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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low threshold afferent projections from the oral cavity and the face to the cerebral cortex of the cat (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 39 (1980), S. 133-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Somatosensory cortex ; Oral projections ; Face projections ; Cytoarchitectonic organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The projections of low threshold afferents from the oral cavity and the face to the cerebral cortex of cats anaesthetized with chloralose were investigated. The projection fields of the ipsi- and contralateral lingual, inferior alveolar, mental, superior alveolar, infraorbital, (separate branches from whiskers and nose), ophthalmic, great auricular and the contralateral superficial radial nerves were localized. Surface potentials of short latency and maximal amplitude were recorded and their location traced on photographs of the rostral part of the right cerebral hemisphere. Reference points were indicated with india ink punctures. The extent of the cytoarchitectonic areas was determined on histological serial sections and the borders transferred to the photographs of the hemisphere. The features of the projections were related to the cytoarchitecture and to the pattern of the gyri and sulci. It was observed that the low threshold afferents from the oral cavity and the face projected via fast conducting, presumably three synaptic paths, to separate locations in areas 3a, 3b, 5a and 6aβ. The projections to area 3b were somatotopically organized starting with the auricular and the ophthalmic nerve projections lateral to the 3b projection of the forelimb in the posterior sigmoid gyrus and continuing with the maxillary nose, maxillary whiskers, mental nerve, superior alveolar, inferior alveolar and lingual nerve fields along the coronal gyrus towards the presylvian sulcus. The somatotopy was, however, not isomorphic with the body surface but displayed consecutive, overlapping bands across area 3b. The projections to area 3a were similarly organized. The somatotopy was less obvious in area 5a and 6aβ. Convergent projections with responses of slightly longer latency were observed in area 43 (gyrus orbitalis).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237545
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of evoked potentials in the digastric, masseteric, supra- and intertrigeminal subnuclei of the cat (1976)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 26 (1976), S. 299-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Trigeminal motor nucleus ; Supra- and intertrigeminal nuclei ; Topographical localization ; Focal potentials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular focal potentials were evoked and mapped in the trigeminal motor nucleus and its surrounding borderzone in the cat. Graded electrical stimulation was used for orthodromic and antidromic excitation of the masseteric and digastric motoneurones and for orthodromic stimulation of the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves. The method of referring Horsley Clarke coordinates of microelectrode recording positions to their location of the actual histological section was studied and the total error affecting the method was calculated for the H, AP and L axes. The characteristics and the distribution of the evoked focal potentials were described and related to the histological section from the actual experiment. A phase reversal of the negative focal potential evoked by the lingual and inferior alveolar nerves in the main sensory nucleus and in the intertrigeminal nucleus was observed to indicate the dorso-lateral border of the motor nucleus. Other borders were given by the antidromic potentials evoked in the nucleus. Digastric motoneurones were found medially in the caudal third and ventro-medially in the middle third of the motor nucleus. The masseteric motoneurones were located laterally in the middle and rostral thirds of the nucleus. Potentials evoked in the supratrigeminal and intertrigeminal subnuclei, adjacent to the motor nucleus, were considered and discussed in relation to the available evidence of interneurones subserving trigeminal reflex arcs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00234934
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 115-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Premotor interneurones ; Subnucleus oralis-γ ; Digastric motor nucleus ; Jaw opening reflex ; Trigeminal system ; Motor control ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventy-one (n = 71) premotor interneurones have been localized by extracellular recordings within the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (NVspo-γ) in nineteen chloralose anaesthetized cats. The neurons were antidromically activated by microstimulation (minimum = 3μA) applied to the digastric motoneurone subnucleus of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Fifty-one (n = 51) of the interneurones were discharged from the ipsiand nineteen (n = 19) from the contralateral digastric subnucleus. One neurone out of four tested was antidromically activated from both stimulation sites suggesting a bifurcated axon. The identified premotor neurones had a unique convergence profile of oral and perioral primary afferents. Latency calculations indicated that at least 55% of these interneurones were monosynaptically activated by low stimulus strength applied to the inferior alveolar (minimum=1.0 T) and/or the lingual nerve (minimum=1.0 T). The thresholds for evoking the neuronal discharges coincided statistically with those required to evoke a jaw opening reflex response by stimulation of the same nerves. It is suggested that the specific group of NVspo-γ interneurones under different contexts mediates the disynaptic reflex and participates in the centrally and reflexly evoked “patterning” adjustments of the digastric jaw opening motoneurones during ongoing jaw movements. A companion paper reports the convergence of descending cortical, tectal and ascending cervical inputs, as well as of oro-facial and neck primary afferent inputs onto an unselected population of interneurones in the NVspo-γ (Westberg and Olsson 1991).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231766
