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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal investment in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): reproductive costs and consequences of raising sons (2000)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 48 (2000), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Macaca mulatta ; Maternal investment ; Sex ratio ; Paternity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Maternal investment in offspring is expected to vary according to offspring sex when the reproductive success of the progeny is a function of differential levels of parental expenditure. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of rhesus macaques to determine whether variation in male progeny production, measured with both DNA fingerprinting and short tandem repeat marker typing, could be traced back to patterns of maternal investment. Males weigh significantly more than females at birth, despite an absence of sex differences in gestation length. Size dimorphism increases during infancy, with maternal rank associated with son’s, but not daughter’s, weight at the end of the period of maternal investment. Son’s, but not daughter’s, weight at 1 year of age is significantly correlated with adult weight, and male, but not female, weight accounts for a portion of the variance in reproductive success. Variance in annual offspring output was three- to fourfold higher in males than in females. We suggest that energetic costs of rearing sons could be buffered by fetal delivery of testosterone to the mother, which is aromatized to estrogen and fosters fat accumulation during gestation. We conclude that maternal investment is only slightly greater in sons than in daughters, with mothers endowing sons with extra resources because son, but not daughter, mass has ramifications for offspring sirehood. However, male reproductive tactics supersede maternal investment patterns as fundamental regulators of male fitness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650000204
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Male rank, reproductive behavior, and reproductive success in free-ranging rhesus macaques (1993)
    Springer
    Primates 34 (1993), S. 481-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Macaca mulatta ; Cayo Santiago ; DNA fingerprinting ; Paternity ; Mating success ; Dominance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Paternity assessment through DNA fingerprinting by synthetic oligonucleotide probes was applied to one birth cohort in a social group of free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago. The 11 group males and 9 males from other groups were observed mating with the females. Paternity was determined for 11 of the 15 infants. Male dominance rank was not associated with reproductive success. High-ranking resident males (N=5) sired 27% of the infants born during a one-year study. Four of the 11 infants of known paternity were sired by males of other social groups. The four infants of unknown paternity were sired either by males not observed mating with the females or the low-ranking male who was not fingerprinted. Male dominance rank was not associated with reproductive activity during conception cycles. These results suggest that the effect of rank on male reproductive success is not a predictable correlation, but a conditional probability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382659
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthese chiraler Azobenzole und Untersuchung der in nematischen Flüssigkristallen durch sie induzierten cholesterischen Phasen (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 2501-2518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of Chiral Azobenzenes and Investigation of the Cholesteric Phases in Nematic Liquid Crystals Induced by ThemThe chiral cis- and trans-azo compounds 8a-d and 9a-d with para- or ortho-standing chiral side chains as well as the trans-azoxy derivaties 17a-d and 18a-d are synthesized. The influence of the molecular structure and the distance of the chiral centre from the aromatic nucleus on screw sense and pitch of induced cholesteric phases is investigated. The cis-azo compounds 9c and d show atropisomerism.
