Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Sialic Acids, Part II: Biological and Biomedical Aspects -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- References -- Chapter One: Sialic Acids in Neurology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History, Definition, and Occurrence -- 2.1. History -- 2.2. Definition of Oligo/PolySia -- 2.3. Occurrence -- 3. Analytical Methods -- 3.1. Biochemical Probes -- 3.1.1. Antibodies -- 3.1.2. Enzymes -- 3.2. Chemical Detection Method -- 3.2.1. Fluorometric C7/C9 Analysis -- 3.2.2. Mild Acid Hydrolysis-Fluorescent Anion-Exchange HPLC Analysis -- 3.2.3. Conventional Chemical Methods -- 3.2.4. Chemical Biological Approaches -- 4. Biosynthesis -- 4.1. Common Features -- 4.2. Oligo/PolySia-Biosynthesizing Enzymes: ST8Sia2, ST8Sia4, and ST8Sia3 -- 4.3. Di/TriSia-Synthesizing Enzymes: ST8Sia1, ST8Sia5, and ST8Sia6 -- 5. Phenotypes of PolySia-Impaired Animals -- 6. Biochemical Features of Di/Oligo/PolySia and Their Functions -- 6.1. Repulsive Field of PolySia -- 6.2. Attractive Field of PolySia -- 6.2.1. Neurotrophic Factors -- 6.2.2. Growth Factors -- 6.2.3. Neurotransmitters and Ions -- 6.2.4. Cytokines -- 6.2.5. Transcription Factors -- 6.3. Regulatory Role for Receptors -- 6.3.1. Ion and Ion Channel -- 6.3.2. Siglecs -- 6.3.3. Other Molecules -- 7. Related Diseases -- 7.1. Mental Disorders and Neurodegenerative Diseases -- 7.2. Cancer -- 8. Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Two: Sialic Acids in Nonenveloped Virus Infections -- 1. Sialic Acids as Viral Receptors-One Term, Many Functions -- 2. Identification of Sialic Acid as a Determinant of Infection -- 2.1. Hemagglutination Assays -- 2.2. Neuraminidase Treatment -- 2.3. Inhibition of Glycosylation -- 2.4. Sialic Acid-Deficient Cell Lines -- 2.5. Discrepancies Between In Vivo and In Vitro ``Receptors´´ -- 2.6. Other Experiments. , 3. Identification of Specific Sialylated Receptor Candidates -- 3.1. Glycan Arrays for Verification of Receptor Glycan Specificity -- 3.2. STD NMR Spectroscopy for Verification of Receptor Glycan Specificity -- 3.3. Affinity Measurements -- 3.4. Differentiating Between Glycolipids and Glycoproteins -- 4. Atomic Resolution Structures of Sialic Acid-Virus Interactions and Structure-Based Inhibitor Design -- 4.1. General Aspects of Virus-Glycan Structural Biology -- 4.2. Single Virus Families -- 4.2.1. Polyomaviruses -- 4.2.2. Reoviruses -- 4.2.3. Adenoviruses -- 4.2.4. Picornaviruses -- 4.3. Structure-Based Inhibitors -- 5. Outlook: The Microbiome in Enteric Virus Infections -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Three: The Biology of Gangliosides -- 1. Ganglioside Structures, Distribution, and Biosynthesis -- 2. Ganglioside Functions: cis Regulation and trans Recognition -- 3. Gangliosides Regulate Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- 4. Gangliosides Impact Human Proteinopathies -- 5. Gangliosides Are Cell-Surface Receptors for Bacterial Toxins -- 6. Gangliosides Are Cell-Surface Receptors for Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein -- 7. Intellectual Disability and Seizures in Humans and Mice With Altered Ganglioside Biosynthetic Genes -- 8. Gangliosides in Human Disease -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Back Cover.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Reference -- Chapter One: Mechanism of multivalent glycoconjugate-lectin interaction: An update -- 1. Background and historical perspective -- 2. Mechanism of multivalent lectin binding -- 2.1. Examples and mechanism of intramolecular (face-to-face) binding -- 2.1.1. The asialoglycoprotein receptor -- 2.1.2. Shiga-like toxin and cholera toxin -- 2.1.3. Vancomycin -- 2.2. Examples and mechanism of intermolecular (cross-linking) binding -- 2.2.1. Studies of multivalent glycans binding to lectins ConA and DGL -- 2.2.2. ITC determined n values, structural valency, and functional valency -- 2.2.3. Binding enthalpies increase in direct proportion to the valency of multivalent glycans -- 2.2.4. Binding entropy does not directly increase in proportion to the valency of multivalent glycans -- 2.2.5. The thermodynamic basis for enhanced affinities of multivalent analogs -- 2.2.6. The epitopes of a multivalent glycan possess a gradient of decreasing microscopic affinity constants -- 2.3. Binding of lectins to multivalent mucins -- 2.3.1. Mucins: Glycoproteins that are heavily O-glycosylated -- 2.3.2. The mechanism of lectin-mucin interaction -- 2.3.3. Affinity of lectin-mucin interaction is proportional to the length of mucins -- 2.3.4. Mechanisms of binding of lectins to mucins: The ``bind-and-jump´´ model -- 2.4. Multivalent interactions between lectins and globular glycoproteins -- 2.5. Multivalency of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) -- 2.5.1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans (PGs) engage in multivalent interactions with human galectin-3 (Gal-3) -- 2.5.2. CSA and CSC, not heparin and CSB, are multivalent ligands of Gal-3. , 2.5.3. Affinity of Gal-3 depends on the chain length of GAGs: The ``bind and jump´´ mechanism -- 2.6. Scaffolds of glycoconjugates play crucial roles in multivalent interactions -- 2.6.1. Scaffolds provide physical platforms to which glycan chains are covalently linked -- 2.6.2. Lectin binding entropy becomes more favorable when a free glycan is covalently attached to a protein scaffold -- 2.6.3. Structures of protein scaffolds may limit glycan density-dependent affinity effects -- 2.6.4. Entropic advantage of glycosylation -- 2.6.5. Scaffolds of glycoconjugates play a regulatory role in the kinetics of lattice formation -- 2.6.6. Scaffolds can diversify the functions of glycoconjugates and their binding partners (lectins) -- 2.6.7. Beyond affinity and valence effects -- 2.7. Multivalency and non-covalent cross-linking -- 2.7.1. Binding of multivalent glycoconjugates/glycans to oligomeric lectins leads to the formation of non-covalent crossl ... -- 2.7.2. The structures of the multivalent glycans and lectins determines their cross-linking properties -- 3. Current and future challenges -- 4. