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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 94 (1993), S. 103-114 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Catalepsy ; spontaneous locomotor activity ; quinolinic acid ; haloperidol ; lateral caudate-putamen ; medial caudate-putamen ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Discrete lesions in the medial or lateral subregion of the rostral caudate-putamen (CP) were induced by bilateral intracerebral injections of a low dose of quinolinic acid (30 nmol in 1 μl/per side) in rats. Quinolinic acid lesions in the lateral CP potently reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy (0.5 mg/ kg,i.p.), while lesions in the medial CP were not effective. Spontaneous locomotor activity was not altered significantly after quinolinic acid lesions of either the medial or lateral CP. These results show that the lateral CP seems to be important for the expression of neuroleptic-induced catalepsy and thus further corroborate the concept of a functional heterogenity of the striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 81 (1990), S. 173-182 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: NMDA-receptor ; MK-801 ; haloperidol ; clozapine ; stereotypy ; sniffing ; locomotion ; rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzo-(a,d)cyclo-hepten-5, 10-imine hydrogen maleate], which blocks glutamatergic transmission at the NMDA-receptor-gated ion chanel, induced stereotypies which are similar to those found after intrastriatal injections of AP-5, e.g. sniffing and locomotion. Tests in familiar or unfamiliar environment (non-stressful or stressful situation) did not qualitatively change MK-801-induced effects. Haloperidol (0.1mg/kg, IP) delayed the onset and shortened the duration of MK-801 (0.16; 0.33mg/ kg, IP)-induced stereotypy whereas clozapine (5 mg/kg, SC) potently antagonized it. However, exact quantification of sniffing, measured in an experimental chamber designed for this purpose, revealed an antagonism by both drugs, haloperidol as well as clozapine. Stereotypy is considered to represent an animal model of schizophrenia, and the antagonism of stereotypy with classical (haloperidol) as well as with atypical (clozapine) antipsychotic drugs is in accordance with the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 95 (1994), S. 123-136 
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Glycine ; NMDA ; 7-chlorokynurenate ; (R)-HA-966 ; haloperidol ; SCH 23390 ; dopamine ; D 1, D 2, catalepsy ; Parkinson's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Catalepsy—a state of postural immobility (akinesia) with muscular rigidity (rigor)—and reduced locomotion in animals are behavioral deficits showing similarities with symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The effects of the glycine site antagonists 7-chlorokynurenate and (R)-HA-966 on haloperidol-(D2 antagonist) and SCH 23390-(D 1 antagonist) induced catalepsy and reduced locomotion are investigated in rats. Both antagonists dose-dependently counteract dopamine D 2 receptor mediated catalepsy but they have no influence on locomotion. Neither 7-chlorokynurenate nor (R)-HA-966 has any effect on dopamine D 1 receptor mediated catalepsy. This finding is surprising, since NMDA receptor antagonists counteract both, dopamine D 1 and D 2 receptor mediated catalepsy. D 1 and D 2 receptors are located on different populations of neurons. Thus, the present findings suggest that these different neuronal populations have different sensitivity for ligands binding at the glycine binding site of the NMDA receptor.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 80 (1913), S. 335-336 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 66 (1994), S. 1257-1257 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 68 (1996), S. 1179-1179 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 453 (1979), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: About the Chloride Spinels Li2MgCl4, Li2MnCl4, Li2FeCl4, Li2CdCl4FIR, Raman, and X-ray data of the spinel type chlorides Li2TCl4 (T = Mg, Mn, Fe, Cd) are presented. The vibrational spectra indicate that there is no 1:1 ordering on the octahedral sites of the lattice. Both DTA measurements and high temperature X-ray photographs show that the chloride spinels undergo a reversible phase transition to a cubic high temperature defect structure at 535°C (Li2MgCl4), 460°C (Li2MnCl4) and 385°C (Li2CdCl4), which has unit cell dimensions two times smaller than the spinel lattice. Disordering of the lithium sublattice still begins at much lower temperatures, as measurements of the electric conductivity indicate.
    Notes: Die Ergebnisse FIR- und Raman-spektroskopischer sowie röntgenographischer Untersuchungen an den im Spinelltyp kristallisierenden Chloriden Li2TCl4 (T = Mg, Mn, Fe, Cd) werden mitgeteilt. Die Schwingungsspektren zeigen, daß keine 1:1-Ordnung der Kationen auf den Oktaederplätzen vorliegt. Thermoanalytische Messungen sowie Röntgenheizaufnahmen zeigen, daß sich die Chlorid-Spinelle beim Erhitzen auf 535°C (Li2MgCl4), 460°C (Li2MnCl4) sowie 385°C (Li2CdCl4) reversibel in eine kubisch indizierbare Hochtemperatur-Defektstruktur mit gegenüber dem Spinellgitter um den Faktor 2 kleineren Gitterkonstanten umwandeln. Die Fehlordnung des Lithiumteilgitters setzt jedoch, wie Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit zeigen, schon bei erheblich niedrigeren Temperaturen ein.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 510 (1984), S. 88-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: X-ray and I. R. Spectroscopic Studies on Spinel Solid Solutions of the Zn1-xGa0.67xCr2Se4 SystemWith the aim to get new compounds with spinel defect structure of the ß-In2S3 type, we studied the phase diagram of the Zn1-xGa0.67xCr2Se4 system. The spinel type solid solutions formed within x = 0 - 0.6 show a relatively large phase width with respect to the metal selenium ratio, i. e. the parameter z in the formula Zn1-xGa0.67(x+0.5z)Cr2-zIIICrzIISe4. Ternary Ga0.67Cr2Se4 does not exist, it decomposes to Cr2Se3 and Ga2Se3. Instead of the ß-In2S3 type, superstructure reflections of LiFeCr4O8 type are observed.