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanoreceptor activity from the human face and oral mucosa (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 204-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Man ; Face ; Infraorbital nerve ; Microneurography ; Trigeminal nerve ; Tactile sensibility ; Cutaneous sensibility ; Oral mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The feasibility of adopting the microneurography technique (Vallbo and Hagbarth 1968) as a tool to investigate the mechanoreceptive innervation of peri- and intra-oral tissues was explored. Multi-unit activity and impulses in single nerve fibers were recorded from the infraorbital nerve in healthy volunteers. The innervation territories of individual nerve fascicles were mapped. These varied considerably but most fascicle fields comprised the corner of the mouth. Twenty-four single mechanoreceptive units were recorded. Eighteen innervated the skin of the face, and six innervated the mucous membranes of the lips or cheeks. A majority of the mechanoreceptive afferent units were slowly adapting with small and well defined receptive fields. It is suggested that the various slowly adapting responses may originate from two different types of afferent units. No afferents showed response properties similar to typical Pacinian-corpuscle afferents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bulbar neurones with axonal projections to the trigeminal motor nucleus in the cat (1986)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 65 (1986), S. 98-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Interneurones ; Motor control ; Jaw movements ; WGA-HRP ; Retrograde transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The location of bulbar neurones with axons projecting to the ipsi- and contralateral trigeminal motor nucleus were investigated in cats anaesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected in amounts of 5–24 nl. A volume-calibrated microelectrode was used for recording of evoked potentials and pressure injection of WGA-HRP. The injection site was guided by the position where a maximal antidromic response was evoked by electrical stimulation of the masseteric nerve. The survival time was 19–22 h. In preparations with the depot located in the masseteric subnucleus retrogradely stained neurones were found bilaterally in the borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Dense populations of stained neurones were observed ipsi- and contralaterally in the dorsal division of the main sensory trigeminal nucleus and the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract. Clusters of WGA-HRP-neurones were observed bilaterally in the lateral tegmental field at the level of the subnucleus-β of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract, bilaterally dorsal to the facial nucleus and contralaterally adjacent to the hypoglossal nucleus. No stained neurones were found in the gigantocellular reticular nucleus. A group of stained neurones was located in the marginal nucleus of brachium conjunctivum and some were found in the raphé nuclei near obex. Cell profiles were of two types: medium-sized neurones with a triangular profile and 30–40 μm diameter, and fusiform neurones 10×50–70 μm. Convergence of descending cortical and trigeminal afferent inputs on interneurones located in the lateral borderzone of the trigeminal motor nucleus, i.e. the intertrigeminal area, is reported in the preceding paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00243833
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanoreceptive afferent activity in the infraorbital nerve in man during speech and chewing movements (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 72 (1988), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Man ; Infraorbital nerve ; Microneurography ; Trigeminal nerve ; Speech gestures ; Mandibular movements ; Chewing ; Tactile sensibility ; Cutaneous sensibility ; Oral mucosa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The method of microneurography was used to record activity in trigeminal cutaneous and mucosal mechanoreceptive afferents during natural orofacial behaviors such as speech gestures, chewing, licking and swallowing. Multi-unit activity and impulses in single nerve fibers were recorded from the infraorbital nerve. It appeared that these mechanoreceptors respond to contact between the lips, air pressures generated for speech sounds, and to the deformation/strain changes of the facial skin and mucosa associated with various phases of voluntary lip and jaw movements. The relatively vigorous discharge of cutaneous and mucosal afferents during natural movements of the face are consistent with the claim that mechanoreceptors found within the facial skin provide proprioceptive information on facial movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00248519
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 84 (1991), S. 102-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Interneurones ; Subnucleus oralis γ ; Jaw movements ; Trigeminal system ; Motor control ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The profile of integration in a sample of 183 interneurones localized in the subnucleus-γ of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (NVspo-γ) has been analyzed. 