition is theoretically analyzed, using the rate coefficient for radical desorption developed in this paper and a mathematical reaction model proposed earlier by the present authors for an emulsion copolymerization system where the average number of total radicals per particle does not exceed 0.5. The validity of the analysis is demonstrated experimentally using the seeded emulsion copolymerization of styrene (ST) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Radical desorption from the particles does not affect the copolymer composition, but the desorption of MMA - monomer radicals plays an important role in determining the rate of emulsion copolymerization, while the desorption of ST - monomer radicals from the particles can be neglected from a kinetic point of view.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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