    Notes: Mit dem Ziel, weitere Verbindungen mit Spinell-Defektstruktur des ß-In2S3-Typs zu erhalten, wurde das Phasendiagramm des Systems Zn1-xGa0,67xCr2Se4 untersucht. Mischkristalle mit Spinell- bzw. Spinell-Überstruktur werden im Bereich x = 0 - 0,6 gebildet. Sie besitzen eine relativ große Phasenbreite hinsichtlich des Metall-Selen-Verhältnisses entsprechend der Formel Zn1-xGa0,67(x+0,5z)Cr2-zIIICrzIISe4. Eine ternäre Verbindung der Zusammensetzung Ga0,67Cr2Se4 existiert nicht, es erfolgt Zerfall in Cr2Se3 und Ga2Se3. Statt des ß-In2S3-Typs werden Überstrukturreflexe des LiFeCr4O8-Typs beobachtet.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 604 (1991), S. 39-46 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Lithium cadmium chloride ; phase diagram ; fast ionic conductivity ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Phase Diagram Lithium Chloride  -  Cadmium ChlorideThe phase diagram LiCl—CdCl2 was studied by thermal analyses (DSC), Raman spectroscopic, and X-ray methods (high-temperature Raman and X-ray measurements). The following compounds have been established: 〈 570 K Li2CdCl4 (spinel type, inverse), 500-710 K Li2-2yCd1+yCl4 (y = 0-0.5) (ordered NaCl defect structure of Li2MnBr4 cF56 (Zr3S4) type), 640-820 K a hitherto unknown compound of the approximate composition „LiCd2Cl5“ (55-85 mol% CdCl2). Whereas below 500 K mutual solubilities and phase width of Li2CdCl4 are only small, large regions of solid solutions are formed at higher temperatures. The high temperature polymorphs (Li2MnBr4 type and Nacl-type solid solutions, „LiCd2Cl5“) cannot be quenched to ambient temperature. The phase transitions inverse spinel ↔ ordered NaCl defect structure ↔ disordered NaCl-type solid solutions are „klassengleiche“ order-disorder transitions of Landau type. The ternary lithium cadmium chlorides exhibit high lithium ion conduction, especially the 3D conductors (spinel and Li2MnBr4 type, „LiCd2Cl5“, and the NaCl-type solid solutions).
    Notes: Das Phasensystem LiCl—CdCl2 wurde mit thermoanalytischen (DSC), schwingungsspektroskopischen (Ramanheizaufnahmen) und röntgenographischen Methoden (Röntgenheizaufnahmen) untersucht. Es werden folgende Verbindungen gebildet: 〈 570 K Li2CdCl4 (inverser Spinelltyp), 500-710 K Li2-2yCd1+yCl4 (y = 0-0,5) (geordnete NaCl - Defektstruktur des Li2MnBr4cF56 (Zr3S4)-Typs), 640-820 K eine bisher noch nicht beschriebene phase der ungefähren Zusammensetzung „LiCd2Cl5“ (55-85 Mol.-% CdCl2). Während Randlöslichkeiten und Homogenitätsbereich von Li2CdCl4 unterhalb von 500 K relativ klein sind, werden bei höheren Temperaturen ausgedehnte Mischkristallbereiche gebildet. Die Hochtemperaturformen („LiCd2Cl5“, Li2MnBr4-Typ und NaCl-Typ-Mischkristalle) können nicht auf Raumtemperatur abgeschreckt werden. Die Phasenübergänge inverser Spinell ↔ geordnete NaCl-Defektphase ↔ ungeordnete NaCl-Typ-Mischkristalle sind klassengleiche Ordnungs-Unordnungs-Übergänge vom Landautyp. Alle ternären Lithiumcadmiumchloride zeigen eine sehr hohe Lithiumionenleitfähigkeit, insbesondere die 3D-Ionenleiter (Spinell- und Li2MnBr4-Typ, „LiCd2Cl5“ und die NaCl-Typ-Mischkristalle).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Concerted electrocyclic processes which are forbidden according to the symmetry conservation rules of Woodward & Hoffmann, may nevertheless take place at low activation energies. The necessary conditions are exemplified by the unique case of the trans-15, 16-dimethyl-dihydropyrene ⇌ 15, 16-dimethyl-[2.2]metacyclophane-4,9-diene system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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