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Measurement and decomposition of flexibility of multi-output firms (2014)

Renner, S., Glauben, T., Hockmann, H.

Oxford University Press

In: European Review of Agricultural Economics

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Publication Date: 2014-11-11

Description: Flexibility can be considered a crucial factor of competitive advantage, especially under conditions of dynamically changing environments. Based on the classical microeconomic definition, flexibility is characterised as a firm's ability to change output by sustaining its average costs. Using some recent concepts developed in production economics, this article proposes a primal flexibility measure for multi-product firms. When decomposed, this measure offers useful insights into possible sources of flexibility, especially by investigating the role of both scale and scope economies. This approach provides the theoretical basis for our investigation into the magnitude and sources of flexibility in the Polish agricultural sector.

Keywords: D24 - Production ; Cost ; Capital and Total Factor Productivity ; Capacity, I25 - Education and Economic Development, Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets

Print ISSN: 0165-1587

Electronic ISSN: 1464-3618

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Economics

Published by Oxford University Press

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PALB2, CHEK2 and ATM rare variants and cancer risk: data from COGS (2016)

Southey, M. C., Goldgar, D. E., Winqvist, R., Pylkäs, K., Couch, F., Tischkowitz, M., Foulkes, W. D., Dennis, J., Michailidou, K., van Rensburg, E. J., Heikkinen, T., Nevanlinna, H., Hopper, J. L., Dörk, T., Claes, K. B., Reis-Filho, J., Teo, Z. L., Radice, P., Catucci, I., Peterlongo, P., Tsimiklis, H., Odefrey, F. A., Dowty, J. G., Schmidt, M. K., Broeks, A., Hogervorst, F. B., Verhoef, S., Carpenter, J., Clarke, C., Scott, R. J., Fasching, P. A., Haeberle, L., Ekici, A. B., Beckmann, M. W., Peto, J., dos-Santos-Silva, I., Fletcher, O., Johnson, N., Bolla, M. K., Sawyer, E. J., Tomlinson, I., Kerin, M. J., Miller, N., Marme, F., Burwinkel, B., Yang, R., Guenel, P., Truong, T., Menegaux, F., Sanchez, M., Bojesen, S., Nielsen, S. F., Flyger, H., Benitez, J., Zamora, M. P., Perez, J. I. A., Menendez, P., Anton-Culver, H., Neuhausen, S., Ziogas, A., Clarke, C. A., Brenner, H., Arndt, V., Stegmaier, C., Brauch, H., Brüning, T., Ko, Y.-D., Muranen, T. A., Aittomäki, K., Blomqvist, C., Bogdanova, N. V., Antonenkova, N. N., Lindblom, A., Margolin, S., Mannermaa, A., Kataja, V., Kosma, V.-M., Hartikainen, J. M., Spurdle, A. B., Investigators, k., Australian Ovarian Cancer Study Group, Wauters, E., Smeets, D., Beuselinck, B., Floris, G., Chang-Claude, J., Rudolph, A., Seibold, P., Flesch-Janys, D., Olson, J. E., Vachon, C., Pankratz, V. S., McLean, C., Haiman, C. A., Henderson, B. E., Schumacher, F., Le Marchand, L., Kristensen, V., Alnaes, G. G., Zheng, W., Hunter, D. J., Lindstrom, S., Hankinson, S. E., Kraft, P., Andrulis, I., Knight, J. A., Glendon, G., Mulligan, A. M., Jukkola-Vuorinen, A., Grip, M., Kauppila, S., Devilee, P., Tollenaar, R. A. E. M., Seynaeve, C., Hollestelle, A., Garcia-Closas, M., Figueroa, J., Chanock, S. J., Lissowska, J., Czene, K., Darabi, H., Eriksson, M., Eccles, D. M., Rafiq, S., Tapper, W. J., Gerty, S. M., Hooning, M. J., Martens, J. W. M., Collee, J. M., Tilanus-Linthorst, M., Hall, P., Li, J., Brand, J. S., Humphreys, K., Cox, A., Reed, M. W. R., Luccarini, C., Baynes, C., Dunning, A. M., Hamann, U., Torres, D., Ulmer, H. U., Rüdiger, T., Jakubowska, A., Lubinski, J., Jaworska, K., Durda, K., Slager, S., Toland, A. E., Ambrosone, C. B., Yannoukakos, D., Swerdlow, A., Ashworth, A., Orr, N., Jones, M., Gonzalez-Neira, A., Pita, G., Alonso, M. R., Alvarez, N., Herrero, D., Tessier, D. C., Vincent, D., Bacot, F., Simard, J., Dumont, M., Soucy, P., Eeles, R., Muir, K., Wiklund, F., Gronberg, H., Schleutker, J., Nordestgaard, B. G., Weischer, M., Travis, R. C., Neal, D., Donovan, J. L., Hamdy, F. C., Khaw, K.-T., Stanford, J. L., Blot, W. J., Thibodeau, S., Schaid, D. J., Kelley, J. L., Maier, C., Kibel, A. S., Cybulski, C., Cannon-Albright, L., Butterbach, K., Park, J., Kaneva, R., Batra, J., Teixeira, M. R., Kote-Jarai, Z., Olama, A. A. A., Benlloch, S., Renner, S. P., Hartmann, A., Hein, A., Ruebner, M., Lambrechts, D., Van Nieuwenhuysen, E., Vergote, I., Lambretchs, S., Doherty, J. A., Rossing, M. A., Nickels, S., Eilber, U., Wang-Gohrke, S., Odunsi, K., Sucheston-Campbell, L. E., Friel, G., Lurie, G., Killeen, J. L., Wilkens, L. R., Goodman, M. T., Runnebaum, I., Hillemanns, P. A., Pelttari, L. M., Butzow, R., Modugno, F., Edwards, R. P., Ness, R. B., Moysich, K. B., du Bois, A., Heitz, F., Harter, P., Kommoss, S., Karlan, B. Y., Walsh, C., Lester, J., Jensen, A., Kjaer, S. K., Hogdall, E., Peissel, B., Bonanni, B., Bernard, L., Goode, E. L., Fridley, B. L., Vierkant, R. A., Cunningham, J. M., Larson, M. C., Fogarty, Z. C., Kalli, K. R., Liang, D., Lu, K. H., Hildebrandt, M. A. T., Wu, X., Levine, D. A., Dao, F., Bisogna, M., Berchuck, A., Iversen, E. S., Marks, J. R., Akushevich, L., Cramer, D. W., Schildkraut, J., Terry, K. L., Poole, E. M., Stampfer, M., Tworoger, S. S., Bandera, E. V., Orlow, I., Olson, S. H., Bjorge, L., Salvesen, H. B., van Altena, A. M., Aben, K. K. H., Kiemeney, L. A., Massuger, L. F. A. G., Pejovic, T., Bean, Y., Brooks-Wilson, A., Kelemen, L. E., Cook, L. S., Le, N. D., Gorski, B., Gronwald, J., Menkiszak, J., Hogdall, C. K., Lundvall, L., Nedergaard, L., Engelholm, S. A., Dicks, E., Tyrer, J., Campbell, I., McNeish, I., Paul, J., Siddiqui, N., Glasspool, R., Whittemore, A. S., Rothstein, J. H., McGuire, V., Sieh, W., Cai, H., Shu, X.-O., Teten, R. T., Sutphen, R., McLaughlin, J. R., Narod, S. A., Phelan, C. M., Monteiro, A. N., Fenstermacher, D., Lin, H.-Y., Permuth, J. B., Sellers, T. A., Chen, Y. A., Tsai, Y.-Y., Chen, Z., Gentry-Maharaj, A., Gayther, S. A., Ramus, S. J., Menon, U., Wu, A. H., Pearce, C. L., Van Den Berg, D., Pike, M. C., Dansonka-Mieszkowska, A., Plisiecka-Halasa, J., Moes-Sosnowska, J., Kupryjanczyk, J., Pharoah, P. D., Song, H., Winship, I., Chenevix-Trench, G., Giles, G. G., Tavtigian, S. V., Easton, D. F., Milne, R. L.

