Note: Engineering the Bioelectronic Interface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Communication with the Mononuclear Molybdoenzymes: Emerging Opportunities and Applications in Redox Enzyme Biosensors -- 1.1 Introduction - the Three Mo Enzyme Families -- 1.2 Mechanism -- 1.3 Amperometric Biosensors -- 1.4 Emerging Applications of Mo Enzymes in Sensing -- 1.4.1 Xanthine Oxidase Family -- 1.5 Sulfite Oxidase Family -- 1.5.1 Sulfite Oxidoreductase -- 1.6 DMSO Reductase Family -- 1.6.1 DMSO Reductase -- 1.6.2 Nitrate Reductase -- 1.6.3 Arsenite Oxidase -- 1.6.4 Chlorate and Perchlorate Reductase -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Scanning Probe Analyses at the Bioelectronic Interface -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy -- 2.1.2 SPM Applications at the Biomolecular Interface -- 2.1.3 Summary -- 2.2 Bioelectronic Analyses -- 2.2.1 Electrode Surface Considerations -- 2.2.2 AFM Imaging Case Studies -- 2.2.3 The Direct Imaging of Electrochemistry and Enzyme Activity -- 2.2.4 Spectroscopic Assessment Electrodebiomolecule Electronic Coupling -- 2.3 Summary -- References -- Chapter 3 Electrical Interfacing of Redox Enzymes with Electrodes by Surface Reconstitution of Bioelectrocatalytic Nanostructures -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Reconstituted Enzyme Electrodes in Monolayer Configurations -- 3.3 Electrical Wiring of Redox Proteins with Electrodes by their Reconstitution on Cofactor-Functionalised Metallic Nanoparticles (NPs) or Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 3.4 Reconstitution of apo-Enzymes in Thin Films of Redox Polymers -- 3.5 Design of Electrically Contacted Enzyme Electrodes by the Crossing of Surface-confined Cofactor-enzyme Affinity Complexes -- 3.6 Reconstituted Enzyme Electrodes for Biofuel Cell Applications -- 3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 4 Single-wall Carbon Nanotube Forests in Biosensors. , 4.1 Unique Properties of Carbon Nanotubes -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Electrocatalytic Properties -- 4.2 Biosensors Using Non-oriented Carbon Nanotube Electrodes -- 4.3 Biosensors Utilising Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Forests -- 4.3.1 CNT Forest Fabrication -- 4.3.2 Biosensor Applications of SWNT Forests -- 4.4 Outlook for the Future -- References -- Chapter 5 Activating Redox Enzymes through Immobilisation and Wiring -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Protein Complexes -- 5.2.1 Co-crystallisation -- 5.2.2 Covalent Complexes -- 5.3 Electron Transfer at Electrodes -- 5.3.1 Voltammetry -- 5.3.2 Chronoamperometry -- 5.4 Surface Preparation -- 5.4.1 Carbon -- 5.4.2 Gold -- 5.4.3 Other Methods -- 5.5 Immobilisation -- 5.5.1 Direct Immobilisation -- 5.5.2 Wires -- 5.5.3 Wiring Proteins -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Cytochromes P450: Tailoring a Class of Enzymes for Biosensing -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure-function of Bacterial and Human Cytochromes P450 -- 6.3 The Need for Electrons: the Cytochrome P450 Catalytic Cycle -- 6.4 Human Cytochromes P450 and Drug Metabolism -- 6.5 Protein Engineering of P450s to Improve or Expand their Catalytic Properties -- 6.5.1 Directed Evolution of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 6.5.2 Rational Design of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes -- 6.6 Interfacing Cytochromes P450 to Electrodes -- 6.6.1 Immobilisation on Unmodified Electrodes -- 6.6.2 Immobilisation with Surfactants, Polymers and Gold Nanoparticles -- 6.6.3 Immobilisation by Covalent Linkage on Gold Electrodes: Use of Spacers -- 6.6.4 Protein Engineering to Control Protein Immobilisation and Catalytic Turnover on Electrode Surfaces -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Label-free Field Effect Protein Sensing -- 7.1 Interfacial Protein Detection -- 7.2 Protein Microarrays -- 7.2.1 Array Substrates -- 7.2.2 Surface Chemistry and Immobilisation. , 7.2.3 Capture Biomolecules -- 7.2.4 Detection Tools -- 7.2.5 Ultrasensitive Protein Detection -- 7.3 Label-free Field Effect Protein Detection -- 7.3.1 Field Effect Transistor (FET) based Protein Sensing -- 7.3.2 Capacitance/Impedance Label-free Protein Sensing -- 7.3.3 Nanoscale Devices for Label-free Field Effect Protein Sensing -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Biological and Clinical Applications of Biosensors -- 8.1 Biosensing for Pure Biological Research -- 8.1.1 The Challenges of ''Omics'' and ''Systems'' Approaches -- 8.1.2 Biological Complexity -- 8.1.3 The Types of Device Required -- 8.2 Biosensing for Clinical Applications -- 8.2.1 The Clinical Problems - Diagnosis, Prognosis, Personalised Medicine -- 8.2.2 Biosensors for Clinical Applications -- 8.3 Further Reading -- References -- Subject Index.