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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 33 (1998), S. 74-89 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: mass spectrometry ; matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ; electrospray ; database searching ; gel electrophoresis ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The entire genomic DNA sequences of a number of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species are now available and many more, including the human genome, will be completed in the near future. The state-of-life of a cell at any given time, however, is defined by its protein composition, i.e., its proteome. Gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and bioinformatics will be important tools for protein and proteome analysis in the post-genome era. Protein identification from electrophoretic gels by mass spectrometric peptide mapping or peptide sequencing combined with sequence database searching is established and has been applied to numerous biological systems. We describe current strategies and selected applications in molecular and cell biology. The next challenges are detailed structure/function analyses, which include studying the molecular composition of multiprotein complexes and characterization of secondary modifications of proteins. The advantages and limitations of a number of mass spectrometry-based strategies designed for microcharacterization of low amounts of protein from electrophoretic gels are discussed and illustrated by examples. Proteins Suppl. 2:74-89, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A comprehensive human keratinocyte two-dimensional (2-D) gel protein database has been established to study the expression levels and properties of the thousands of proteins that orchestrate various keratinocyte functions both in health and disease, cancer included. A major task in establishing such a database is to identify known proteins in the 2-D gel patterns as well as to reveal hitherto unknown proteins. To date, protein identification has been performed by one or a combination of the following methods: (i) comigration with known proteins, (ii) Western blotting using specific antibodies, (iii) microsequencing and (iv) vaccinia virus expression of full length cDNAs. Recently, the systematic identification of proteins has gained a new dimension with the advent of computer programs for searching peptide molecular mass databases with experimentally obtained peptide mass maps. Here we investigate this approach to identify proteins that are highly up- or down-regulated in simian virus SV40 transformed human keratinocytes (K14). Peptide mass maps of several proteins, including keratins 7, 8, 18 and 19 were obtained either by plasma desorption mass spectrometry (PDMS) analysis of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) purified peptides or by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) of total digests. The results demonstrated that peptide mass maps can be used for a rapid and sensitive protein identification allowing fast screening of proteins recorded in 2-D gel databases. The mass spectrometric approach when combined with microse-quencing strengthened identification, and added the possibility of full characterization of post-translational modifications and sequence variations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Glycosylated interferon ; Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glycosylated proteins in polyacrylamide gels were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and glycosidase digestion. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of natural, human interferon-γ (IFN-γ) showed two glycosylated variants with apparent molecular masses of 20 and 24 kDa. MALDI-MS of the intact IFN-γ, electroeluted from the two bands, confirmed that these correspond to IFN-γ molecules glycosylated at one or both of the two potential glycosylation sites, respectively. The peptide map obtained by MALDI-MS after digestion in the gel covers 92% of the IFN-γ sequence and revealed an N-terminal pyroglutamate residue and one oxidized methionine residue. One glycosylated peptide was detected after treatment of the peptide mixture with neuraminidase, and the carbohydrate structure partially elucidated by sequential glycosidase digestion monitored by MALDI-MS. A second glycosylated peptide, due to a very heterogeneous glycan structure, could only be observed after separation of the peptides by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: 2-D PAGE ; Reproducibility ; Immobilized pH gradient ; Yeast ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An interlaboratory comparison was conducted on the positional and quantitative reproducibility of yeast proteins resolved by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) using isoelectric focusing with immobilized pH gradient (pH 4-7) in the first dimension. The basic experimental set-up was as follows: one laboratory prepared and distributed a [35S]methioninelabeled total yeast protein extract (Göteborg, Sweden), another laboratory prepared the IPG strips to be used by all labs in this study (Munich, Germany), the third laboratory (Aarhus, Denmark) circulated the protocols and coordinated the modest attempts to unify them. Samples were run horizontally in the first dimension and vertically in the second. The gels were sent to Göteborg for processing by phosphoimager technology and computerized image analysis (PDQuest), and the 2-D PAGE resolved proteins were located and quantified automatically. A subset of 470 spots was manually matched in all gels out of an average of 1328 resolved proteins. The positional interlaboratory comparison revealed great pattern reproducibility, the correlation coefficient in no case being less than 0.9994. In absolute terms an average deviation of 2.8 mm (x-position) and 1.8 mm (y-position) were obtained for all nine gels (three gels per lab). The interlaboratory comparison of protein quantitation displayed higher variability, and the best correlation coefficient generated was 0.975. An average standard deviation of 34.5% was calculated for protein quantitation including all three labs, a value slightly higher than the intralaboratory variation (range 20-28%) Thus, despite differences in protocols, chemicals and equipment, the immobilized pH gradient technology gave extremely high positional and quantitative reproducibility. This will greatly facilitate the exchange of data and the establishment of multi-user image-based 2-D gel databases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Proteome analysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis ; Mass spectrometry ; Fluorescent labeling of proteins ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Proteome analysis offers a unique means of identifying important proteins, characterizing their modifications and beginning to describe their function. This is achieved through the combination of two technologies: protein separation and selection by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and protein identification and characterization by mass spectrometry. This methodological outline sketches the strengths and weaknesses of the two central technologies used, and provides both practical tips and the theoretical background for their utilization. One application of these technologies is illustrated by the characterization of genes, revealed by sequencing, but which have no  -  or only weak homology  -  to any other known genes. Other applications, for example the identification of protein markers for particular human diseases, are only referred to. The aim of the article is thus to provide the basis for a sound understanding of the full potential and limitations of proteome analysis.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Protein identification ; Mass spectrometry ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Separation of proteins on either carrier ampholyte-based or immobilized pH gradient-based two-dimensional (2-D) gels gives rise to electrophoretic patterns that are difficult to compare visually. In this paper we have used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) to determine the identities of 335 protein spots in these two 2-D gel systems, including a substantial number of basic proteins which had never been identified before. Proteins that were identified in both gel systems allowed us to cross-reference the gel patterns. Vector analysis of these cross-references demonstrated that there is no obvious pattern by which the mobility of a protein in one gel system can be used to predict its mobility in the other. Thus, as laboratories adopt the immobilized pH gradient-based 2-D gel systems, the only reliable means of translating the data gained with the carrier ampholyte-based gel system is to positively identify the proteins in both 2-D systems.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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