BMJ Publishing Group

In: Journal of Medical Genetics

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Publication Date: 2016-11-24

Description: Background The rarity of mutations in PALB2 , CHEK2 and ATM make it difficult to estimate precisely associated cancer risks. Population-based family studies have provided evidence that at least some of these mutations are associated with breast cancer risk as high as those associated with rare BRCA2 mutations. We aimed to estimate the relative risks associated with specific rare variants in PALB2 , CHEK2 and ATM via a multicentre case-control study. Methods We genotyped 10 rare mutations using the custom iCOGS array: PALB2 c.1592delT, c.2816T〉G and c.3113G〉A, CHEK2 c.349A〉G, c.538C〉T, c.715G〉A, c.1036C〉T, c.1312G〉T, and c.1343T〉G and ATM c.7271T〉G. We assessed associations with breast cancer risk (42 671 cases and 42 164 controls), as well as prostate (22 301 cases and 22 320 controls) and ovarian (14 542 cases and 23 491 controls) cancer risk, for each variant. Results For European women, strong evidence of association with breast cancer risk was observed for PALB2 c.1592delT OR 3.44 (95% CI 1.39 to 8.52, p=7.1 x 10 –5 ), PALB2 c.3113G〉A OR 4.21 (95% CI 1.84 to 9.60, p=6.9 x 10 –8 ) and ATM c.7271T〉G OR 11.0 (95% CI 1.42 to 85.7, p=0.0012). We also found evidence of association with breast cancer risk for three variants in CHEK2 , c.349A〉G OR 2.26 (95% CI 1.29 to 3.95), c.1036C〉T OR 5.06 (95% CI 1.09 to 23.5) and c.538C〉T OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.67) (p≤0.017). Evidence for prostate cancer risk was observed for CHEK2 c.1343T〉G OR 3.03 (95% CI 1.53 to 6.03, p=0.0006) for African men and CHEK2 c.1312G〉T OR 2.21 (95% CI 1.06 to 4.63, p=0.030) for European men. No evidence of association with ovarian cancer was found for any of these variants. Conclusions This report adds to accumulating evidence that at least some variants in these genes are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer that is clinically important.

Keywords: Open access, Editor's choice, Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Urological cancer, Epidemiology

Print ISSN: 0022-2593

Electronic ISSN: 1468-6244

Topics: Medicine

Published by BMJ Publishing Group

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