    Notes: Die chiralen cis- und trans-Azoverbindungen 8a-d und 9a-d mit para bzw. ortho-ständigen chiralen Seitenketten sowie die trans-Azoxyderivate 17a-d und 18a-d werden synthetisiert. Die Asymmetriezentren befinden sich an den C-Atomen 1,2,3 oder 4 der Seitenketten. Der Einfluß sowohl der Molekülgeometrie als auch der Entfernung des chiralen Zentrums vom aromatischen Kern auf den Drehsinn und die Ganghöhe induzierter cholesterischer Phasen wird untersucht. Bei den cis-Azoverbindungen 9c und d treten Atropisomere auf.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19811140716
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Marker pattern instabilities as a major cause of reproducibility problems in two-dimensional DNA fingerprinting (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 17 (1996), S. 659-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Two-dimensional DNA fingerprinting ; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional (2-D) DNA fingerprinting is a promising technique for multilocus analysis of eukaryotic genomes. It has been successfully applied to the detection of DNA variation in tumors, to linkage analyses and to genomic comparisons of inbred mouse strains. However, there are still problems with inter-gel comparisons of 2-D DNA typing patterns as documented by the intergel reproducibility rates reported in the literature, which range from 84 to 98%. The basis for standardization in almost all of these studies has been a set of lambda fragments (digested separately with the restriction enzymes HaeIII, RsaI, Bg/I) that produces a spot pattern scattered across the gel. These spots are used as markers for gel comparisons. Since we noticed considerable variations in the marker spot paterns, we evaluated the properties of the lambda marker using both computer simulation and an empirical analysis of forty independent consecutive gels from our laboratory. We explain the instabilities of the spot pattern on the basis of the melting properties of the individual lambda fragments. A subset of spots is presented that has been stable in all our experiments. Only this set of spots should be used for gel standardization purposes until a new, completely reproducible marker becomes available. Finally, suggestions for an improved marker system are made.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150170406
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel standardization method for two-dimensional DNA fingerprints (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 2874-2879 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Two-dimensional DNA electrophoresis ; Numerical iteration ; Relaxation method ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional (2-D) DNA fingerprinting is a technique that allows for parallel genome analysis through the simultaneous detection of up to 500 minior microsatellite loci on a 2-D gel. Separation is performed according to size and melting temperature in the gel. In the application of this technique in genome analysis, a standardized method for the identification of individual spots is required. However, due to the polymorphic nature of up to 80% of the spots, existing standardization methods that have been primarily developed for 2-D protein patterns are not suitable for this task. We developed a robust method that standardizes 2-D DNA fingerprint spots on the basis of melting temperature - or denaturing gradient position - and fragment size. An external marker was used as a basis for standardization. A normalization surface was calculated over the gel dimensions by adapting an established numerical iteration technique previously used in physics termed “relaxation method”. The relaxation method works robustly with the irregularly spaced marker spots. The evaluation of the method for a spot of preknown position derived from the TP53 gene revealed a median observed error below 1% for fragment length and denaturing gradient position. The search for candidate minisatellite loci in genomic difference analysis depends on the reliable identification of alleles of this locus in different individuals. We proved experimentally that alleles of a single minisatellite locus cloned from a 2-D gel cluster on an isothermal line can be reliably identified using the presented standardization method. In conclusion, a standardization tool for a broader application of 2-D DNA fingerprinting in both tumor analysis and possibly parallel mutation screening is now available.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150181527
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three novel mutations of the NF1 gene detected by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of exons 5 and 8 (1996)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 17 (1996), S. 1559-1563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis ; Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis ; Neurofibromatosis gene ; Mutation analysis ; Exon skipping ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We screened a total of 100 unrelated patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) for mutations in exons 5 and 8 of the NF1 gene using temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE). Careful interpretation of exon 5 TGGE patterns was necessary due to interference by an exonic polymorphism. Three novel mutations were identified: a stop mutation in exon 5 (Q239X) caused by a C→T transition at cDNA nucleotide position 715, a transition at the invariant G of the splice accceptor site in intron 4c (G655-1A), and a transversion at the invariant G of the splice donor site in intron 8 (G1185+1T). Analysis of mRNA revealed the predicted abnormal splice products. While skipping of exon 5 causes a shift in the reading frame with a premature stop codon downstream in the middle of exon 6, skipping of exon 8 leads to an in-frame deletion with the predicted protein product being shortened by 41 amino acids.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150171011