134 neurones were tested for inputs from primary afferents of the trigeminal, facial and cervical nerves as well as for inputs from the midbrain and from the cervical spinal cord. The remaining 49 neurones were tested for inputs from the primary afferents and for descending convergence from defined sites within the oro-facial primary projections of the cerebral cortex. It was found that the interneurones, mainly recorded in the dorsal and dorsomedial aspect of the NVspo-γ, receive short latency inputs from the low threshold oral and perioral afferents and longer latency inputs from the high threshold jaw and neck muscle afferents. There was evidence for convergence from the cervical segmental level (29%) and some of the neurones had axon terminals in the superior colliculus. However, the interneurones did not receive a descending tectal input. About 80% of the NVspo-γ interneurones were activated from the orofacial primary projection fields within cytoarchitectonic areas 3a and 3b of the coronal gyrus. This input was topographically organized and the neurones were activated from the same oral and perioral region of the periphery as the cortical region from which the descending projections themselves originated. Minimum latencies indicated a monosynaptic connection. The convergence profile onto the NVspo-γ interneurones appeared unique as compared with interneurones located in the intertrigeminal area. Aspects of the possible functional roles of the NVspo-γ neurones are discussed in relation to ongoing oro-facial (“masticatory”) movements. The properties of a selected sample of NVspo-γ interneurones, which were antidromically activated from the digastric subnucleus of the trigeminal motor nucleus, are reported in a companion paper (Olsson and Westberg 1991).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231765
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Facilitation and inhibition of jaw reflexes evoked by electrical stimulation of the cat's cerebral cortex (1980)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 39 (1980), S. 149-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cat ; Jaw reflexes ; Cerebral cortex ; Cytoarchitectonic areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex on the monosynaptic jaw closing and the disynaptic jaw opening reflexes were studied in cats anaesthetized with chloralose. The time course of the reflex effects was recorded. Similar rhythmic sequences of facilitation and inhibition were observed in both reflexes (Fig. 3). The sequence could start with facilitation or inhibition. The latency of the initial effects was short (2.5 ms) indicating a minimum of two synapses in the descending path. The period of the rhythmic sequence was approximately 10 ms. Optimal parameters for the conditioning cortical stimuli were found to be: trains of 3–5 surface anodal pulses, 0.5 ms, 400 Hz. The threshold of the cortical effects on the reflexes was 0.3 mA. A single pulse evoked effects. The cortical origin of the effects was located and related to the somatosensory projections, and to the cytoarchitecture. The effects of largest amplitude and most complex time course were evoked from the oral and perioral projections to areas 3a and 3b. Effects evoked from areas 4γ, 5a, and 6aβ were less complex and of lower amplitude. It is suggested that a trigemino-cortico-trigeminal loop via 3a may function in reflex modulation of the jaw movements. In addition area 3a may contribute to cortico-cortical motor elaborations via U-fiber connections to area 4γ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237546
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integration in trigeminal premotor interneurones in the cat (1995)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 104 (1995), S. 449-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Premotor interneurones ; Subnucleus oralis-γ ; Trigeminal motor nucleus ; Spike-triggered averaging ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A population of last-order interneurones within the rostrodorsal part of the oral nucleus of the spinal trigeminal tract (NVspo-γ) has been investigated in 21 chloralose anaesthetised cats. The neurones were identified by their antidromic (AD) response to microstimulation (median current 9 μA, range 3–39 μA) of the ipsior the contralateral masseteric subnucleus of the trigeminal motor nucleus. Fifty-one of 113 interneurones tested were discharged from the ipsilateral and eight from the contralateral motor nucleus. The average conduction time was 0.50 ms from the ipsilateral and 0.74 ms from the contralateral motoneurone pool. Conduction velocities of the axons ranged from 2.0 to 14.0 ms. The pattern of primary afferent input onto the selected neurones was analysed by graded electrical stimulation of dissected trigeminal nerves. Low-threshold afferents innervating the intraoral mucosa including the tongue and the perioral skin of the lower lip were the most effective inputs, as judged from both the frequency of occurrence and from the latencies of the evoked spike discharges. Ninety-six percent of the neurones responded to stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve (Alv inf) and 83% responded to stimulation of the lingual nerve (Ling). The median threshold strength required to evoke the Alv inf and the Ling responses was 1.7 T (range 1.0–3.6 T) and 1.3 T (range 1.0–5.0 T), respectively. The median latency to spike discharges evoked by the Alv inf was 2.0 ms (range 1.3–4.8 ms) and to the Ling it was 2.5 ms (range 1.4–7.0 ms). Action potentials elicited by stimulation of the masseteric and digastric nerves were observed in 40% and 10% of the neurones, respectively. These responses, which had median latencies of more than 8 ms (range 4.7–16.0 ms), were only seen at stimulation intensities above 2 T (range 2.5–25 T). An input from the maxillary whisker nerve was seen in only one case. Postspike averages of the extracellular field potentials within the trigeminal motoneurone subnuclei evoked by interneuronal spikes were made in a subsample of 51 NVspo-γ neurones activated by iontophoresis of L-glutamic acid. Excitatory synaptic effects within the masseteric subnucleus were observed in eight cases. An inhibitory effect was seen in one case. One specific neurone gave an excitatory extracellular field potential within the digastric motoneurone subnucleus. This interneurone was AD activated from the digastric, but not from the masseteric subnucleus. The physiological properties of the NVspo-γ-mass interneurones are discussed in relation to their suggested roles in the phase-dependent control of the trigeminal motoneurones during oro-facial masticatory behaviours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231979
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