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Two: Multivalent lectin-carbohydrate interactions: Energetics and mechanisms of binding -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mucins: Background -- 3. Binding of lectins to mucins -- 3.1. Affinities of SBA and VML for mucins -- 3.2. Thermodynamics of SBA binding Tn-PSM -- 3.3. Thermodynamics of SBA binding 81-mer Tn-PSM -- 3.4. Thermodynamics of SBA binding 38/40-mer Tn-PSM -- 3.5. Thermodynamics of SBA binding Fd-PSM -- 3.6. Thermodynamics of VML binding Tn-PSM -- 3.7. Thermodynamics of VML binding 81-mer Tn-PSM and 38/40-mer Tn-PSM -- 3.8. Thermodynamics of VML binding Fd-PSM -- 4. Mechanisms of binding of SBA and VML to PSM: The bind and jump model -- 5. Thermodynamics of lectin-mucin cross-linking interactions. , 5.1. Hill plots show evidence of increasing negative cooperativity -- 5.2. Analysis of the stoichiometry of binding of SBA to the mucins -- 5.3. Cross-linking of lectins with the mucins correlate with decreasing favorable entropy of binding -- 6. Conclusions and perspective -- 6.1. The bind and jump model for lectin-mucin interactions -- 6.2. Implications of increasing negative cooperativity and decreasing favorable binding entropy of lectins-mucin cross-li ... -- References -- Author index -- Subject index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- References -- Chapter One: Combining computational and experimental studies for a better understanding of cellulose and its analogs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From primitive models to atomistic details -- 2.1. Toward experimental structures with higher precision -- 3. The limit of experimental determination -- 3.1. Limitation in resolution -- 3.2. Inherent structural disorder and dynamics -- 4. Modeling crystals and prediction of experimental response -- 4.1. Force-field modeling and first principles calculations -- 4.2. Simulation of wave scattering -- 4.3. Molecular vibration -- 4.4. Nuclear magnetic resonance -- 4.5. Elastic tensors -- 5. Understanding the underlying interactions and thermodynamics -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Two: Combining Computational Chemistry and Crystallography for a Better Understanding of the Structure of Cellulose -- I. Introduction -- II. Information from Crystals of Related Small Molecules -- 1. Shape of the d-Glucopyranose Ring -- 2. Linkage Geometry -- 3. Conversion to Polymer-Shape Notation -- 4. Orientation of O-6 -- 5. Crystal Packing and Intermolecular Interactions -- 6. Summary of Section on Extrapolation -- III. Energy Calculations -- 1. Results on Individual Isolated Molecules with Empirical Methods -- 2. Results with Quantum Methods -- 3. Assessment of /ψ Mapping -- 4. Hydroxyl-Group Orientations -- IV. Detection of New Stabilizing Interactions in Cellulose with Atoms-in-Molecules Theory -- V. Modeling Crystals of Cellulose -- VI. Conclusions -- Appendix. Molecular Structure Drawings for Saccharide Analogues Having β-(14) Linkages -- Note Added in Proof -- References. , Chapter Three: Recent advances on glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of the proteoglycan linkage region -- 1. Xylosyltransferase-I/II -- 1.1. Expression and purification of XT-I/II -- 1.2. Acceptor specificity of XT-I/II -- 1.3. Donor specificity of XT-I/II -- 1.4. Determinations of XT-I/II activity and product characterizations -- 1.5. Structure-activity relationships -- 1.6. Synthetic applications -- 2. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase 7 -- 2.1. Expression and purification of β4GalT7 -- 2.2. Acceptor specificity of β4GalT7 -- 2.3. Donor specificity of β4GalT7 -- 2.4. Determinations of β4GalT7 activity and product characterizations -- 2.5. Structure-activity relationships -- 2.6. Synthetic application -- 3. Future outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Four: Strategies in Synthesis of Heparin/Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides: 2000-Present -- I. Introduction -- 1. Background -- 2. Challenges in Synthesis of Oligosaccharides of Heparin and HS -- a. Preparation of l-Iduronic Acid and l-Idose -- b. The Choice of Uronic Acid Versus Pyranoside as Building Blocks -- c. Stereochemical Control in Glycosylation -- d. Protecting-Group Strategy -- II. Linear Synthesis -- 1. Solution Phase -- 2. Polymer-Supported Synthesis -- III. Active-Latent Glycosylation Strategy -- IV. Selective Activation -- V. Reactivity-Based Chemoselective Glycosylation -- VI. Reactivity-Independent, Pre-Activation-Based, Chemoselective Glycosylation -- VII. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis -- VIII. Future Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Author index -- Subject index.