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic determination of paternity and variation in male reproductive success in two populations of rhesus macaques (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 18 (1997), S. 1701-1705 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: DNA fingerprint ; Short tandem marker typing ; Paternity ; Differential reproduction ; Macaca mulatta ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fundamental framework for uncovering factors affecting the evolution of social behavior rests upon analyses of variation in reproductive success. In species where females mate with multiple males, paternity is invisible in the absence of genetic data. We determined paternity in two populations of rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, using both single locus and multilocus techniques. One troop, Group R, is one of four troops living on a 15 ha island (Cayo Santiago) off the coast of Puerto Rico, while the other troop, Group M, was translocated from Cayo Santiago to the Sabana Seca Field Station (Puerto Rico) in 1984. About a dozen human-derived short tandem repeat (STR) markers have been found to be polymorphic in the study of populations and provide the initial paternity determination. Final evaluation of paternity is then confirmed by multilocus DNA fingerprinting using synthetic oligonucleotide probes. Body condition, age, and dominance rank have an impact on male progeny production, while canine size does not. We suggest that nonagonistic competition in the form of sperm competition and endurance rivalry will modulate male reproductive success. A large body size among males provides them with an advantage in both sperm competition and endurance rivalry. Comparison of the two populations indicated that demographic, social, ecological, and morphological factors interact to regulate variation in reproductive success among male nonhuman primates.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150180939
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bipolar clamping improves the sensitivity of mutation detection by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 19 (1998), S. 1347-1350 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis ; Psoralen ; Bipolar clamping ; Heteroduplex ; Melting ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) is a rapid and sensitive screening method for point mutations and other small DNA alterations. Usually a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-product of 150 to 500 bp that has been clamped at one end by a psoralen molecule or a “GC-clamp” is tested for abnormal melting characteristics by electrophoresis in a temperature gradient. Under optimal conditions, a heterozygous mutation within the fragment is detected through the presence of three additional bands in the TGGE gel, the mutant homoduplex and two heteroduplex bands. However, the ideal pattern of four sharp bands is not always found due to inconsistencies in melting behavior along the sequence of the DNA fragment under study. Some of these fragments show fuzzy bands that may impede or even prevent the detection of a mutation. Here, we describe a method to overcome this problem by utilizing one psoralen clamp at each end of the PCR product. Using TGGE assays established for exons 16, 17, and 18 of the NF1 gene and for exon 14 of the FBN1 gene as examples, we show that bipolar clamping may transform blurred bands into sharp ones and may visualize mutations that could not be detected by conventional single-sided clamping.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150190824
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring genomic alterations with a panel of oligonucleotide probes specific for various simple repeat motifs (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 12 (1991), S. 186-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Germline and somatic instability of the human genome was studied, using synthetic oligonucletides specific for simple repeat motifs. The following probes were used: (GTG)5, (GACA)4, (GATA)4, (CT)8, (TTAGGG)3, (GT)8, (GAA)6 and (GGAT)4. Each of them is unique with respect to the target regions recognized in the genome. Thus compilation of the various fingerprint data provides a complex map of the genome (and its deviations). While the fingerprints of differentiated somatic tissues never showed any alterations, in tumor tissues (namely gliomas) many changes could be detected. Most of the latter reflect secondary karyological aberrations. In nearly one third of the gliomas, drastically amplified and apparently monomorphic DNA fragments were identified. This marker should make it possible to deal with causal pathogenetic mechanisms as well as novel diagnostic strategies.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150120215
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parallel genome analysis by one- and two-dimensional DNA fingerprinting in human gliomas (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 1715-1725 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: DNA fingerprinting ; Two-dimensional DNA typing ; Genome scanning ; Tumor analysis ; Gliomas ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The detection of DNA variation in cancers is an important step in elucidating the mechanism of tumorigenesis. Using the strategy of multipoint genome analysis we detected many differences between glioma-derived and constitutional DNA by customary DNA fingerprinting with simple repetitive oligonucleotide probes. Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene has been found to be easily detectable as new or highly intensified bands in one-dimensional (1-D) DNA fingerprints of glioblastoma DNA generated with probes (GTG)5 or (GT)8. However, in most low-grade astrocytomas, 1-D DNA fingerprinting has failed to reveal any genomic abnormalities. In these cases a two-dimensional (2-D) technique was successfully employed that is based on size separation in neutral gels followed by sequence-dependent separation in denaturing gradient gels and hybridization with several mini- and microsatellite core probes. The hundreds of spots visualized with this technique were used to detect subtle changes probably occurring as the initial steps of tumorigenesis in human gliomas. On average, five of the approximately 580 sports generated by probes CAC and 33.6 were found to be altered in tumor DNA; 80% of the alterations were spot losses, the rest being spot gains or amplifications. Computer-based image analysis using an external lambda marker provided a stringent way to compare spot patterns generated by 2-D DNA finger-printing. In comparisons performed between typing patterns generated on the same gel, 99% of truly identical spots were confirmed by the sofware. In intergel comparisons 84% of identical spots were matched on the basis of the marker information alone.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.11501601284
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